nclex world 2
The nurse is caring for a client who will have a copper intrauterine device (IUD) inserted. When reinforcing teaching related to the copper IUD, which of the following nurse statements are appropriate? Select all that apply. 1. "Backup contraception is needed for 2 days until the IUD is effective." 2. "Heavier menses and more menstrual cramping are common in clients using a copper IUD." 3. "Missing a period while using a copper IUD is normal and no reason for concern." 4. "You may have cramping and vaginal spotting for a short time after IUD insertion." 5. "You should check for the IUD strings at least once a month after menses."
A copper intrauterine device (IUD) is a form of long-acting, reversible contraception that causes an intrauterine inflammatory effect that impairs sperm mobility and prevents implantation of a fertilized egg. It is a highly effective contraceptive and is also used for emergency contraception. IUD insertion commonly causes mild discomfort, cramping, and/or light vaginal bleeding (Option 4). Ibuprofen is recommended before and after insertion for relief of cramping/pain. Menstrual changes are also common among IUD users. For clients with copper IUDs, heavier bleeding and increased cramping during menses are the most common and expected side effects (Option 2). The client should check for the strings at least monthly to ensure that the IUD has not been expelled (Option 5). (Option 1) Unlike levonorgestrel IUDs, copper IUDs have an immediate contraceptive effect; backup contraception is not required. Condoms are recommended for clients who are at risk for sexually transmitted infections. (Option 3) Although pregnancy risk is low (<1%) when using the copper IUD, pregnancy is possible (eg, device expelled). Ovulation and menses still occur when using the copper IUD because the device does not contain hormones. A pregnancy test is necessary if a period is missed.
The nurse assesses a child who has been treated for an acute asthma exacerbation. Which client assessment is the best indicator that treatment has been effective? 1. Episodes of spasmodic coughing have decreased 2. No wheezes are audible on chest auscultation 3. Oxygen saturation has increased from 88% to 93% 4. Peak expiratory flow rate has dropped from 212 L/min to 127 L/min
Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation, swelling, and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. The client having an acute attack will experience chest tightness, wheezing, uncontrollable coughing, rapid respirations, retractions, and anxiety and panic. Treatment of an acute attack can include nebulized breathing treatment with a short-acting beta-agonist medication such as albuterol, and oral or IV corticosteroids. Oxygen saturation is the best indicator of treatment effectiveness as it reflects gas exchange. (Option 1) Decreased coughing may indicate improvement, but it is more subjective than measurement of oxygen saturation. In addition, it may be a sign of client exhaustion and worsening asthma. (Option 2) The absence of wheezes may indicate resolution of the attack or progression of airway swelling to the point of little air flowing through the lungs. (Option 4) Peak expiratory flow rate, by measuring how much air a person can exhale, indicates the amount of airway obstruction. Following treatment for an acute asthma attack, an increase, not a decrease, in peak expiratory flow would be expected.
A male client with hypertension was prescribed amlodipine. Which of these adverse effects is most important to teach the client to watch for? 1. Erectile dysfunction 2. Dizziness 3. Dry cough 4. Leg edema
Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine) are vasodilators used to treat hypertension and chronic stable angina. They promote relaxation of vascular smooth muscles leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure. The most important adverse effects of calcium channel blockers include dizziness (Option 2), flushing, headache, peripheral edema (Option 4), and constipation. The reduced blood pressure may initially cause orthostatic hypotension. The client should be taught to change positions slowly to prevent falls. Leg elevation and compression can help to reduce the edema. Constipation should be prevented with daily exercise and increased intake of fluids, fruits/vegetables, and high-fiber foods. (Option 3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent the breakdown of bradykinin, which may produce a nonproductive cough in susceptible individuals. Discontinuation of the medication stops the cough. (Option 1) Adverse effects of beta-blockers include bradycardia, bronchospasm, depression, and decreased libido with erectile dysfunction.
The nurse educator is completing a staff education conference about prenatal carrier screening. Which statement by a participant indicates a correct understanding of the genetic inheritance for cystic fibrosis? 1. "Both parents must be carriers of the abnormal gene for offspring to have the disorder." [57%] 2. "Female offspring are most often affected by the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis." [19%] 3. "If the female partner is a carrier, only male offspring will have the disorder." [14%] 4. "The inheritance pattern for cystic fibrosis does not skip generations." [8%]
Carrier screening offers clients who are unaffected by a genetic disorder the option to discover whether they possess an abnormal gene (ie, are carriers) that may affect health outcomes of future offspring. This type of genetic testing is frequently offered preconceptionally/prenatally to guide pregnancy decision-making. Cystic fibrosis follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning that offspring must receive two abnormal genes (one from each parent) to be affected with the disorder (Option 1). Other disorders following this inheritance pattern include phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle cell disease. (Option 2) Male and female offspring have the same likelihood of inheriting autosomal recessive disorders because the abnormal gene is not linked to a sex chromosome. (Option 3) X-linked recessive disorders (eg, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy) most often affect male offspring. This inheritance pattern occurs because male offspring who receive an abnormal sex chromosome from a female carrier (ie, X chromosome) will have the disorder because, unlike female offspring, they only have one X chromosome. (Option 4) Because carriers with no evidence of the disorder can pass an abnormal gene to offspring, autosomal recessive conditions may not present in every generation. However, autosomal dominant inheritance patterns (eg, Huntington disease, achondroplasia) are noted in each previous generation because affected offspring must have an affected parent.
Several children are brought to the emergency room after a boating accident in which they were thrown into the water. The children are now 6 hours post admission to the clinical observation unit. Which client should the nurse evaluate first? 1. Client who did not require CPR but now has a new oxygen requirement of 2 L via nasal cannula to maintain a saturation of 95% [13%] 2. Client who did not require CPR but was coughing on arrival to the hospital and is now crying inconsolably and asking for the mother [2%] 3. Client who received CPR for 2 minutes on the scene and whose respiratory rate has now dropped from 61/min to 18/min [39%] 4. Client who was briefly submerged in water and received rescue breaths on the scene and is now irritable and refusing food and drink [43%]
Clients with morbidity related to immersion in water are described as having submersion injury. Even if an individual was submerged for a very brief time, it is possible that water may have been aspirated, which can lead to respiratory compromise. Observation for at least 6 hours is recommended as the majority of significant respiratory problems will manifest in this time period. A marked decrease in respiratory rate or increased work of breathing may indicate respiratory fatigue, and immediate intervention is needed (Option 3). Impending respiratory failure is the immediate priority. (Option 1) A new oxygen requirement is an important symptom; however, this child has good oxygen saturation with the nasal cannula and is therefore not the immediate priority. (Option 2) This child who is coughing and emotionally distressed should be seen and comforted by the nurse but is not the priority. (Option 4) Irritability can be an early sign of hypoxia in a toddler. This child should be assessed promptly but is not the immediate priority.
The clinic nurse supervises a graduate nurse who is teaching the parents of a 2-year-old with acute diarrhea about home management. The nurse would need to intervene when the graduate nurse provides which instruction? 1. "Do not administer antidiarrheal medications to your child." 2. "Follow the bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast diet for the next few days." 3. "Record the number of wet diapers and return to the clinic if you notice a decrease." 4. "Use a skin barrier cream such as zinc oxide in the diaper area until diarrhea subsides."
During bouts of acute diarrhea and dehydration, treatment focuses on maintaining adequate fluid and electrolyte balance. The first-line treatment is oral rehydration therapy, using oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) to increase reabsorption of water and sodium. Even if the diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting, ORS should still be offered in small amounts at frequent intervals. Continuing the child's normal diet (solid foods) is encouraged as it shortens the duration and severity of the diarrhea. The BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) diet is not recommended as it does not provide sufficient protein or energy. (Option 1) Use of antidiarrheal medications is discouraged as these have little effect in controlling diarrhea and may actually be harmful by prolonging some bacterial infections and causing fatal paralytic ileus in children. (Option 3) Parents should be taught to monitor their child for signs of dehydration by checking the amount of fluid intake, number of wet diapers, presence of sunken eyes, and the condition of the mucous membranes. (Option 4) Protecting the perineal skin from breakdown during bouts of diarrhea can be accomplished by using skin barrier creams (eg, petrolatum or zinc oxide).
Which are correct understandings of applying nursing ethical principles? Select all that apply. 1. Autonomy is requiring the client to have an advance directive 2. Beneficence is withholding prognosis from a client due to family wishes 3. Fidelity is administering medication as prescribed to the client 4. Justice is telling the client the truth that the biopsy is positive 5. Nonmaleficence is refusing to give report to a nurse who is impaired
Ethical principles guide the nurse in making appropriate decisions and acting accordingly. They speak to the essence but not to the specifics of the law. Fidelity is exhibiting loyalty and fulfilling commitments made to oneself and others. It includes meeting the expected responsibilities of professional nursing practice and provides the basis of accountability (taking responsibility for one's actions) (Option 3). Nonmaleficence means to do no harm and relates to protecting clients from danger when they are unable to do so themselves due to a mental/physical condition (eg, children, client with Alzheimer disease) and from a nurse who is impaired (Option 5). (Option 1) Autonomy is the right to make decisions for oneself (eg, informed consent). Although having an advance directive is an example of autonomy, requiring one violates this principle. The client has a right to refuse even if the nurse believes it is in the client's best interest. (Option 2) When a diagnosis is withheld, even if due to the nurse's or family's good intentions, it violates the principle of autonomy. Beneficence means to do good (eg, implementing interventions to promote the client's well-being). (Option 4) The principle of justice refers to treating all clients fairly (ie, without bias). Veracity is telling the truth as a fundamental part of building a trusting relationship.
The nurse is providing education to a pregnant client diagnosed with symptomatic hypothyroidism regarding levothyroxine therapy during pregnancy. Which is appropriate teaching for the nurse to include? 1. After symptoms resolve, levothyroxine may be discontinued [5%] 2. Levothyroxine should be taken in the evening with a prenatal vitamin [8%] 3. Medication dose will remain the same throughout pregnancy [21%] 4. Symptoms should begin improving within 4 weeks of starting levothyroxine [65%]
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy places clients at increased risk for other complications of pregnancy (eg, preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm labor). Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and brittle hair/nails. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is the first-line medication for treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy. The client may experience some relief of symptoms beginning approximately 3-4 weeks after initiating levothyroxine therapy (Option 4). Hormone levels are usually rechecked every 4-6 weeks until normal thyroid hormone levels are achieved. It may take up to 8 weeks after initiation to see the full therapeutic effect. (Option 1) Adequate levels of maternal thyroid hormones are important for fetal brain development, particularly during the first trimester. Levothyroxine should not be stopped during pregnancy, even if symptoms resolve. (Option 2) Prenatal vitamins containing iron can affect the absorption of levothyroxine and decrease its effectiveness. The nurse should instruct the client to take levothyroxine in the morning on an empty stomach, at least 4 hours before or after taking a prenatal vitamin. (Option 3) As the pregnancy advances, the client's dose of levothyroxine may need to be increased. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are closely monitored during pregnancy, and the client's dose is modified as needed to maintain normal levels.
The mother of a 6-year-old child with cystic fibrosis (CF) has received instruction on the use of pancreatic enzymes. Which statement made by the mother indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I need to monitor the total amount of this medication that I give to my child every day." [6%] 2. "I should give this medication with or just before my child has a meal or snack." [10%] 3. "It is okay for my child to chew this medication." [61%] 4. "It is okay to open the capsule and sprinkle the medicine on a tablespoon of applesauce." [21%]
In CF, unusually thick mucus obstructs the pancreatic ducts, preventing pancreatic enzymes (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) from reaching the small intestine. The result is malabsorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; the inability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) is of particular concern. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of CF include flatulence, abdominal cramping, ongoing diarrhea, and/or steatorrhea. Nutritional therapy includes the administration pancreatic enzyme supplements with or just before every meal or snack (Option 2). These enzymes are enteric-coated beads designed to dissolve only in an alkaline environment similar to that of the small intestine. They must not be mixed with a substance that would cause them to dissolve prior to reaching the jejunum. Capsule contents may be sprinkled on applesauce, yogurt, or acidic, soft, room-temperature foods with pH <4.5. Capsules should be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed; chewing the capsules could cause irritation of the oral mucosa. Excessive intake of pancreatic enzymes can result in fibrosing colonopathy (Option 1). (Option 4) This is a true statement; some children have difficulty taking a whole capsule. Capsule contents can be sprinkled in acidic substances such as applesauce. Capsules should not be taken with milk as they can cause it to curdle.
The nurse in the same-day surgery unit admits a client who will receive general anesthesia. The client has never had surgery before. Which question is most critical for the nurse to ask the client during the preoperative assessment and health history? 1. "Has any family member ever had a bad reaction to general anesthesia?" [59%] 2. "Have you ever experienced low back pain?" [2%] 3. "Have you ever had an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting?" [19%] 4. "Have you ever received opioid pain medications?" [18%]
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but life-threatening inherited muscle abnormality that is triggered by specific, inhaled anesthetic agents and the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine (Anectine) used to induce general anesthesia. In MH-susceptible clients, the triggering agent leads to excessive release of calcium from the muscles, leading to sustained muscle contraction and rigidity (usually of the jaw and upper body [early sign]), increased oxygen demand and metabolism, and dangerously high temperature (later sign). As MH is an inherited condition, proper screening and a thorough preoperative nursing assessment and health history can help minimize the client's risk (Option 1). (Option 2) Cervical spine problems should be assessed before the intubation. Low back pain history is not a priority for general anesthesia. (Option 3) It would be appropriate to ask about allergies (eg, drugs, latex). However, asking about an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting is not the most critical question. (Option 4) History of prior opioid intake may be helpful, but the most important question is to ask about side effects and allergies.
A diabetic client is prescribed metoclopramide. Which of the following side effects must the nurse teach the client to report immediately to the health care provider? Select all that apply. 1. Excess blinking of eyes 2. Dry mouth 3. Dull headache 4. Lip smacking 5. Puffing of cheeks
Metoclopramide (Reglan) is prescribed for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and as an antiemetic. Similar to antipsychotic drugs, metoclopramide use is associated with extrapyramidal adverse effects, including tardive dyskinesia (TD). This is especially common in older adults with long-term use. The client should call the health care provider immediately if TD symptoms develop, including uncontrollable movements such as: Protruding and twisting of the tongue Lip smacking Puffing of cheeks Chewing movements Frowning or blinking of eyes Twisting fingers Twisted or rotated neck (torticollis) (Options 2 and 3) Common side effects of metoclopramide such as sedation, fatigue, restlessness, headache, sleeplessness, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea need not be reported to the health care provider.
A nurse in the gynecology clinic is reviewing client histories. Which report would be most concerning to the nurse? 1. 25-year-old client who reports a fish-like vaginal odor for the past month 2. 30-year-old client with an intrauterine device who reports heavy bleeding with menses 3. 40-year-old client with endometriosis who reports persistent pain during intercourse 4. 60-year-old client who reports bloating and pelvic pressure for the past 2 months
Ovarian cancer results in more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Symptoms are often subtle and may include abdominal bloating; pelvic pain or pressure; abdominal girth increase; early satiety; abdominal, back, or leg pain; urinary urgency/frequency; and gastrointestinal disturbances (Option 4). Due to the lack of routine screening and reports of vague symptoms, ovarian cancer may not be diagnosed until an advanced stage. (Option 1) A fish-like vaginal odor is often caused by bacterial vaginosis, an overgrowth of vaginal bacterial flora. This condition is not usually serious and is treated with oral or vaginal antibiotics (eg, metronidazole). (Option 2) Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common disadvantage of having an intrauterine device. If the client cannot tolerate heavy bleeding or if excessive bleeding results in anemia, another form of birth control should be considered. (Option 3) Reports of painful intercourse are not unusual in clients with endometriosis. Disease management and pain control should be discussed.
A client is receiving normal saline 75 mL/hr and morphine sulfate via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) bolus doses. The PCA and normal saline tubing are connected at the "Y" site. The nurse reviews a prescription from the health care provider to discontinue the normal saline. What is the most appropriate nursing action? 1. Change the rate of the normal saline to 10 mL/hr [3%] 2. Clarify the prescription with the health care provider [33%] 3. Flush the IV with normal saline and then convert it to a saline lock [24%] 4. Turn off the normal saline and disconnect it from the "Y" site [37%]
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) delivers a set amount of IV analgesic each time the client presses the administration button. With many PCA pumps, a continuous IV solution (eg, normal saline) is required to keep the vein open and flush the PCA medication through the line so that the boluses reach the client. Many facilities have a policy regarding IV fluid for use with PCA; however, a prescription may be required. To ensure uninterrupted delivery of this client's PCA, the nurse should contact the health care provider to clarify the prescription to discontinue the normal saline. (Option 1) A "keep-vein-open" rate (eg, 5-20 mL/hr) may be appropriate; however, a prescription is necessary before the nurse can implement this. (Option 3) This client is still receiving PCA, so it is inappropriate to convert the IV to a saline lock. In addition, this does not address the need to flush the PCA medication through the line. (Option 4) Continuous IV fluids may be required to deliver the PCA boluses; before discontinuing the normal saline, the nurse should receive clarification from the health care provider.
The nurse has received report on the following clients. Which client should the nurse assess first? 1. Client 4 hours postoperative colon resection who has a blood pressure of 90/74 mm Hg 2. Client receiving palliative care who has Cheyne-Stokes respiration with 20-second periods of apnea 3. Client with anemia and hemoglobin level of 7 g/dL (70 g/L) who has a pulse of 110/min after ambulation 4. Client with diabetic ketoacidosis who has rapid, deep respirations at a rate of 32/min
The nurse should first assess the client who had bowel surgery as hypotension can be a manifestation of bleeding, hypovolemia, and early septic shock. The nurse should check vital signs and perform a cardiovascular assessment. (Option 2) Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a repetitive, abnormal, irregular breathing pattern characterized by alternating deep and shallow respirations followed by periods of apnea (10-20 seconds). The pattern is usually associated with certain neurologic conditions (eg, stroke, increased intracranial pressure) and with end of life; it would be expected in this client. (Option 3) Shortness of breath and tachycardia with activity related to decreased hemoglobin level, red cells, and oxygen-carrying capacity would be expected in a client with moderate to severe anemia. (Option 4) Kussmaul breathing is characterized by regular but rapid, deep respirations and is associated with conditions that cause metabolic acidosis (eg, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, shock). Kussmaul breathing would be expected in this client as it is a compensatory action by the lungs to excrete excess acid from the body by hyperventilating, thereby blowing off carbon dioxide (acid gas).
The nurse is caring for a client with sepsis and acute respiratory failure who was intubated and prescribed mechanical ventilation 3 days ago. The nurse assesses for which adverse effect associated with the administration of positive pressure ventilation (PPV)? 1. Dehydration 2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypotension 4. Increased cardiac output
Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) delivers positive pressure to the lungs using a mechanical ventilator (MV), either invasively through a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube or noninvasively through a nasal mask/facemask, nasal prongs, or a mouthpiece. The most common type used in the acute care setting for clients with acute respiratory failure is the volume cycled positive pressure MV, which delivers a preset volume and concentration of oxygen (eg, 21%-100%) with varying pressure. Positive pressure applied to the lungs compresses the thoracic vessels and increases intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. This leads to reduced venous return, ventricular preload, and cardiac output, which results in hypotension. The hypotensive effect of PPV is even greater in the presence of hypovolemia (eg, hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock) and decreased venous tone (eg, septic shock, neurogenic shock). (Option 1) Fluid and/or sodium retention usually occurs about 48-72 hours after initiation of PPV due to: (1) increased intrathoracic pressure and decreased cardiac output that stimulate the kidneys to release renin; (2) physiologic stress that leads to the release of antidiuretic hormone and cortisol; and (3) breathing through the ventilator's closed circuitry, which decreases insensible loss associated with respiration. (Option 2) Hypokalemia is not associated with PPV. (Option 4) PPV increases intrathoracic pressure and reduces venous return to the right side of the heart, reducing preload and cardiac output as well.
The nurse cares for a client admitted to the hospital due to confusion. The client has a nonmetastatic lung mass and a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which action(s) should the nurse expect to implement? Select all that apply. 1. Fluid bolus (normal saline) 2. Fluid restriction 3. Salt restriction in the diet 4. Seizure precautions 5. Strict record of fluid intake and output
SIADH is an endocrine condition in which antidiuretic hormone overproduction leads to water retention, increased total body water, and dilutional hyponatremia (low serum sodium). Hyponatremia can cause confusion, seizures, or other neurologic complications. It is important for the nurse to anticipate these problems and institute seizure precautions. SIADH treatment includes: Fluid restriction to <1000 mL/day Oral salt tablets to increase serum sodium (Option 3) Hypertonic saline (3%) during the first few hours for clients with markedly decreased serum sodium and severe neurologic manifestations Vasopressin receptor antagonists (eg, conivaptan) The nurse should also maintain a strict fluid intake and output chart and daily weights and carefully monitor neurologic status to evaluate for improvement or deterioration. (Option 1) Normal saline fluid bolus would worsen the hyponatremia as the client already has excess fluid volume. Symptoms are caused by a low sodium level. If the sodium level must be raised, the client will need hypertonic (3%) saline or salt tablets as these contain mainly sodium and little free fluid.
The nurse is reviewing the medication administration record of a client with atrial fibrillation. Which of the following should the nurse monitor before giving these medications? Select all that apply. Click the exhibit button for more information. 1. Digoxin level 2. Glucose 3. INR 4. Platelet count 5. Serum potassium Allergies: None Medications Time Prednisone: 20 mg by mouth, daily0900 Metoprolol: 50 mg by mouth, daily0900 Digoxin: 0.5 mg by mouth, daily1300 Enoxaparin: 40 mg subcutaneously, every 12 hours0900 and 2100
The complete blood count (hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count) should be assessed periodically with the administration of enoxaparin, an anticoagulant that can cause bleeding and thrombocytopenia (Option 4). Digoxin levels are monitored for suspicion of digoxin toxicity (ie, serum levels >2 ng/mL) (Option 1). Potassium levels should also be monitored in clients receiving digoxin, as hypokalemia can potentiate digoxin toxicity (Option 5). Prednisone is a glucocorticoid that can cause hyperglycemia. Glucose levels should be monitored periodically in clients receiving this medication (Option 2). (Option 3) Low-molecular-weight heparins (eg, enoxaparin, dalteparin) produce a stable response at recommended dosages and negate the need for monitoring of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or international normalized ratio (INR) levels. aPTT is monitored when administering unfractionated heparin. INR is monitored in clients receiving warfarin (Coumadin).
The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with a new prescription for warfarin. The nurse should instruct the client to avoid excess or inconsistent intake of which foods? Select all that apply. 1. Bananas 2. Broccoli 3. Liver 4. Oranges 5. Spinach
Warfarin (Coumadin) is a vitamin K antagonist used to prevent blood clots in clients with atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, or a history of thrombosis. Excessive intake of vitamin K-rich foods (eg, broccoli, spinach, liver) can decrease the anticoagulant effects of warfarin therapy (Options 2, 3, and 5). Clients should be consistent with intake of foods high in vitamin K after initiation of warfarin because dosing is individualized to the client and dietary changes may require dose adjustment. (Options 1 and 4) Bananas and oranges are rich in potassium, not vitamin K, and are not known to interact with warfarin. The chemical symbol for potassium (K+) should not be confused with vitamin K because they are two different micronutrients; potassium (K+) is an element involved in muscle contraction, whereas vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in blood clotting.
