NCMB 311 NRES Prelims

Research Methods

are set of techniques that will help the researcher in data gathering and analyzing

Paradigm

framework containing the basic assumptions, ways of thinking and methodology that are commonly accepted by member of a scientific community

Gantt Chart

is a planning tool that will help the researcher keep track of the planned activities in a project

Assumption

is a principle that is believed to be true without proof or verification

Criteria for Choice of Research Design

o Logically sound o Comprehensive enough to solve the problem o Reasonably clear and precise o Clearly spell out o Free from weakness

Elements to Consider in the Choice of Research Design

o Total population o Methods of selecting the samples or study respondent o Alternative versions of independent variables under study o Criterion measures evaluating the effects of the independent variables o Statistical treatment of data

Research Approach

overall decision involves which approach should be used to study a topic

Characteristics of Literature Review

4 R's 1. Relevant to the subject at hand 2. Reliable - published material: Books and Journals E.q. ISBN # - internationally accepted; Journal: name/date month & year of issue/vol or issue#; Author/title of the article/page#; APA format; Infotrac/google scholar (published article) 3. Recent - 2011 onwards or (5 years) 4. Rephrased/Restated - only the relevant part of the article then highlight

Epistemology

A branch of philosophy that deals with the theory of knowledge

What is a Research Problem?

A discrepancy or a gap between WHAT IS? and WHAT SHOULD BE? A gap between theory and practice that needs to be bridge Is not answerable by yes or no or by seminar

Qualitative Research

A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situations and to give them meaning Evolved from the behavioral and social sciences as a method of understanding the unique, dynamic holistic nature of human beings Interpretative, humanistic and naturalistic; concerned with understanding the meaning of social interactions by those involved Conducted to promote understanding of human experiences and situations and to develop theories that describe these experiences and situations

Purpose of Nursing Research

A. Description: involves identifying and understanding (1) describe what exists (2) discover new information (3) promote understanding of situations (4) classify information for use in the B. Explanation: clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur Examples: (1) Identification of the cluster of symptoms for a particular disease (2) Determination of the incidence of a disease locally C. Prediction: estimate the probability of a specific outcome Example: (1) Prediction of behaviors that promote health and prevent illness D. Control: in health care, control is the ability to write a prescription to produce the desired results/puts up a barrier to hinder the effects of anticipated outcome - Provide scientific basis for the nursing profession - Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering patient care - Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions - Provide solutions to problems concerning health maintenance, health delivery and health care - Help determine the areas of need relative to nursing practices such as patient-teaching and nurse-patient relationships - Develop and evaluate alternative approaches to nursing education that would enable the students to gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe practice - Prepare oneself to be a diligent practitioner of research

Classification of Nursing Research

According to Approach: 1. Experimental - cause & effect relationship 2. Non-experimental - describe & analyze 3. Quasi-experimental - partial experiment 4. Combined - mixed methods, triangulation According to Measurement & Data Analysis: 1. Quantitative - frequency, magnitude of events 2. Qualitative - perceptions, insights 3. Combined - mixed methods According to Time Frame: 1. Longitudinal/Prospective - future data 2. Cross-sectional - present data 3. Retrospective - past data According to Motive or Objective: 1. Basic research - knowledge generation 2. Applied research - improved professional practice 3. Historical - meaning of past events According to Research Environment: 1. Field research - community research 2. Laboratory research - demonstration research 3. Clinical research - related learning experiences

Plagiarism

Act of copying one's idea without the consent of the author

Research Ability of a Problem

1. No available answers to explain the existing gap in knowledge 2. Available solutions are not tested 3. Factually contradicted results 4. A phenomenon exists which requires explanations

Types of Hypothesis

1. Null hypothesis - Statistical hypothesis; stated Ex . There is no significant relationship between smoking and lung cancer 2.Alternative hypothesis - Research hypothesis; researchers' guess Ex. There is significant relationship between smoking and lung cancer 3. Non-directional - Predicts the type of relationship but does not predict the nature and extent of relationship or the specific qualities or characteristics of the variable being investigated Example: "Hospital nurses are less likely to express approval of their expanding role than nurses who serve in the community." 4. Directional - Specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the variables being investigated, the nature and extent of relationship between or among them and the expected outcome of such relationship between variable Example: "Infants of Heroin-addicted Mothers have a lower birth weights Than Infants of Non-Heroin Addicted Mothers." 5. Complex (Multivariate) - Predicts the relationship between 2 or more independent variable and 2 or more dependent variables 6. Simple (Univariate) - States an expected relationship between 1 independent and 1 dependent variable

Components of Scientific Research

1. Order and System - Refer to the process wherein the researcher moves in a systematic fashion, from identification of the problem to conclusions and recommendations 2. Control - The imposition of conditions in the research situation, to minimize bias and maximize the precision and validity of data gathered Eg. All 4th year nursing student All patient in MS ward with NGT 3. Empiricism - Refers to the gathering of evidence and relying on one's own senses Eg. Observation 4. Generalization - The research findings may be applied to a situation or population larger than the one studied Eg. Effectiveness of eating lady's finger to HPN pt

Categories of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenological: inductive descriptive approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual such as lived experience of chronic pain 2. Grounded Theory: inductive research technique that is used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon 3.Ethnographical: develop by the discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture - such as health practices that need to be recognized in delivering care to patient family and community 4.Historical

Types of Sampling

1. Probability Sampling - Simple random sampling: the selection of the sample is done by chance. Eg. Lottery draws or a table of random numbers - Stratified random sampling: the population is subdivided into areas, sections, then random samples are taken from each Eg. Divide the students into year levels: 1st year, 2nd yr, 3rd yr, 4th yr, and get random samples from each level - Systematic sampling: sampling by taking every _th of the person in a local (school, community, tel. directory,) Eg. Taking every 5th family in a barangay - Cluster sampling: a small sample is taken from various sections of the total population Eg. In studying the attitudes of nurses in Metro Manila toward their work, a small sample from each hospital will be taken 2. Non-Probability Sampling - Convenience or Accidental sampling: data are collected from anyone most conveniently available such as people on a street corner or in a hospital or class; this is the weakest form of sampling and is subject to bias - Snowball or network sampling: involves subjects suggesting or referring other subjects who meet the researcher's eligibility criteria - Judgemental or Purposive sampling: researcher select and studies a specific number of special group that represents the target population with regards to certain characteristics such as age, sex or economic status Eg. Selecting deans of nursing colleges for nursing education studies - Cross-Cultural sampling: variety of cultural settings. Eg. Getting sample from Ilocanos, Visayans, Bicolanos, etc.. - Longitudinal sampling: a given group of subjects are studied for an extended period of time, which can be 1. Prospective Sampling Eg. Mastectomy patients are studied from operation to 3 years after discharge 2. Retrospective Sampling Eg. Growth of newborn 2 years ago to present - Cross-sectional sampling: subjects are observed at only one point in time Eg. Asking high school students their choices of career after graduation - Quota sampling: researcher identifies the strata of the population and determines the proportion of elements needed in the various segments of the population

Activity

1. Problem Identification - Conceptualized topic - Curiosity about topic - Brainstorm with peers - Review related literature - Develop conceptual framework - State specific problem 2. Methodological Development - Identify variables - Formulate hypothesis - Develop sampling size - Develop instruments needed and validate - Balance validity with reliability

Types of Research

1. Pure or Basic Research - The search for new knowledge includes establishing fundamental theories or relationships among facts, which are not intended for immediate use in real life situations Eg. Useful in advancing scientific knowledge or in furthering research 2. Applied Research - Involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge in solving a problem, making decision, developing or evaluating a program, procedure or product Eq. Determining the effectiveness of different methods of contraception 3. Action Research - Involves the study of a certain problem and, from that experience, decisions, actions and conclusions are drawn - Findings are limited to settings actually studied Eq. Application of quality assurance to improve nursing care services to clients in a particular unit

Basic Human Rights of Research Subjects

1. Right to Informed Consent 2.Right to Refuse or withdraw from participation 3.Right to Privacy 4.Right to Confidentiality and Anonymity of data 5.Right to be protected from harm

Classification of Hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis - Hypothesis contains only 1 independent variable and 1 dependent variable 2.Complex Hypothesis - Hypothesis may contain 2 or more independent variables and 2 or more dependent variables - 1 IV + 2 DV / 2 IV + 1 DV 3. Directional Hypothesis - Tells the exact relationship of variables - Tells variable whether (+) or (-) relationship 4. Non-directional Hypothesis - Results of study are different from each variable

Research in Nursing

Refers to studies on the particular concerns of nurses themselves

Conceptual Framework/Research Paradigm

Refers to the explanation of variables of the study based on literature and research A study based on a specified conceptual model Presenting your conceptual framework: remember that the number of boxes is equal to the number of descriptive questions. Also, the number of lines is equal to the number of inferential questions and hypothesis

Ultimate Goals/Purpose of Research

The development of an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession, such as nursing 1. To answer questions or solve problems of relevance to nursing 2. Finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating and evaluating change, and taking action to make new knowledge useful in nursing 3. To enable students and professionals themselves to gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe nursing practice and consumers of research

Characteristics of Research Instruments

Reliability - refers to the accuracy or precision of the tool Validity - refers to the relationship of the measurement to the study being done Sensitivity - means that the fine lines of difference among the study subjects can be determined from measurements (thermometer, weighing scale, etc.) Meaningfulness - means that the measurement must have a practical application Appropriate - if it is applicable to the subjects being tested (questionnaire in English is not appropriate to respondents who are non-high school graduate) Pretest - is a trial that is developed to test the hypothesis (this allows for necessary changes to be made in the data collecting procedures) Purpose: Reveal problems relating to organization, administration, completion, and return Pilot study - is a preliminary small-scale trial run of the research study, a testing not only of research instruments but also of the sample plan, the intervention and the study procedures Purpose: To improve the research process and to detect problem areas

Purpose Statement

Researcher's summary of overall goal

Characteristics of Scientific Research

Scientific objectivity - means being aware of personal values and biases, not preconceiving a study's outcome or engaging in any acts of bad faith, misconduct or fraud in doing research Cooperation - means that the proposal has been reviewed and approved by the appropriate review committee in the agency or institution so that the subject's rights may be protected. The approval is given in writing Integrity - means that the information regarding possible discomforts and risks is not withheld and that the researchers informed the study subjects accordingly Equitableness - means acknowledging the contribution of others to the research done Nobility - means that the researcher assumes the responsibility of protecting the subjects from harm, deceit, coercion, or invasion of their right to privacy Truthfulness - is reflected in the study's purpose, procedures, methods, and findings Impeccability - means observance of anonymity and confidentiality of data Honesty - means disclosure of all funding sources Illumination - means that the research should yield fruitful results Courage - is needed to clarify publicly any distortion that others may make off the research findings

Research Question

Specific queries of the researcher want to answer in addressing the research problem It also guides the type of data to be collected in a study

Writing Theoretical Framework

State - state the theory and author you will use in the study. Explain - explain what is theory all about Conceptualize - state how the theory is applicable or beneficial in the research of interest

Propositions

Statement or assertion of relationship between concepts derived from theories or generalizations

Hypothesis

This is the theoretical explanations of a phenomenon An intellectual proposition Speculations of how variables in the study will work out Qualitative research does not usually include hypothesis because too little is known about the topic to justify a hypothesis and to avoid the researcher being bias

A Good Research Problem

Topic -> Problem: General or Specific -> Declarative or Interrogative General problem in declarative form Specific problem - to guide the literature review Purpose (declarative): combination of what is being done and why is it being done Declarative - Statement ends with period Eq. Abuse and neglect contributes to elderly psychological behavior Interrogative - Question mark Eq. What is the effect of abuse and neglect on their age of development?

Purpose of Hypothesis

Unifies theory and reality Gives direction to research Enhances knowledge

Research Utilization (RU)

Use of findings from disciplined research in a practical application that is not related to the original research

Simulacrum

Visual representation of the relationship among variables Like schemic diagram Helps in framing hypothesis

Conceptual Paradigm

Visually presents and interprets the underlying theory, principles and concepts of a research

Variables

Anything is subject to change for manipulation Attribute Variable - Age, sex, height, weight, religion - Inherent in the subjects - Already present Active Variable - Created by the researcher - Occasional basis Organism Variable - Factors related to the research subjects - Physiological: mood, affect, fear Environmental variable - Factors outside of the organism / person that bears influence on the phenomenon under investigation - Physical, economic, sociological Extraneous/Exogenous variable (contaminating factors) Antecedent Variable - Characteristics that the participants brought into the study Intervening variable - Comes in between the independent & dependent variables - Already implemented Dichotomous Variable - 2 choices/result - Male/female - Yes /no Polychotomous Variable - Multiple choices/multi variable - Preferred food: Japanese, Chinese, Spanish

Evidence-based Nursing (EBN)

Application of valid, relevant research-based information in the nurse decision-making

Conceptual Model

Are ideas formulated in the mind, picture of something that actually exist which consist of patterns and standards

Research Design

B. Quantitative - Descriptive - Survey - Correlational - Comparative - Longitudinal - Cross Sectional - Experimental - Non-experimental - Quasi-experimental A. Qualitative - Descriptive - Phenomenological - Grounded Theory - Ethnographical - Historical - Case study

General Types of Research Education

Basic Applied Evaluation Action Orientational/Critical Research

Becoming Research Aware

Being able to analyze the components of various research studies to determine what is good research and has more applicability to our patients The greater number of nurses utilizing research reduce the gap between research and practice

Independent Variable

Cause; influence the dependent variables Examples: - Cause - Stimulus - Experimental - Treatment Variable

Evidence-Base

Concerned with using empirical, valid and relevant information in decision-making

Theory

Constructed in order to explain, predict and master phenomena

Introduction (TIOC)

Contains 4 paragraphs Clear, concise, east to understand Last paragraph = paragraph of purpose Objectives: specific intention of study T= Trends - what are the trends and issues about the topic? I= Issues - what are the issues that transcended within the topic? Blank spot - with minimal or no literature to address a specific problem or inquiry Blind spot - with available literature but with contradicting results or conclusions O= Objectives - what do the researcher intended to do to address the concerns? (SMART) Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-Based C= Contributions - what benefit will the study offer to current theories, practices, and future researchers?

Characteristics of Research (COGIE)

Controlled: specific constraint or limitation were identified and eliminated to ensure precision and validity of results Orderly and Systematic: follows a sequence of steps Generalization: finding applicable to the entire population Intensive-in-depth Approach: to ensure that all possible loopholes in the study is covered Empirical: objective reality as sources of knowledge

Research Question and Quantitative Study

Descriptive - this are question statement related to the identified variables of the study Usually ask the question "what is" Inferential - this are question statement showing relationship among identified variables

Clinical Nursing Research

Designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurse's To guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of clients The product of nursing research will benefit the patients

Steps in the Research Process (Cronin, Coughlan and Smith, 2015)

Developing a Researchable Topic 1. Identifying the research problem/topic of interest 2. Reviewing the literature 3. Devising a research question/Hypothesis Organizing your Research 1. Selecting a methodology 2. Identifying the population and selecting a sample 3. Planning the method of data collection 4. Respecting ethical principles 5. Demonstrating rigour/trustworthiness Gathering and Analyzing information 1. Gathering data 2. Analyzing data 3. Discussing and interpreting the result and implication for practice 4. Disseminating the results

Hypothesis

Educated guess/outcome of the study Purpose: to guide the researchers on how to formulate a research

Dependent Variable

Effect; depending on the independent variable - Effect - Response - Outcome - Criterion Variable

Best Research Evidence

Empirical knowledge generated from the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem The use of EBP in the healthcare create a huge impact in the profession of every healthcare practitioner. EBP reduces the mortality and morbidity in the field of maternal and child. Essential intra-partum and newborn care (EINC) is a product of EBP.

Typology of Research Literature in Nursing Research

Subjective - books Research Literature - journals, printed online Gray Literature - magazines, brochures, flyers, posters, newspaper, unpublished research work

Nursing Research

Systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about problems related to nursing profession including nursing education, clinical and administration Refers to research done on addressing the health concerns of client and the application of the research on their care Initiating and evaluating change; and taking action to make new knowledge useful in nursing. A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice Vreeland: is concerned with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena; finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies Treece: includes the breadth and depth of the discipline of nursing; the rehabilitative, therapeutic and preventive aspects of nursing as well as; the preparation of practitioners and personnel involved in the total nursing sphere National Center for Nursing Research: is the testing of knowledge that can be used to guide nursing practice. It is concerned with examining questions and verifying interventions based on human experiences

Sources of Problem

Patient Care Studies in nursing journals Thesis Nursing practice/profession Education Administrative Nursing theories

Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (Polit & Beck, 2010)

Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase 1. Formulating and delimiting the problem 2. Reviewing the related literature 3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork 4. Defining the framework/developing conceptual definitions 5. Formulating hypothesis Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase 6. Selecting a research design 7. Developing intervention protocols 8. Identifying the population 9. Designing the sampling plan 10. Specifying methods to measure research variables 11. Developing methods to safeguard subjects 12. Finalizing the research plan Phase 3: The Empirical Phase 13. Collecting the data 14. Preparing the data for analysis Phase 4: The Analytic Phase 15. Analyzing the data 16. Interpreting the results Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase 17. Communicating the findings 18. Utilizing the findings in practice

Activities in a Qualitative Study (Polit & Beck, 2010)

Planning the Study 1. Identifying the research problem 2. Doing a literature review 3. Developing an overall approach 4. Selecting and gaining entree into research sites 5. Developing methods to safeguard participants Developing Data Collection Strategies 6. Deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them 7. Deciding from who to collect the data 8. Deciding how to enhance trustworthiness Gathering and Analyzing Data 9. Collecting data 10. Organizing and analyzing data 11. Evaluating data - making modifications to data collection strategies, if necessary 12. Evaluating date - determining if saturation has been achieved Disseminating Findings 13. Communicating findings 14. Utilizing (or making recommendations for utilizing) findings in practice and future research

Research Approach

Positivist Paradigm: is a reflection of a broader cultural phenomenon (modernism) that emphasizes the rational and the scientific - The fundamental assumption of positivists is that there is a reality that can be studied and known, thus their research is focused on understanding underlying causes of natural phenomena Post-positivist Paradigm: believe in reality and has a desire to understand it but recognize the impossibility of total objectivity and see it as a goal Naturalistic Paradigm (sometimes called Constructivist Paradigm): according to naturalist reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of the individual - Assumes that knowledge is maximized when the distance between the inquirer and the participants in the study is minimized

Three Types of Knowledge as identified by epistemologist:

Propositional Knowledge: includes the knowledge of theories, facts and laws Procedural Knowledge or the knowledge of how to do something: through doing Personal Knowledge or Personal Knowing: we must experience personally experience it

What is a Good Title?

1. Brief descriptive label of the study 2. Names major variables that are subjects of investigation, thereby giving instant grasp of what the study is? 3. Include only the independent and dependent variable 4. Research title must be clearly stated, concise, and consist of not more than 15 words Note Avoid use of : " A study of"; "An evaluation of " Ex: "Learning Experience in Operating Room Nursing and Needs of Students and patients."" Nutrition Education in the Dietary Practice among Housewives."

Phases of the Research Process

1. Conceptual Phase - Identify the problem / topic - what and why? - Trends and issues - Patient's issues / needs that are deemed necessary for research 2. Design and Planning Phase - Who - When - Where - How - Method 3. Implementation Phase / Empirical Phase - Gathering of data 4. Analytical Phase - Analyze / synthesize 5. Dissemination Phase - Publish / present - Increase awareness - Informing the public

Foundation of Nursing Knowledge

1. Customs and Traditions - Social and cultural practices have been bases for nursing care - Use of herbal medicine - Practices of "manggagamot" and "hilot" 2. Authority - Basic nursing knowledge is learned in colleges of nursing - Nursing practice are done according to institution's policies and procedures - Standardized nursing practice are governed by the Philippine Nursing Law and ANSAP 3. Staff Development and Experience - Practice experienced by clinical practitioners are shared and accepted because they work in most situations

Reasons for Literature Review

1. Define research questions, methods and tools that may be useful to the study 2. Reveal difficulties experienced by others that may save time, money and error in the projected study 3. To provide clear information on the task carried by the nurse personnel 4. To locate findings that may be included in a similar study to confirm or refute earlier findings 5. To provide comparative data that is available in the analysis and interpretation of one's own study 6. To identify studies that may be replicated or re-tested 7. To compare one's finding with other theoretical and conceptual framework

Categories of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive: conducted to explore new ideas of research and to describe situations as they exists 2. Correlational: conducted to examine relationships and to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice 3. Quasi-experimental: conducted to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling the outcomes desired for patients and families 4. Experimental

Triad of Evidence-Based Practice

1. Individual Clinical Expertise 2. Best Available Clinical Evidence 3. Patient's Values and Expectations = Improved Patient Outcomes

Characteristics of Nurse Researchers

1. Intellectual Curiosity - An inquisitive, curious, questioning mind is vital to nurse researchers - Nurse researchers undertake inquiry and serious thinking about situations and problems affecting nurses and nursing - Eager to seek information - Read extensively on the subject - Utilize their own training and experience and those of others 2. Creative Thinking - Ability to go beyond what already exists and develop various ways of doing things 3. Critical Thinking - Clinical expertise and a working knowledge of the scientific problem-solving technique help to a great extent in formalizing the study 4. Ability to relate their study to a known theory 5. Patience and discipline to see the study through - Digging up of required literature - Sorting out the relevant from the irrelevant - Writing and rewriting the manuscript until the study becomes an integrated whole 6. Intellectual honesty - Researchers are honest in collecting, analyzing, and reporting data 7. A sense of humor - Researchers must accept inadequacies in the study as bases for improvement

Characteristics of Research

1. Involves the gathering of new and existing data from new sources or first-hand information 2. Directed toward the solution of a problem 3. Analytical characterized by carefully designed procedures in collecting data and rigorous analysis in interpreting them 4. Emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles and theories that may be helpful in predicting future occurrences 5. Requires expertise researcher must be adequately prepared to undertake such endeavor 6. It is empirical based on direct experience and demands accurate observation and description of what is being studied 7. Strives to be logical applying every possible test to validate the procedures being employed so that the researcher has confidence in the results 8. It is honest and characterized by patient and unhurried activities 9. It can be replicated enable the researcher to achieve valid and comprehensive results. Similarities and differences of replicated researches can be confirmed 10. Requires innovative approaches 11. It is carefully recorded and reported

Preparation of Nursing Researches

1. Knowledge and skills in principles and methods of scientific investigations 2. Knowledgeable about the content of nursing and trends in health fields 3. Reading nursing topics and substance to the research work

Different Types of Variables

Heterogenous - attributes are extremely varied Homogenous - limited variability among attributes of the same sample group

Task of Nursing Research (IDEEPC)

Identification - assess situation that needs clarification Description - determine relationship between and among variables investigated Exploration - answer the what question o Explanation - answer the question why and seek clarification Prediction and Control - projects situation or events and minimize effects

Roles of Nurses in Research

Identifier: makes assessment of needs and problems and generates alternative solutions to problem Evaluator: determine the usefulness of research findings in her practice of nursing User/Consumer: use the findings as evidence based practice Client Advocate: provide support, answers questions to clients involve in the study, upheld ethics Subject: act as respondents to research to improve nursing practice. Member: conduct an experimental investigation or research Principal Investigator: need special research preparation and training to conduct scientific study

Why do Research Again?

In healthcare practice and as part of our professional obligation to provide the best care possible based on the best available knowledge and evidence The knowledge we generated from research is one form of evidence Best practices can be generated through evidence-based practice research

Evidenced-Based Practice (EBP)

Integration of the best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and patients' needs and values Is the art and science that deals with utilizing research results in the preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative aspects of nursing care and the emphasis is on safety and efficacy of nursing interventions and caring practice Involves: 1. Clinical Expertise 2. Patient Needs & Values 3. Best Research Evidence

Research Process

Invoke feelings of apprehension and anxiety Undertaking research is similar to undertaking a journey, it has a point of origin, route and final destination Steps 1. Formulation of the problem - Define source of topics - Define the purpose of research - Review related literature - Formulate the theoretical framework - Delineate the population to be studied - State the specific research problems - State the assumptions - State the scope and limitations of the problem - Define the terms to be used 2. Formulation of the Hypothesis - State the hypothesis - Define the variables and how they will be quantified 3. Determining the research design or the approach suitable for the study 4. Selection and development of the tools/techniques for collecting data 5. Development of the data analysis plan 6. Data collection 7. Organization and processing of data 8. Analysis and interpretation of the data 9. Formulation of conclusions and recommendations 10. Writing of the research report

Research Question and Qualitative Study

Involves a grandeur question or a central question that is broad in nature and open-ended. This may follow a sub-question to explore further the phenomena under study

Paradigm

Is a world view, a general perspective on the complexities of the real world

Quantitative Research

Is formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world Emerged from a branch of philosophy called logical positivism, which operates on strict rules of logic, truth, laws and prediction Conducted to test theory by describing variables, examining relationships among variables, and determining cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Framework

Is the blueprint of the research study

Theoretical Framework

Is the collection of interrelated concepts that exist in the literature Guide the researcher in determining the variables to be measure Consist of propositions, concepts, conceptual maps or conceptual model Purpose: - It helps the research see clearly the variables of the study - It can provide the researcher with a general framework for data analysis

Clinical Expertise

Is the knowledge and skills of the healthcare professional who is providing care

Signs of a Good Research Problem

Feasible/No Duplication (money, time, location, population, measurable) General Applicability/Use Important/Extensive Concept must relate to observable effects Findings may be generalized in other areas/ practical value Purpose is clearly defined Researchable Interest Significance/Importance to Nursing Novelty/Originality RESEARCHER must be interested and qualified

Evidence is rank according to:

Level I - evidence is obtained from at least one properly designed RCT Level II - evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials with randomization, well designed case control analytic studies or multiple time series with or without intervention Level III - opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or report of experts

Research

Empirical research and is synonymous with the conscious application of a structured method Follows a rigorous step in order to solve a problem or develop something new and to improve our knowledge Scientific investigation, systematic, controlled and empirical inquiry about a subject/topic through a problem solving process "Cerchier" = French Word "seek or search" "Re" = prefix "again" Research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge Webster: research is a studious inquiry or examination, investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical applications of such new or revised theories or laws Barr: any systematic search for understanding limited to a particular subject that, for purposes of investigation, has been cast in problematic form and formally defined Treece: an attempt to gain solutions to problems. It is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation Seltiz: discovers answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures that have been developed to increase the likelihood that information gathered will be relevant, reliable and unbiased PNA: is an honest, scientific investigation undertaken for the purpose of discovering new facts or establishing new relationships among facts already known which will contribute to the present body of knowledge and can lead to an effective solution of existing problems

Ethical Issues in Nursing Research

Ethics is the science that deals with the nature of actions of intelligent beings in relation to their moral qualities The nurse's desire for scientific knowledge should be compatible with the dignity and rights of individuals and social groups

Pyramid of Evidence

Evidence Hierarchy: Levels of evidence regarding effectiveness of an intervention Level 1 a. Systematic review of RTCs b. Systematic review of non-randomized trials Level II a. Single RCT b. Single non-randomized trial Level III a. Systematic review of correlational/observational studies Level IV a. Single correlational/observational study Level V a. Systematic review of descriptive/qualitative/physiologic studies Level VI a. Single descriptive/qualitative/physiologic studies Level VII a. Opinions of authorities, experts and committees

3 Basic Methods Collection of Data

Observation Questioning Measurement Data on the variables being studied can be collected through: a.Existing charts, statistics, records b.Interview, participant observer, non-participant observer c.Self-recording data through questionnaire, paper and pen method, mechanical instruments d.Combination method Several factors should be considered when observing the study subjects: a.Halo effect - the observer may have the tendency to rate certain subjects as consistently high or low on everything because of the overall impression the subjects give the rater b.Hawthorne effect - people may deliberately change their behavior because they know they are being studied or observed