NDFS 1020-Exam 2
Lipolysis
The breakdown of fat
LDL
bad cholesterol
Edema
buildup of excess fluids in tissue
Saturated Fatty Acid
completely full of hydrogen atoms
Hemoglobin
compound in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Carbohydrates
hold cells together in tissues
Biological Value
(BV) Based on how well and how quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue proteins
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
(PDCAA) Considers how well the body converts food protein into body tissue and also the amino acid composition
Protein Efficiency Ratio
(PER) Measures the weight gain of growing lab animals in relation to a specific type of protein
Maltose
(malt sugar) two glucose molecules bonded together
AMDR of Protein
10% - 35%
AMDR of Lipids
20% - 35%
Carbohydrate %
45% - 65%
Free Fatty Acids
Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
Cyclamate
Alternative sweetener banned in the United States because it was thought to cause bladder cancer
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Celiac Disease
Can't eat wheat, gluten, or gliadin
Glycerol
Circulates back to the liver
PKU
Diagnosed with a simple blood test
Resistant Starches
Don't break down in human GI tract like dietary fiber
Trans Fatty Acid
Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond; allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Cis Fatty Acid
Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond; causes the carbon chain to bend
Human Genome Project
In 1990, scientists began an effort to identify and sequence the human genes that code for protein synthesis in DNA
Unused Protein
It is metabolized for energy needs or is turned into glucose or fat
Example of Phospholipid
Lecithin
Cardiovascular Disease
One in three adults suffer from some form of it
Cholesterol
Only found in foods that contain animal products
23%
Percent of adults that don't eat meat, poultry, or fish
Fiber
Polysaccharide (cellulose, mucilages, gums, pectin, and hemicellulose
Emulsifier
Prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules; isolates individual fat droplets
Chylomicron Remnant
Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
Lipid Digestion and Absorption
Stomach-Liver-Pancreas-Small Intestine-Anus
Glycogen
Stores glucose in the body
Functions of Cholesterol
Synthesis of certain hormones, incorporation into cell structures, and synthesis of certain bile acids
Amino Acid Groups
Three groups including R group, amino group, and carboxylic acid group
Functions of Fatty Acids
To provide energy, to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins, and to insulate and protect the body
Signs of Metabolic Syndrome
Triglycerides > 150, Waist Circumference > 35 inches
Embolus
a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream
Starch
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
Pancreatic Lipase
a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Thrombus
a fixed clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
PKU
a rare genetic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts an amino acid to other compounds; you can't eat meats, eggs, or milk products
Adipose Cells
absorbs fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassembles them as triglycerides for storage
Complex Carbs
also known as starch
Aspartame
alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol
Sucralose
an artificial sweetener considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat
Carbohydrates
assist in lubricating joints
Hydrochloric Acid
denatures food in the stomach, helping digest the food
Gastric Lipase
enzyme released in the stomach and acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths
Soluble Dietary Fiber
forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen bonds because of the double bonds
Nonnutritive Sweeteners
have 0 calories per serving
Buffer
helps to maintain the pH of a substance
Hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
higher levels of homocysteine in the blood
Enterohepatic Circulation
process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract
Soluble Fiber examples
oat bran, beans, carrots
Gestational Diabetes
occurs after 24th week of pregnancy
Deamination
removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid; occurs primarily in the liver
tRNA
responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis
Too Much Protein
results in deamination and the carbon skeleton being used as energy
People with Diabetes
should try to maintain HbA1c levels below 7%
Glucagon
stimulates lipolysis
Glucose
stored in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver
Kidney Disease
people with this disease are advised to eat less protein
Statins
prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels
Fates of Fructose
converted to fat or glucose
Albumin
Blood tissue
Whole Grain
Bran, Endosperm, and Germ
Carbohydrates
help with cell signaling
HDL
good cholesterol
Hydrogenation
the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature
Triglyceride
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Transamination
transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid; is reversible
Atherosclerosis
underlying cause of most cases of heart disease
Urea
waste product of amino acid metabolism
Lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues through the bloodstream
Hypoglycemia
when blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for the cells
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
break down polypeptides into smaller peptides and amino acids
Sucrose
carb as to which all other sweeteners are compared to
Collagen
cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue
Mucins
class of carbohydrates associated with proteins and assist in the lubrication of skeletal joints
Saturated Fatty Acids
consists entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
Trans unstaturated fatty acid
contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids
Phospholipid
contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base
Table Sugar and Honey
contains fructose and glucose
flatulence
intestinal gas
Atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
long-term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility
Pepsin
major stomach enzyme used to digest proteins
C-reactive Protein
marker that is produced by the liver due to infection and inflammation and when elevated, may be a marker for atherosclerosis
Complementary Combinations
mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein
sterols
more chemically complex than a triglyceride or phospholipid
Dietary Fiber
most are complex carbs comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest