NDFS 1020-Exam 2

Lipolysis

The breakdown of fat

LDL

bad cholesterol

Edema

buildup of excess fluids in tissue

Saturated Fatty Acid

completely full of hydrogen atoms

Hemoglobin

compound in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Carbohydrates

hold cells together in tissues

Biological Value

(BV) Based on how well and how quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue proteins

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score

(PDCAA) Considers how well the body converts food protein into body tissue and also the amino acid composition

Protein Efficiency Ratio

(PER) Measures the weight gain of growing lab animals in relation to a specific type of protein

Maltose

(malt sugar) two glucose molecules bonded together

AMDR of Protein

10% - 35%

AMDR of Lipids

20% - 35%

Carbohydrate %

45% - 65%

Free Fatty Acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

Cyclamate

Alternative sweetener banned in the United States because it was thought to cause bladder cancer

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Celiac Disease

Can't eat wheat, gluten, or gliadin

Glycerol

Circulates back to the liver

PKU

Diagnosed with a simple blood test

Resistant Starches

Don't break down in human GI tract like dietary fiber

Trans Fatty Acid

Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond; allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Cis Fatty Acid

Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond; causes the carbon chain to bend

Human Genome Project

In 1990, scientists began an effort to identify and sequence the human genes that code for protein synthesis in DNA

Unused Protein

It is metabolized for energy needs or is turned into glucose or fat

Example of Phospholipid

Lecithin

Cardiovascular Disease

One in three adults suffer from some form of it

Cholesterol

Only found in foods that contain animal products

23%

Percent of adults that don't eat meat, poultry, or fish

Fiber

Polysaccharide (cellulose, mucilages, gums, pectin, and hemicellulose

Emulsifier

Prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules; isolates individual fat droplets

Chylomicron Remnant

Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Stomach-Liver-Pancreas-Small Intestine-Anus

Glycogen

Stores glucose in the body

Functions of Cholesterol

Synthesis of certain hormones, incorporation into cell structures, and synthesis of certain bile acids

Amino Acid Groups

Three groups including R group, amino group, and carboxylic acid group

Functions of Fatty Acids

To provide energy, to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins, and to insulate and protect the body

Signs of Metabolic Syndrome

Triglycerides > 150, Waist Circumference > 35 inches

Embolus

a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

Starch

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Pancreatic Lipase

a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Thrombus

a fixed clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

PKU

a rare genetic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts an amino acid to other compounds; you can't eat meats, eggs, or milk products

Adipose Cells

absorbs fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassembles them as triglycerides for storage

Complex Carbs

also known as starch

Aspartame

alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol

Sucralose

an artificial sweetener considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat

Carbohydrates

assist in lubricating joints

Hydrochloric Acid

denatures food in the stomach, helping digest the food

Gastric Lipase

enzyme released in the stomach and acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths

Soluble Dietary Fiber

forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen bonds because of the double bonds

Nonnutritive Sweeteners

have 0 calories per serving

Buffer

helps to maintain the pH of a substance

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

higher levels of homocysteine in the blood

Enterohepatic Circulation

process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract

Soluble Fiber examples

oat bran, beans, carrots

Gestational Diabetes

occurs after 24th week of pregnancy

Deamination

removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid; occurs primarily in the liver

tRNA

responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis

Too Much Protein

results in deamination and the carbon skeleton being used as energy

People with Diabetes

should try to maintain HbA1c levels below 7%

Glucagon

stimulates lipolysis

Glucose

stored in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver

Kidney Disease

people with this disease are advised to eat less protein

Statins

prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels

Fates of Fructose

converted to fat or glucose

Albumin

Blood tissue

Whole Grain

Bran, Endosperm, and Germ

Carbohydrates

help with cell signaling

HDL

good cholesterol

Hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature

Triglyceride

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Transamination

transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid; is reversible

Atherosclerosis

underlying cause of most cases of heart disease

Urea

waste product of amino acid metabolism

Lipoproteins

water-soluble structures that transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues through the bloodstream

Hypoglycemia

when blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for the cells

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

break down polypeptides into smaller peptides and amino acids

Sucrose

carb as to which all other sweeteners are compared to

Collagen

cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

Mucins

class of carbohydrates associated with proteins and assist in the lubrication of skeletal joints

Saturated Fatty Acids

consists entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

Trans unstaturated fatty acid

contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids

Phospholipid

contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base

Table Sugar and Honey

contains fructose and glucose

flatulence

intestinal gas

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

Arteriosclerosis

long-term disease process in which there is a loss of arterial flexibility

Pepsin

major stomach enzyme used to digest proteins

C-reactive Protein

marker that is produced by the liver due to infection and inflammation and when elevated, may be a marker for atherosclerosis

Complementary Combinations

mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein

sterols

more chemically complex than a triglyceride or phospholipid

Dietary Fiber

most are complex carbs comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest