neuro exam 3
retrolenticular part of internal capsule communicatesnbetween
parietal-occipital association area with pulvina/LP THEY ARE PART OF OPTIC RADIATIONS... end in superior banks of calc fissure (inf field)
substantia nigra parts
pars compacta (makes most of dopamine) and parts reticulata
where is acuity the highest in dim light?
periphery, because at fovea it is zero since no rods are present. rods amplify electrical responses the most
long term depression
phophaatase activated by ca, interanlizes ampa receptor
growth hormone put out by what and excess can causew hat
pituitary gland, acromegaly strong jaw, big hands, space between teeth
PREMOTOR CORTEX brodmann's 6
planning and prep gets info from sensory, processes and plans, gets info from VA of thalmus and sensory cortex and goes out to primary motor cortex corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts EXTERNALLY GUIDED MOVEMENT
premotor cortex is for what? where is it?
planning of movements, sensory-motor association, complex, multiple joint mvmt. directly anterior to primary motor cortex LESIONS LEAD TO SLOWING OF ANTICIPATED MOVEMENTS BUT NOT PARALYSIS externally initiated/guided
what is the claustrum
plate of gray matter playing role in consciousness, between putamen and insular cortex
2 parts of the reticular formation
pontine and medullary
eye movements controlled at midbrain and pons, none below, excelpt vestibular nuclei contained at
pontine medullary jxn
caudal boundary of diencephalon
posterior commisure
lower urinary tract control
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons inhibited via spinal cordco ntrol, intravesical pressure minimized by preganglionic sympathetic neruons as bladderfi lls... CEREBRAL PALSY CAN AFFECT
what are the five upper motor neuron major pathways?
pyramidal/corticospinal tract CST rubrospinal tract RST reticulospinal tract vestibulospinal tract VST testospinal tract
parietal lobe
somatosensory primary receives info from VPL and VPM of thalamus. final relay sensation for general sensation at the concious level of the body in the face. THIS IS IN POSTCENTRAL GYRUS!! RIGHT BEHIND CENTRAL SULCUS. REPS CONTRALATERAL HALF OF THE BODY AND UPSIDE DOWN. AREA IS PROPORTIONATE HOW SENSITIVE IT IS IN BODY. IF LESION WOULD LEAD TO DECREASED SENSATION IN CONTRALATERAL PART OF BODY OR FACE. UPPER HALF BODY PARTS, LOWER HALF FACE. DOESN'T APPLY TO PAIN
cortisol released when runninga round in terms of eating means you should
rest and digest1
hypothalamus creates a threat response with
reticular formation
the extrapyramidal tracts are
reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal
glutamate is excitatory in basal nuclei and where else?
retina
VERGENCE need from
retinal disparity, get 2 retina both on fovea regradless of distancef rom you distance from you to target not changing make conjugate eye movements. change makes disconjugate. happens more with near than far (greater eye movement for close up)
foveal retinal layers...note which pthotoreceptor is there
retinal elements displaced to each side so light can get to CONES most effectively. arc around fovea on way to optic disk.
vestibulospinal tract
runs ipsilateral, controls postural adjustment (lateral) and head movement (medial
midline cerebellar tumor
saccadic eyemovements over shot quite a bit
spinocerebellum input
somatosensory/kinesthetic, spinal trigeminal, mostly ipsilatera via the inferior cereballar peduncle... vermis an medial zone termination... controls posture and movement of arms and legs
UMN lesion associated with
spastic paralysis, weakness. the muscles will be hyperreflexie tho, UMN usually signal for strong contraction
cerebral palsy
spastic paralysis,UMN, affects anterior horn and lateral coricospinal tract. maybe from anoxia at birth, clot in cord
what are the fibrous outer layers?
sclera and cornea
where does info from purkinje cells go? after receiving from purkinje and climbing fibers
send info to "deep cerebellar nuclei"
nmda receptors
sensitive to ligand and voltage sensitve, also to na, k, and ca. ca potentiates synapticc transmission (nonspecific)
LP (lateral posterior) lateral nuclei of thalamus assoc areas
sensory association cortex of parietal lobe
thalamus relays all of ______ info besides what? also relays _____ outputs from ____ ________ and _______, cingulate gyrus receives info from thalamus with ____ and _____
sensory info besides olfactory motor outputs from basal ganglia and cerebellum (voluntary movement importance) emotional and memory (limbic) to cingulate gyrus
layer 4 prominance? with what cells?
sensory with stellate and granule cells
primary cortex
simplerfxn, for sensory/motor
where is the habenula
small swellings on each side rostrally of pineal gland
scotopic =
starliht vision, use rods
caudate nucleus
tadpole, swings around thalamus following lateral ventricle. tail is in roof of inf horn or lat ventricle. separated by other nuclei with fiber bundle of corona radiate, internal capsule, and cerebral peduncle.
limbic basal nuclei group
talk to basal nuclei... (NT release this means)
human vestibular eye movements, gaze and head movements while doing tasks
tea kettle. right eye and head opposite way, while gaze is holding steady for humans. other species can't move separate from head... any patients with this? trauma, lou gehrigs
whats inferior to the diencephalon
the base of brain, thalamus and hypothalamus at the bottom exposed to subarachnoid space
constructional apraxia
apraxia: lack of action. cant' build or draw/ start from scratch. they get general shape down but everythings jubled together other parietel lobe damage EITHER SIDE OF LOBE
color and facial blindness ex:
bilateral lingual and occipitotemporal gyri, including extrastriate areas
fastigial nucleus: input from vermis and cerebellar afferent, output to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation project to
bilateral vestibular nuclei, conralateral reticular formation... control posture and proximal muscles
translational vOR tVOR
bobs heaves and surges... pigeon walk. feet catch up to where head is, not the other way
relay nuclei MGN input and cortical output
brachium of inferior colliculus, out: AUDITORY cortex
what supplies blood to thalamus
branches of posterior cerebral artery
what is the internal capsule?
bridge between thalamus and cerebral cortex... all info goes through
hyperpolarization in ______ light hydrolyzes _______ channels causes ______ of glutamate release
bright, CGMP channels, inhibition
photopic
brighter than moonlight, only cones
substantia nigra of subthalamus: what is it associated with?
c reward, addition, movement
Striatum can be compartmentalized how?
chemically,
what are the vascular middle layers? (uveal tract)
choroid, ciliary body (vascular core)/ ciliary muscle, and iris
how do they map blood flow in brain?
combined positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T1 weighted). changes between watching moving to stationary stimuli after IV of H2^15O
middle cerebellarp eduncle aka and carries afferent from
contralateral pontine nuclei
dentate nucleus sends info to
contralateral red nucleus and thalamus
globose and emboliform send to
contralateral red nucleus/thalamus
what's more important to distinguish features for the eye, color or contrast?
contrast. detection of borders is important
dorso-lateral pathways go to
distal muscles
Brodmann
divided brain into numbers and grouped by lobe 22 is wernicke, superior temporal gyrus, auditory association area, posterior portion on left = wernicke's area
reticulospinal tract: pontine upper part of reticular formation is
excitatory to extensors. that hold us upright. excited by cerebellum and vestibular nuclei and held in check by cortex. runs medially!!
basal nuclei: glutamate
excitatory, from subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus and substantia nigra, also from thalamus to cortex, also from cortex to striatum
first cell is granule and is
excitatroy (glutamate)
Bell's palsy from what lesion and what are its char?
facial LMN lesion, paralysis of muscles of facial expression ipsilateral to lesion (flaccid, hyperacusis, over-sensitivity to certain frequency and volume ranges of sound loss of taste from ant 2/3 of tongues, decreased gland secretion.
lateral vesitbulonucleus
from lateral collection of vestibule nuclei in the brainstem. vestibular nuclei in medulla, send projections to multiple vestibular nuclei. descend
where to and from are optic radiations projecting?
from lateral geniculate nucleus to banks of calcarine sulcus... retrolenticular part ends in superior bank of calcarine sulcus (info from inferior field)
hypothalmus-pituitary relationship
have hormone producing endocrine areas, and can be suppressed somtimes by antiimflammatory... corticosteroid class and aspirine... in steroid hormones such as prednozone. you have to taper because they suppresspi tuitary adrenal axis. other wise it might remain suppressed adn you'll get Cushin's disease
anterior lobe syndrome
he anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. Inputs into the anterior lobe of the cerebellum are mainly from the spinal cord.[1] midline damage.. legs primarily affected similart o that seen with damage to flocculonodularl obe In alcoholics, it can deteriorate.[2] It is sometimes equated to the "paleocerebellum"
saccadic scan path (face)
head movment contamination of making eye movements, we would need IR glasses that move with head or you REALLY need to steady the head because they are 2X as big as greatest erroro f eye movement
lesion in right parietal lobe
hemispatial neglect. right parietel lobe lesion. completely neglecting left visual field. usually on right side RIGHT SIDE OF PARIETEL
we carea bout basal nuclei cuz
hey talk to cortex and provide major input on NT and suck
in dark, what is the cGMP concentration, and what channels are open? what's result
high cGMP, Na+ channels open so rods and cones are relatively depolarized in dark
vestibular nucleus sends info to
higher cortical centers HELPS CONTROL EXTENSOR MUSCLES
lateral nuclei of thalamus LD in out and what system is it part of?
hippocampus cingulate gyrus limbic
lesioni n occipital lobe leads to
hononymous congruent hemianopsia. either involve but probably spare the macula
pitch around what axis
horizontal
which cells are associated with the lateral inhibition of color?
horizontal cells,more light = less glutamate =hyperpolarized= less inhibited
horizontal canal: semiciruclar controls
horizontal recti. horizontal eye movments.
fixations are
microtremors: as steady aswe can make our eyes fixate, our eye muscles havet o do this microdrifst: slower but larger in amplitude... on and off target microsaccades:his box... jumps of grid... slow movements is drift. "maybe refresh retina"... like for amacrine cells
most superficial layer of cerebellum
molecular layer with dendrites of purkinje cells axons of granular cells (info sending portion) aka T fibers interneurons to modulate aka stellate and basket cells
DORSolateral
moment to moment memory
mesopic
moonlight vision, both rods and cones
Medodorsal nucleus (MD) of thalamus input/output/fxn
in: prefronal cortex, olfactory, and limbic structures out: prefrontal cortex fxn: emotion, thought, and judgment integration
pulvinar input, output, and fxn
in: visual association areas (parietal, temporal and occipital lobes), output: visual association cortex. FXNS IN VISUAL PROCESSING!
dyslexia: dysfunction of reading alexia:
inability to read
aphasia
inability to use language, fluency, repetition, comprehension shouldb e considered to deciver wernicke, broca, or global (both expressive and receptive)
dysmetria is
inappropriate force and distance that characterizes target directed movements
cerebellar peduncles: which one carry afferent to cerebellum and which carry efferent, are the contra or ipsilateral?
inferior and middle are afferent superior is efferent ipsilateral!
lower part of reticular formation is
inhibitory
output cell is purkinje and is
inhibitory
what NT do all parts of thalmic nuclei use?
inhibitory GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
basal nuclei: gaba
inhibitory, straitum to GPe to STN,striatum to SNr, striatum to GPi to thalamus
what layer are amacrine cells in?
inner plexiform
what layer are ganglion cells in?
inner plexiform
what is the composition of the midperipheral retina
inner segments of fatter cones are interspersed among rod segments
relay nuclei VPL/VPM cortical output
input to VPL is PC-ML and STT (spinothalamic tract) SOMATIC SENSATION FOR CONTRALATERAL BODY VPM: input is trigeminal thalamic tract TTT output to sensory cortex fxn: SOMATOSENSORY FOR CONTRALATERAL FACE!
anterior relay nuclei input/cortical output/fxn=
input: MAMMILOTHALAMIC TRACT/LIMBIC SYSTEM (memory and emotion) output: limbic/cingulate gyrus (major visceral motor cortex) fxn: relays visceral/emotional info to limbic system... INSTINCTIVE DRIVE/EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR
prefrontal cortex
intellect, judgment, prediction, motivation, planning behavior, impulsec ontrol, personality, reactivity to the surrounds and mood DIVIDEDI NTO TWO AREAS WITH DIF FXNS DORSOLATERAL AND OBITOMEDIAL
what is the putamen
myelinated fibers projecting to and from cerebral cortex, largest
pruning of neural connections occurs when
normal development, if something happens later in life to medial rectus you still have connections like MLF, if somethingha ppend during pruning period you would not. once its formed it's rare that it will change
target off to the side that you want to see better
objcets move, cerebellum need to decide how much you should move/adjust and talk to eye muscle to make it happen, basal ganglia controls NT. brainstem then controls cranial nerves to make eye m uscles fire. typicl saccade is 10 % undershooting
neo cerebellar syndrome
lateral damage causes limb ataxia, ... characterized by vatiable combo of changes in muscle tone, reflexes, and coordination of voluntary movments.. all ipsilateal
what part of the thalamus is mainly involved in vision? what kind of nuclei, what are its inputs, and what are its outputs?
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a relay nuclei receiving input from optic tract and its cortical output is the visual cortex fxn in visual pathway
dentate nucleus receives input from
lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
where does moving stimuli activate
lateral surface of occipital lobes near temporal jxn
putamen
lateral to globus pallidus. common embr origin to caudate nucleus, sep'd by internal capsule. many connecting fibers between the 2.
globus pallidus
lateralto internal capsule, GPI and GPE segments
Gertmann's syndrome
left parietal lobe right left confusion alexia: can't understand written language agraphia: can't write acalculia: cant' do simple math also AGNOSIA (perceiving object normally)AND APHASIA (can't process language speaking or understanding)
the globus pallidus and putamen make up the what
lenticular nucleus
frontal cortex lesions
lesion in lower 2/3 affects voluntary movement of contralateral sideof mouth/face if lesion in premotor supplementary cortex would extend to broca's area, motor language, inability to expresst houghts
aprosody
lesion in right hemisphere inability to express (motor aprosody) inability to comprehend someone else's emotions (sensory aprosody)
nystagmus from
lesion in vestibulocerebellar area
basal ganglia loop
lesion loops around to same side cortex, affects oculomotor loop, frontal eye field. sacades related. SKIPS THALAMUS
the morei nfo the purkinje cells receive what is going ontwith the vestibular nuclei
less info
cones have briefer single photon responses than rods, what does this contribute to?
less sensitive but faster than rods and need greater levels of illumination
kluver bucy syndrome
limbic system destroyed, you end up with this. fearlessness and hypersexuality. you want to put everything in your mouth. hyperphagia and visual agnosia (can prove thate eyes are workingbu t you don't know what you're looking at)
olfactory bulb is part of what system?
limbic.... conditioned!
ca influx activates enzyme thate nds up allowing vessicle. that cat contains ampa receptor and puts itt o postsynaptic membrane. can also acivate a gene epxression. the more influx of sodium in post synaptic vessicle
long term potentiation
transcortical motor
looks like broca's but strong repitition
transcortical sensory aphasia
looksli ke wernicke's except strong repitition
hormone: oxytocin
made in hypothalamus and pituitary
hypothalamus is close to
mamillary bodies and cNIII
hypothalamus made up of
mammillary bodies (limbic papez circuit) infundibular stalk (pituitary gland)hypothalamic sulcus
subthalmic nucleus: where is it? what's its shape and what is it connected to?
medial and superior to cerebral peduncle and internal capsule lens shaped interconnected with basal nuclei
subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
medical to internal capusle
pineal secretes
melatonan. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. LIGHT ON, SLEEP CYCLE CONSISTENT, AFTER 3 WEEKS OF NEVER SEEING THE SUN THEY ENDEDU P THINKING THERE WAS A 25 HOUR DAY
pineal gland has "antigonadotropic affect" why?
melatonin delays onset of puberty controls seasonal sexual cycle
what are ganglion cell receptive fields?
on center and off center. 2 concentric roughly circular zones... illumination of central zone causes increase or decrease in background firing rate, also could compare to peripheral area, the "surround"
hypothalamus where is it?
on top of pituitary gland below thalamus, dentate looking. hypothalamus is cross road between brain steman d cerebrum controls our hormones so a lot of our behavior.p rimitvie "lizardb rain"... the ID
saccidic eye movments are ballistic what does that mean
once they start you can'ts top them. purpose is to move fovea, downside is thaty ou suppress 90% of vision while making saccades
how does light move compared to info movement with the cells on the retina?
opposite, photosensitive part of receptor cell is in neural retina farthest from incoming lite... this is ok because retinas so thin and almost transparent
when eyes are paralyzed what is it called?
opthalmoplegia.. could be partial or full
pituitary nerve close to
optic chiasm
where are there no cones and what does our central nervous system do to compensate fro this spot?
optic nerve is blind spot. no phtoreceptors, interneurons, or ganglion cells... only ganglion cell axons. CNS "fills it in"
pupillary light reflex pathway
optic nerve to lgn to ew through pretectal area, cross at posterior commissure, from ew to ciliary ganglion via cn3 then short ciliary nerve
pathway of near reflex
optic nerve to tract to LGN to visual cortex to oculomotor nucleus to nerve to muscles and ciliary muscle and ciliary ganglion EFFERENT PROJECTIONS FROM VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX TO CN3 ARISE IN OCCIPITAL LOBE, EXACT LOCATION NOT CERTAIN
sublenticular part of internal capsule contains
optic radiations (ending in inferior bank of calcarine, sup visual fields) temporal lobe for auditory too
cortex to infereior olive to cerebellum, corrects errors back toc ortex, then to spinal cord, then feedback from aa ctual movement via spino cerebellar tract
originate from nuclei in spinal cord and brain stem as well as sensory from peripher and cortex. terminate on dendrites of granule cells whcch excite purkinje cells via parallel fibers
where do the reticular nuclei project to?
other thalamic nuclei NOT CEREBRAL CORTEX reticular nucleus surrounds lateral surface of thalamus
what is the ansa lenticularis
outbput from globus pallidus
what do rods and cones consist of?
outer segment filled with membranous disks (rod long and cylindrical and cone cshorter and tapered, although outer segment same size) also the protein on outer secgment is the visual pigment which are rhodopsin and the cone pigments... no accepted name, an inner segment
what make bipolar cells on center vs off center?
whether glutamate released by bipolar cells is inhibitory (oncenter) or excitatory (off center). inhibited on center bipolar cells leaves a depolarized bipolar cell, causing increase in glutamate release. ganglion cells, always excitatory (on and off) therefore increased in action potentials https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLQCYflVV3M
type IIa and IIb
white fibers, few mitochondria, brief/powerful contractions. IIb glycolysis used almost excluseviely
corpus collosum cut
with fruity face guy side of brain when presented in right field, person with brain would say fruit,because info for face is processed in right brain
roll around
y-axis
optokinetic eye movements
you're not moving, but you're following something that is. made up of pursuits and saccades. same kind of pathway as VOR from inner ear. vestibular gets tired after 6-10 sec then OKN kicks in. FOR QUICK ROTATIONS ITS VESTIBULAR, FOR SUSTAINED ITS OPTOKINETIC WHICH CONSIST OF SACCADES AND PURSUITS
yaw around
z-axis (yaw= naw)
VA/VL GEneralL RELAY
• VA (INITIATION/PLANNING OF MOVMENT FROM BASAL GANG TO PREMOTOR/SUPMOTOR CORTEX)/VL (COORIDNATE MOVEMENT) FROM CEREBELLUM TO PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX -VA/VL INVOLVED RESEMBLE CEREBELLAR/BASAL DAMAGE TO CONTRA SIDE
what does the diencephalon border superiorly
the lateral ventricles
where is the fovea represented in the brain?
the most posteriorly
where are the photons absorbed on the rods and cons and what is created?
the outer segment which creates a receptor potential that spreads to rest of cell
interposed nucleus receives info from
the parovermis (around vermis)
what is the epithalamus made up of?
the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei
what makes up 80% of the diencephalon?
the thalamus
visual agnosia
they can see but can't recognie, most recognizable is facial agnosia. problem in *association cortex* area (oher agnosia's are tactile, and auditory
what sort of info do the superior colliculus receive?
visual, somatosensory (spinotectal or spinomesencephalic tract) auditory inbputs, additional from other cortex areas
which parts of amydyla light up when sexually aroused?
when trying to suppress, instead of lighting up in amygdyla you have to use your frontal lobe
wheres red nucleus?
where CN3 and CN4 plug in
what is the ligand of the receptor protein and what is it a derivative of
"opsin" derivative of vitamin A
smooth pursuit pathway
, need cn3 cn6 and cerebellar input flocculus, MLF connection between cn3a nd cn6 so MR can talk to LR. vestibular eye movments going on in the background as well. all necessary
what are the factors determining how you interpret a certain color?
-spectral distribution of INCIDENT LIGHT -LIGHT ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF THE TEXTILE -
how many ganglion cells are there compared to cones and rods?
1 million gang, 5 million cones, 100 million rods
facial upper motor neuron lesion
1 st order UMN via corticobulbar tract...bilateral upper, contralateral to lower part of face. UMN contralateral lower facial palsy, think about how no eyebrow droop, intact folds on forehead, and intact corneal reflex, no nasolabial folds on affected side and lips couldn't be head tightly together, if LMN ipsilateral half facial palsy
what is the percent of S cones? what is L to M cones ratios to each other?
5% s cones L to M can be 1:1 to 15:1 depending on individual
how many lobes are there of pituitary gland?
2
how think is the retina?
200-300 micrometers
the diencephalon forms the walls of which ventricle on its _____ surface
3rd ventricle, medial
75% if verticals are what nerve palsy?
4th nerve (trochlear), what do we treat this with? prisms
2 pairs of of eye muscles one and a half not working. 1 and a half
6th nerve plus INO
8 and a half
7th nerve plus INO
what nerve closes the eyelids
7th... so don't confuse not being able to close an eye with pstosis of other eye!
classification of cerebral cortex
95% majority is neo cortex. 6 cell layers
toxoplasmosis in unborn child
Typically, we worry about the effects in the eyes and brain of the unborn child and can cause coordination, learning, and perceptual disabilities in CNS = torch disease
emotions drive
behavior
zona incerta of subthalamus: where is it and what's its fxn?
between subthalamic nucleus and thalamus fxn unknown
ASSOCIATION CORTEX FOR AUDITION
ADJACENT TO PRIMARy, AFFERENT FROM A1 THE PRIMAR AND ALSO MGN THE THALAMUS PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF SOUND SO ONE IMPORTANT AREA IS WERNICKE'S AREA 22 WHICH IS SPECIFIC FOR LANGUAGE lesion in wernicke's leads to inability to understand written or spoken language. USUALLY IN LEFT HEMISPHERE!!!!
synptic plasticity, adjustment of synaptic terminals throughout life
AMPA receptor: work together NMDA receptor, both resopond to glutamate long term potentiation:important for memeory long term depression
the thalamus's nuclei are divided into goups, what are they?
ANTERIOR, MEDIAL, LATERAL DORSAL, LATERAL VENTRAL, HORN, AND INFRALAMINAR AND RETICULAR NUCLEUS ANTERIOR GROUP (anterior nucleus), MEDIAL GROUP (dorsomedial nucleus), LATERAL DORSAL GROUP (lateral dorsal nucleus and lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar-LP complex), as well as the LATERAL VENTRAL GROUP (ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior (with ventral posterolateral nucleus VPL and ventral posteromedial nucleus VPM) HORN GROUP (lateral geniculate nucleus medial geniculate nucleus) INFRALAMINAR NUCLEI (centromedian CM and parfascicular PF) RETICULAR NUCLEUS
ocular proxia
APRAXIA: WHEN YOU WANT TO DO SOMETHING WITH VOLUNTARY STRIATAL MOVEMENT AND IT DOESN'T GO OR IT DOESN'T GO RIGHT AWAY. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PARALLEL LOOPS AND BASAL NUCLEI AREN'T WORKING RIGHT
SECOND SOMATOSENSORY AREA
AREA 40, IN LOWER PARIETAL LOBE AREA. INFO FROM THALAMIC NUCLEI
betz cell
Betz cells are upper motor neurons that send their axons down to the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract, where in humans they synapse directly with anterior horn with their target muscles. go thru medullary pyramids. lesions destroying posterior limb of internal capsule as the axons of bets cells pass thru cause inctralateral spastic paralysis.
PURSUITS INVOLVED WITH WHAT PART OF BRAIN?
CEREBELLUM
thalamic syndrome
COMMONLY CAUSED BY PCA SINCE IT SUPPLIES THALAMUS thalamic painSIGNIFICANT(hyperalgesia, caualgia(involve lesions of VPL/VPM-contralateral hemianesthesia), mild and transient paralysis (corticospinal fiber damage in internal capsule) and involuntary movements (VA/VL INVOLVENET AND/ORbasal ganglia damage CONTRALATERAL) dejerine-roussy syndrome aka LGN INOLVEMENT MEANS CONTRALATERAL HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA
cortical magnification
Cortical magnification describes how many neurons in an area of the visual cortex are 'responsible' for processing a stimulus of a given size, as a function of visual field location.
RULES FOR PATHWAY OF BASAL GANGLIA DIRECT
DIRECT: EXCITATORY DIRECT PATHWAYFROM CORTEX TO PUTAMEN, . DIRECT FROM PUTAMEN INHIBITORY TO GLOBUS PALLIDUS WHICH FURTHER WOULD EXCITE (DOUBLE INHIBITION WOULD MAKE THALMUS EXCITED)
cerebellum: deep nuclei
Dentate nucleus (largest) Interposed nuclei Globose nucleus Emboliform nucleus Fastigial nucleus Vestibular nuclei
donder's law
Donders' law states that for any one gaze direction, the eye always assumes the same unique orientation in 3 dimensions. The orientation is always the same irrespective of where the eye came from. For example the orientation of the eye when looking up and right is the same when the eye reached this position by first rotating right and then up or first up and then right. This is a neural, not a mechanical, constraint.
INDIRECT
END UP INHIBITING THALAMUS. DOMINANTLY FXNING. OVERALL MAIN FXN OF BASAL GANGLIA IS INHIBITION OF THE THALAMUS
what kind of receptors are phtopigments?
G-protein coupled receptors
what are the basal nuclei?
Globus Pallidus Caudate Nucleus Nucleus Accumbens The Putamen Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra (SN not really a nucleus, makes dopamine... right on top of brainstem... makes melanin so it's black)
Hemiballismus
Hemiballismus, formerly called ballism, is a very rare movement disorder, caused in most cases by a decrease in activity of the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia, resulting in the appearance of flailing, ballistic, undesired movements of the limbs... not as bad during sleep. more likely in HIV or COMES FROM EATING UNDERCOOKED MEET. PROTOZOA GETS INTO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND INTO THE EYE... results in toxoplasmosis.Loss of excitatory subthalamic projections (4) disinhibits the thalamus (5), leading to a failure to suppress some cortical outputs (6, 7), which could manifest as involuntary movements (e.g., hemiballismus)
CEREBELLAR LESIONS LEAD TO
IPSILATERAL SYMPTOMS SINCE DOULE CROSSING OF OUTPUT FIBRES (RIGHT SIDE LESION WILL BE RIGHT SIDE OF BODY PROBLEMS)
RIGHT CEREBELLUM PROJECTS TO ______ MOTOR CORTEX VIA THE _____
LEFT, THALAMUS
info from retina go through optic chiasm to...
LGN organized in segregated levels (magno vs parvo and where it hits on the retina
WHAT KEEPS LR FROM SLIPPINGA LONG SCLERA SO WE CAN MAKE DISTINCT EYE MOVEMENTS
LR IF DIDN'T HAVE SLEEVEI T WOULD SLIDE ALONG SCLERA WHILE LOOKING UP SO SOME TORSIONAL MOVEMENT. CONNECTIVE TISSUES SLEEVE MAKES ANOTHER PULLY, CHANGES INSERTION, AND ALLOWS EYE MOVEMNT
cn6 palsy
LR... single vision in one gaze, double in primary, and really bad in the other nerve. ESOTROPIA IN PRIMARY GAZE AKA MEDIAL STRABISMUS
listing's law
Listing's law specifies the axes of eye rotation that describe eye position FOR BOTH EYES are confined to a single plane This is called Listing's Plane Listing's Law is obeyed for saccades and pursuits It's less applicable for vestibular eye movements
INO
MLF
vergence eye movements
MR so cn3. diverging is cn6 for LR in pons. converging NO MLF. NO USE OF MIDBRAIN EXCEPT MAYBE TO INHIBIT
HYPERKINESIA
NOT ENOUGH INHIBITION OF THALAMIC ACTIVITY ESPECIALLY WHEN BODY'S AT REST
olfactory
NOT RELAYED FROM THALAMUS, IN PALEOCORTEX
outputs of basal nuclei from which nuclei to what?
Outputs project from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (3) and the reticular part of the substantia nigra (4) to the thalamus (5), which in turn projects back to the cortex
INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
RECEIVE INFO FROM CEREBRAL CORTEX AND RED NUCLEUS*, EFFERENTS FROM THESE EMERGE MEDIALLY AND ENTER CONTRALATERAL INFRERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCCLE AND GO TO CLIMING FIBERS
describe retinal info passing from cell to cell
RETINA: 5 CELLS TYPES HAVE SOMATA ARRANGED IN 3 LAYERS AND SYNAPSE IN 2 ADDITIONAL LAYERS BETWEEN THE CELL BODIES. IN EACH LAYER: 1 CELL TYPE BRINGS INFO IN, ANOTHER INFO OUT, 3RD LATERALLY INTERCONNECTS ELEMENT PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS STIMULATED BY LIGHT PROJECT TO 1ST SYNAPSE LAYER, TERMINATE ON BIPOLAR AND HORIZONTAL CELLS. BIPOLAR CELLS PROJECT TO NEXT SYNAPSE LAYER WHILE HORIZONTAL CELLS SPREAD LATERALLY AN D INTERCONNECT RECEPTORS, BIPOLAR CELLS, AND HORIZONTAL CELLS. IN 2ND SYNAPSE LAYER, BIPOLAR CELLS TERM ON GANGLION CELLS AND AMAGRINE CELLS. GANGLION CELLS LEAVE EYE AS OPTIC NERVE
what kind of foveal cones are there? how is the wavelength of color information provided?
S, M and L correspond to short, middle, and long wavelengths. red= L, green = middle, and s. individual rods can only report number of photons absorbed not wavelength, but relative activity levels of dif populations of cones proveds "color" info
parkinson's treatments
SN not working properly, all have CI so diplopia at near. L-DOPA YOU CAN USE FOR SOME USE OF AMBLYOPIA. WERE ABLE TO DECREASE STRABISMIC TREMORS.Neurotransplantation of dopamine secreting cells directly into the putamen has been a recent approach to treating Parkinson's disease. Fetal nigral cells or ELECTRICALLY BURNING OUT GLOBUS PALLIDUS... CAN HELP FOR AWHILE AS A STOP GAP MEASURE FOR BAD PARKINSONSBlood flow increased in the supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex (PMC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), primarily ipsilateral to the side of the pallidotomy with parkinsons tremors caused because since SNi sn't releasing enough dopamaine, striatum tries to compensate by releasing excess signals
Broca's area
SPOKEN LANGUAGEmotor speech. area 44,45 connects with ipsilateral temporal, parietal, occiptal lobes, MOTOR APHASIA. CAN'T USE LANGUAGE MCA INFARCT**** CAN UNDERSTNAD BUT CANT SAY IT
top 3 layers of neocortex
SUPRAGRANULAR LAYERS layer I, II, III III gives rise to association and commissural fibers... connects different parts of the brain and between 2 hemispheres *PRIMARY ORIGIN AND TERMINATION OF INTRACORTICAL CONNECTIONS
IF YOU LOSE SENSORY MODALY, WHERE IS THE LESION PROBABLY AFFECTION
THALAMUS
WHAT DOES HE MEAN BY DARK CURRENT
THE FLOW OF NA+ IONS THRU CGMP CHANNELS WHICH CAUSE RELEASE OF GLUTAMATE THAT IS INHIBITORY. THIS IS IN DARK LIGHTING. CELLS ARE HYPERPOLARIZED TO STOP THE RELEASE OF GLUTAMATE IN LIGHT
HYPOKINESIA
TOO MUCH INHIBITION... COLLATERALS GOING TO SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (DOPAMINERGIC)MAYBE. SN EXCITES DIRECT PATHWAY AND INHIBITS INDIRECT PATHWAY. IF YOU LOSE DOPAMINE THERE'S TOO MUCH INHIBITION. EXPRESSED WITH RIGIDITY.
inputs to basal nuclei from what to what?
The major inputs come from cerebral cortex, reaching the putamen (1a), caudate nucleus (1b), and subthalamic nucleus (2)
what is the red nucleus?
The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination
inf cerebellar peduncle
afferent from spinal cord and brainstem (vestibular nuclei)
what are the cell layers of the cerebellum
Three layers Molecular layer Purkinje layer Granular layer
what are the pineal glands fxns?
endocrine organ, melatonin secretion (circadian rhythms) antigonadotropic effect
supplementary motor cortex brodmann's 6
VA also afferend, as well as globus pallidus and substantia nigra INTERNALLY GUIDED MOVMENT!! glose to premotor cortex, medial side of same brodmann's area
what does the posterior limb communicate between?
VA/VL w/ motor cortex VPL/VPM with somatosensory cortex
divisions of cerebellum
Vermis "worm" (vestibulocerebellum) (spinocerebellum) Medial zone(spinocerebellum) - Aka intermediate or paravermal zone Lateral zone cerebrocerebellum Flocculonodular(vestibulocerebellum
fastigial nucleus sends info to
vestibular nuclei/reticulari nfo same side of brainstem
lesion in white matter called disconnection system
alexia: word blindness without agraphia: able to write but can't read splitb rained how? communicatngb etween 2 hemispheres, we know language isi n left hemisphere, includes speaking but also writing
which cells do graded potentials?
all cells besides ganglion cells that fire in proportion to release of glutamate
how many kinds of rhodopsin to rods contain?
all the same! so rods can't discriminate color.... even tho more effective absorption
vestibular eyem movements and cemicurcular canals
With regard to vestibular eye movements: The horizontal canal controls the horizontal recti The anterior vertical canal controls vertical eye movements The posterior vertical canal controls torsional eye movements
all LMN relase what NT onto what receptors of what
acetylcholine on to nicotinic receptors of skeletal muscle
somatosensory assoc cortex
adjacent to postcentral gyrus in superior part of parietal lobe. getting info from primary and secondary sensory cortice
reticulospinal tract: upper motor neuron
alternative for voluntary movement
what are the types of cells in the retina? (5)
amacrine, bipolar, cones, ganglion cells, horizontal cells
what cells are associated with inhibiting motion?
amacrine, modify temporal characteristics of ganglion cells
olfactory bulb talks directly to what?
amygdyla
lymbic system
amygdyla and hippocampus and there's argument of what all makes up amygdala, caudate nucleus too
what's a motor unit
an LMN and muscles it innervates
what does the anterior limb of the internal capsule communicate between?
anerior nucleus and cingulate gyrus
rostral boundary of diencephalon:
anterior commisure
wheres the LMN of the CST
anterior horn of the spinal cord
somatotopic map of cereblellum
anterior is lags, medial is distal muscles, vermis is spine. has to do with functions
what are the 5 parts of the internal capsule? how are they divided?
anterior limb, posterior limb, genu, retrolenticular part, sublenticular part divided by relationship with lenticular nucleus
cerebral cortex connections
association (Connecting dif parts WITHIN samehe misphere) commisures (one hemisphereto other ex: corpus collosum) projection fibers: deliver info to upper cerebral cortex (ex: internal capsule)
spinocerebellar lesion or vestibulocerebellar lesion
ataxia, odd walk or gate like drunk person... problem
how is the pineal gland attached , what's near and what happens with tumor of the epithalamus?
attached by stalk with posterior commisure at base tumors here compress midbrain. superior to superior colliculi where cn3 and cn4 are, eye movement problems (opthlamoplegia)! also could block aqueduct therefore hydrocephalus (inracranial pressure)
ventromedial pathways go to
axial/proximal muscles
what are parallel fibers
axons from granule cells wich synapse with purkinje cells
lateral corticopinal tract summary
axons in precentral gyrus. somatosensory map set up. foot to head from medial to lateral. go inferiorly travelling inbetween basal ganglia (globus pallidus and putamen) and the thalamus medially. structure they travel thru is "internal capsule" passes thru cerebral peduncles, thru ventral pons, and thru medulla (bump on medulla with this bundle of nerves is the medullary pyramid). decussate at base of medulla. desend as lateral corticospinal tract (distal muscles). some don't decussate and make up anterior corticospinal tract (proximal muscles). *pyramidal decussation means damage above is contralateral motor signs, but damage below is ipsilateral. travels thru dorsolateral part of spinal cord, synapses with LMN in ventral part of spinal cord and heads out ventral root to muscle
in general sensory is in what and motor is in what part of brain
back of brain and motor is in front
VA (ventroanterior) thalamus: in/out/fxn
basal ganglia premotor/supplementary motor cortex INITIATES AND PLANS MOVEMENT
habenula is link between what?
basal ganglia, limbic system, hypothalamus, and midbrain
reticulospinal tractmedullary reticular formation
caudal, inhibitory to extensors and excitatory to flexors. corticospinal and rubrospinal pathways run this, runs laterall!!
where whwere eyes represented in the basal nuclei? homunculus speaking
caudate nucleus
internuclear opthalmogplegia INO
cause could be lesion in MLF, its MR and LR not working together... lag of one eye vs other when making horizontal movements. convergence not necessarily affected
relay nuclei VL/VI cortical input/output/fxn
cerebellum motor cortex coordinates movement
cerebrocerebellumin put
cerebral motor cortex and somatocensory, visual and auditory, relats ipsilateral pontien nuclei middle cerebellar peduncle... decussatesin basal pons. goeso t contralateral zone, then dentate nucles, then back to motor/premotor cortex
brockaws area associated with what part of cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum, as wella s motor learning
how is info getting into cerebellum and where is it coming from?
comes from reticular, vestibular nuclei, spinocerebellar tract, pontine nuclei aka olivary nuclei ret, vest, and spinocerebellar send info to granule cells via MOSSY FIBERS ---> SEND TO SAME SIDE OF CEREBELLUM AS THEY ORIIGNATEF ROM pontine also send to granue cells via mossy fbers ---> cross to opposite side olivary nuclei send info to opposite side of cerebellum to purkinje cells VIA CLIMBING FIBERS... this is d is atypical route and is involved in motor learning ALLI INFO BEING PASSED TO GRANULE CELLS PASSING INFO FURTHER ONTO PURKINJE CELLS, ALL EXCITATORY! but purkinje cellsa re inhibitory
superior cerebellar peduncles
communicate with contralateral motor cortex via red nucleus, superior colliculus, and thalamus
v2 v3 visual assoc cortex
complex processing of visual info broadmann's 18 and 19
TEMPORAL LOBE HAS PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX, AREA 41
concious perception of sound **afferent MGN of thalamus thru auditory radiation.. INFO REPRESENTED BILATERALLY HAS TONOTOPIC MAP JUST LIKE THE REST OF BODY DOES CORRESPONDING TO FREQUENCIES
where is acuity the hightest in bright light?
cones
athetoid CP
constant uncontrolled motion of limbs, head, and eyes
corticobulbar tract
control cranial motor fibers, muscles of face, medially. innervate contralateral below eye (CN7) or tongue (hypoglossal) . if below the nerve nucleus, it is ipsilateral, but if above nerve nucleus, its contralateral also innervates trigeminal motor, nucleus ambiguous, spinal accessory MOTOR NEURONS TO LOWER FACIAL MUSCLES INNERVATED BY CONTRALATERAL, WHILE UPPER FACIAL MUSCLES INNERVATED BILATERALLY. UNILATERAL IS UNABLE TO SMILE OR BARE TEETH SYMMETRICALLY BUT CAN BLINK AND WRINKLE FOREHAD ON BOTH SIDES GOES FROM LATERAL FISSURE OF BRAIN, DESCENDS WITHIN GENU OF IC, GO THRU MEIDAL PART OF CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE, AND SYNAPSE WITH CN MOTOR NUCLEI
vestibulocerebellum
controlo f axial muscles and limb extoensors... blanace and posture. coordinate movment of head ande yes
lateralization right vs left
controls visual-spatialsk ills, emotion, and artistic skills language,math, logic
dentate nucleus involved with
coordination, part of CEREBROCEREBLLUM
voluntary eye movements in
cortex
lesion in occipital lope "anton syndrome"
cortical blindness visual anosognosia: refuse vision loss (think they can see). attach electrical things to see what they are seeing, and its flat line. "i know what color it is but i can't describe it, event tho they don't"
layers III and V have pyramidal cells (including Betz cells) which gives rise to what?
corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers
all nuclei of thalamus receive what kind of fibers?
corticothalamic
BLADDER retention issues
could cause infections. these reflexes are controlled in hypothalamus
brainstem connections to hypothalamus
cranial nerves, glossopharyngeal. limbic system,
depolarization in______ light from open ______ channels allowing flow of ______ causes release of _______
dark cGMP cation, Na+, glutamate DARK CURRENT!
dopamine is excitatory or inhibitory?
different at different synapses
can you train a hemisphere to be dominant?
dominance has to do with language center
substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
dopamine neurons that go from sn to striatum where they synapse with inhibitory neurons at the globus pallidus internal. when dopamine binds to d1 receptors on inhibitory neurons in striatum... resulting in even more inhibition of globus pallidus internal resulting in thalamus being able to be even more inhibitied. the subthalamic nucleus excites the sn even more. can talk back to subthalamic and inhibit that
habenula nuclei send messages to what 2 systems and this results in what?
dopaminergic-reward processing/negative reward/addictive behaviors seratonergic-depression/it's activity is implicated in depression but not fully understood
what are the 4 major areas of the diencephalon
dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus (internal capsule related, but not technically part of it)
in which direction do things degenerate with huntingtons?
dorsal to ventral
what do magnocellular cells dominate and where are they among different cortical areas?
dorsal, concerned with location and motion of objects
outputs from hypothalamus
drives emotions and driven by emotions, amygdyla... lower areas like spinal cord and higher areas like cortex
embryo dev of eye. whats cornea and lens made from?
ectoderm
parts that make up limbic system
emotions: drives in hypothalamus, some say discrete parts of other structures are included
corona radiata what is it?
fibers above internal capsule and interconnect different cortical areas in centram semiovale of each heisphere
pituitary adenoma how to check
field defect, bitemporal hemianopiea. many arent aware
describe the production and circulation of the aqueous
filtered through ciliary capilarites, enter post chamber, go to ant chamber, pass travecular meshwork and into scleral sinus
vestibular eye movements
fixating on target while head and body are in motion. require vestibular system
LMN lesion associated with
flaccid paralysis. hyporeflexive and no muscle input. FIBRILLATION AND FACICULATION, ABSORMAL RAPID INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRATION
critical period
flexible nervous system. after this the wiring is pretty much set. maybe amblyopia if there's visual deprivation during critical period. could also applyto language skill
flexor vs crossed extensor reflex
flexor, sensory neuron inhibits extensors stimulates flexors OF SAME SIDE! crossed extensor: sensory neuron leads stimulating same side flexor and inhibiting extensor, while contralaterally inhibiting flexor and stimulating extensor
Hughlings JAckson
found pattern to tremors first in lips or hands, then arms/necks, then lower limb. follows homunculus map called JACKSONIAN MARCH
gustatory
from VPM of thalamus
rubrospinal
from red nucleus in midbrain. send axons that decussate in midbrain and descends as lateral group near lateral corticospinal tract. terminates at spinal cord. rubrospinal's job is to primarily innervate flexors (of upper limb mainly) lateral vertebral spinal tract innervate extensors in upper limb and lower limb (mainly)... BALANCE!! Important becaue if we put lateral corticospinal tract into play, that's our major motor input, if there's damage to CNS you can have trauma occur above midbrain/above red nucleus, the personwould be lying on back, upper limbs will be flexed since rubrospinal tract to upper limb is active, their lower limbs will be extended. if lesion below midbrain but above medulla, we have someone with extended lower limbs but rubrospinal is out of equation, upper limbs also extended. below vestibular nuclei manifests as death. cardiorespiratory nucleus out, no longer just about posture
which basal nuclei are involved in eye movement?
frontal eye field (see Chapter 21 ) projects to the caudate nucleus, which is involved in eye movement control, and parietal association cortex projects to parts of the putamen as well as to parts of the caudate nucleus
central sulcus divides
frontal from parietal
brocas' in
frontal lobe, expression of language, expressiveor motor aphasia, nonfluent but normal comprehension
which cells in retina can do action potentials?
ganglion cells
the diencephalon is referred to the "________" of he cerebral cortex means what and what does it lie between?
gateway "between the brain"-between brainstem and cerebral cortex
what inhibits thalamus?
global pallidus internal... motor cortex excites striatum with glutamate, which uses gaba to inhibit gp which is normally inhibiting the thalamus, thalamus excites motor cortex which excites muslces resulting in movement
interposed are what nuclei
globose and embloform
in dark, what is result of depolarization?
glutamate neurotransmitter is released into bipolar and horizontal cells
deepest of cerebellum
granular with granular cells that send axons into molecular layer golgi type II neruons also present
what can the pineal gland tell you through imaging?
great landmark, if shifted from midline maybe tumor on some part of brain. fyi more calcium with age and will become opaque
cerebellum cortex is white or grey matter?
grey
difference between huntingtons and parkinsons?
huntintons is loss of inhibitory NT GABA, normal dopamine... no GABA to stop movement though, parkinson's is too much inhibition/not enough dopamine. COMES ON AFTER REPRODUCTIVE AGE, RUNS IN FAMILIES, (UNLIKE PARKINSION WHICH POTENTIALLY COULD BE ENVIRONMENTAL... MAYBE PESTICIDE) 10 YEARS BETWEEN DIAGNOSES AND COMPLETE DEBILITATION USED TO BE CALLED HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA (DANCING LIMBS) HUNTINGTONS IS UNCONTROLLED, WHILE PARKINSON'S IS APRAXIA. SHRINKING OF PUTAMEN AND CAUDATE NUCLEUS. NORMALS B AND HUNTINGTONS
what does light do to cGMP cation channels on surface membranes of rods and cones outer segments?
hydrolizes cGMP and the channels close, so membrane hyperpolarizes toward potassium equilibirium postential and transmitter release declines
hypothalamus is near what CN?
hypoglossal nucleus cn12
orbitaomedial prefrontal cortex
impulse/emotions. getting info frm thalamic nucleu and going to parietal occipital temporal cortex determines PERSONALITY, emotional status **phineus gage
vestibular nuclei is where
in brianstem so sort of "misplaced nuclei" of cerebellum
purkinje cells during pruning process
in cerebellum, climibing fibers and purkinje cells is 1 to 1 relationship. initially purkinje don't have adult shape. all of these die except 1
how does pineal gland know to secrete melatonin?
in reptiles contains photoreceptors, in mammals and birds it receives input by pathway that begins in retina
lower motor neurons what are they and where are they
in spinal cord and brainstem and correspond to ind muscles. leave cns in anterior root/motor root
what are and where are upper motor neurons
in the motor cortex/precentral gyrus which control voluntary movement and in the brainstem which controls basic movements and postural control
globus pallidus made up of
internal and external
what lies lateral to the diencephalon?
internal capsule
layer IV
internal granular thalmocortical connections FROM THALAMUS PRIMARY SENSORY CORTICE LAYER
what divides the many nuclei of the thalamus? what is it made of? and what does it divide it into (4 groups)?
internal medullaray lamina made of thin myelinated fiber layers in Y shape anterior, medial, and lateral which is further divided ventrally and dorsally
supplementary motor area is for what? where is it?
internally generated mvmt. elicit complex movements involving several muscles, particulary bilateral coordination on medial surface of hemisphere just anterior to the reperesentation of the foot in primary motor cortex. LESIONS INHIBIT TO PERFORM COMPLEX MOVEMENTS, AND APRAXIA, INABILITY TO USE TOOLS, WHICH IS INABILITY TO PERFORM PARTICULAR PUPOSIVE ACTIONS. internally generated
what side of cerebral cortex to nuclei of thalamus project to?
ipsilateral cerebral cortex EXCEPT RETICULAR NUCLEUS
what is lights true role in phtotranduction?
isomerize 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal. 11-cis retinal is the opsin protein, a vitamin A derivative
where is the maximum density of rods?
just ouside of the macula. (from here to edge of retina cone AND rod density declines... extrafoveal for lower light levels
smooth eye movements
more like fixations, because you're keeping fovea on target. what wouldyo u need in darkeness to make smooth pursuit? proprioception. MOVEMENTS WITH SOMATOSENSORY ASSIST! IF IT WAS IMAGINARY PURSUIT, YOU'D REALLY just have a bunch of saccades
LAYER V and VI are infragranular layer
more prominent in motor cortex layer V most important with Betz cell, project to basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord
input toc erebellum is excitatory via
mossy or climing fibers (go to deep nuclei to excite them)
what are some examples of cortical blindness?
motion, color, (acromatopsia) prosopagnosia (faces)
frontal lobe
motor
speech language has 2 aspects
motor and somatosensory
inferior olive hypertrophy results in problem with
motor learning, use glasses and prism
damage to basal nuclei would result in..
motor, emotional, and cognitive impairment
frontal lobe main fxn
motor, precentral gyrus. predominant cell type is pyramidal Betz cell. controls voluntary and skilled movement from MOSTLY VL OF THALAMUS and go to corticospinal/bulbar tracts stimulation in area leads to contralateral side (besides mouth there's some bilateral innervation)
what is the primary motor cortex for?
movement execution
most muscle fibers innervated by how many neurons during midgestation and after?
multiple motor neurons midgestation, but only 1 later
amygdyla and fear
multiple pathways:hearing something realyed to thalamus, then amygdyla. GLUTAMATE IS MOST IMPORTANT IN RESPONSE TO FEAR,SETS CASCASE OF OTHER RESPONSES **periaqueductal gray also relayed to HYPOTHALAMUS controls autonomic nervous system cortisol keeps SNS up and running = fight or flight initial rxn is freezing, then ramps up into flight cortisol also helps you learn and makes you fat
where's the UMN of the CST?
primary motor cortex
occipital lobe has...
primary visual cortex and striate cortex. receives info from LGN of thalamus thru optic radiation contralateral upside down representatio of world
association cortex
processing of info, more complicated, memory language etc
what would make listings law not work?
proptosis...one eye out more than the other
middle layer of cerebellum
purkinje cell body layer, send dendrites into moledcular layer astrocytes maintain purkinje cells called bergman cells
climbing fibers synapse directly on
purkinje cell from olivary nucleus, climbig
lateral to medial
putamen globus pallidus internal capsule thalamus, head of caudate, talil of caudate
a cell at any level in visual system can by characterized by its _______ _________, which is what in the case of visual systems
receptive field, which is retinal area in which changing conditions of illumination make alteration of cell's activity
what are basal ganglia involved in?
refining motor cortex fxn, eye movements, cognition with frontal cortex, also gets limbic input so emotionality. MAIN FXN IS TO INHIBIT THE THALAMUS SO THAT ONLY THE PARTICULAR FXN THAT IS WANTED IS EXPRESSED
relay nuclei do what vs association nuclei
relay: deliver info from fxn'l systems to appropriate cortical areas assoc nuclei: not as well understood, likly distribute gating info BETWEEN cortical areas
episodic
rememvering :event
cemented
rememvering specific ghings. can :"declare" as a fact so calledd declarative
major inputs
stria terminale, visualas sociationco rtex, orbital ortex, olfactory bulb, periaqueductal gray
the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens and putamen make up the what
striatum
caudate nucleus and pteman are similar and make up
striatum (fnxly rlated) from telencephalon
thalamus association nuclei
support areas of association cortex (prefrontal, parietal-occipital-temporal... SOME VISUAL PROCESSING INFO!)
wernickes in
tmmporal lobe, comprehension of language. receptive aphasia, they are fluent tho
interposed nuclei concerned with
tone of flexors
posterior vertical canal controls
torsional eye movemnts
insular lobe
touch hormone oxytocin! and lactation. calming and lowers blood pressure. longevity
after light alters opsin, what does it activate? and what does that further activate?
transducing, a G protein, whch in turn activates phosphodiesterase to hydrolyze cGMP.... LOTS OF AMPLIFICATION
thalamus relay nuclei: fxn
transfer subcortical info to cortex
which fxn'l part of cerebellum is involved in balance and eye and head movement?
vestibulocerebellum, vlocculonodular/vestibular nuclei
subthalamus: made of what structures and where is it?
under thalamus, lateral to hypothalamus, bedial to cerebral peduncle and internal capsule made of: subthalamic nucleus zona incerta substantia nigra
optical coherence tomography (OCT)can show layers of retina
uses reflected light to visualize cross sections of intraocular structures. beam of light penetrates translucent retina and amt reflected back from dif levelscan show retinal detachment, or angle closure glaucoma
parvocellular are where in respect to cortical areas and what do they do?
ventral, concerned with form and color of objects
vestigial receives input from
vermis
anterior vertical canal controls
vertical eye movements. think about moving head down, eyes need to go up, SR needs to move
macular representation is occipital lobe
very large compared to actual size of macula
fxn'l organization into 3 components
vesitbulocerebellum for balance spinocerebellum for stance/walking and gait cerebrocerebellum for smooth and precise control of movements
vestibulocerebellum inputs
vestibular inputs from inner ears viathe ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle to the flocculonodular lobe, output to vestibular nuclei VALANCES EYE AND HEAD MOVEMENT
what type of movement does the CST/pyramidal tract control?
voluntary movement
bilateral hypothalmic tumor
voracious appetite and rage... lack of leptin which make you feel full
cocaine addiction and dopamine awards
we also talked about dopamine with parkinson. as you get addicted you need more
type 1 motor unit
weak and slow but long duration (red fibers), many mitochondria