neuro peds

The nurse is caring for a child who has suffered a febrile seizure. While speaking with the child's parents, which statement by a parent indicates a need for further education?

"I hate to think that I will need to be worried about my child having seizures for the rest of his life." Febrile seizures occur most often in preschool children but can occur as late as 7 years of age. They occur when the child has a rapid rise in temperature and are not associated with the development of seizures later in life. Administering correct dosages of acetaminophen and ibuprofen, checking temperatures at night, and anticipating fevers associated with the administration of live vaccines are all ways to prevent the development of febrile seizures.

The nurse is providing teaching to the parents of a child recently prescribed carbamazepine for a seizure disorder. Which statement by a parent indicates successful teaching?

"I need to watch for any new bruises or bleeding and let my health care provider know about it." Carbamazepine is an antiseizure medication. It can cause bone marrow depression, so parents need to watch for any signs of bruising, bleed, or infection and notify their health care provider if this happens. Administer this medication with food to minimize GI upset. This medication can cause drowsiness, so do not give any sleep-inducing or other sedative type medications. Antiseizure medication does not cure seizures; it only controls the seizures. Lifelong antiseizure medication may be needed.

The nurse is educating a child and his family about what to expect during the child's electroencephalogram (EEG) exam. Which statement by a parent suggests a need for further education?

"I will make sure my child goes to bed early every night before the exam" During an EEG, the client needs to be cooperative and quiet. Typically, parents are asked to keep their child up later the night before so that the child will fall asleep during the procedure. The room is also darkened to help them rest. If the child is unable to remain still, sedation may be used. The EEG reflects the electrical patterns of the brain.

The parent of a 12-year-old child with Reye syndrome approaches the nurse wanting to know how this happened to the child, saying, "I never give my children aspirin!" What could the nurse say to begin educating the parent?

"Sometimes it is hard to tell what products may contain aspirin" Salicylates are in a wide variety of products, so consumers must read the small print very carefully or they will miss the warning. Two common medications containing salicylates are bismuth subsalicylate and effervescent heartburn relief antiacid. The parent needs to be receptive to further education, and raising the possibility the child was responsible does not accomplish that goal. The nurse should not state the obvious, but also should not minimize the situation. Encouraging the parent to ask for information and offering explanations in terms the parent will understand are important, but this response does not address the parent's assertion. Telling the parent not to worry is offering platitudes and false reassurance. Giving the description of what complications could happen with the disease would be inappropriate. This would only exacerbate the parent's concern, and it does not address how the child ingested salicylates.

The nurse is educating the family of a 7-year-old with epilepsy about care and safety for this child. What comment will be most valuable in helping the parent and the child cope?

"Use this information to teach family and friends." Families need and want information they can share with relatives, childcare providers, and teachers. Wearing a helmet and having a monitor in the room are precautions that may need to be modified as the child matures. The boy may be able to bike ride and swim with proper precautions.

A recommendation to prevent neural tube defects is the supplementation of a. Vitamin A throughout pregnancy b. Multivitamin preparations as soon as pregnancy is suspected c. Folic acid for all women of childbearing age d. Folic acid during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy

ANS: C Feedback A Vitamin A does not have a relation to the prevention of spina bifida. B Folic acid supplementation is recommended for the preconceptual period, as well as during the pregnancy. C The widespread use of folic acid among women of childbearing age is expected to decrease the incidence of spina bifida significantly. D Folic acid supplementation is recommended for the preconceptual period, as well as during the pregnancy.

A child is brought to the emergency department in generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus. Which medication should the nurse expect to be given initially in this situation? a. Clorazepate dipotassium (Tranxene) b. Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) c. Phenobarbital d. Lorazepam (Ativan)

ANS: D Feedback A Clorazepate dipotassium (Tranxene) is indicated for cluster seizures. It can be given orally. B Fosphenytoin can be given intravenously as a second round of medication if seizures continue. C Phenobarbital can be given intravenously as a second round of medication if seizures continue. D Lorazepam (Ativan) or diazepam (Valium) is given intravenously to control generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus and may also be used for seizures lasting more than 5 minutes.

How should the nurse explain positioning for a lumbar puncture to a 5-year-old child? a. "You will be on your knees with your head down on the table." b. "You will be able to sit up with your chin against your chest." c. "You will be on your side with the head of your bed slightly raised." d. "You will lie on your side and bend your knees so that they touch your chin."

ANS: D Feedback A The knee-chest position is not appropriate for a lumbar puncture. B An infant can be placed in a sitting position with the infant facing the nurse and the head steadied against the nurse's body. C A side-lying position with the head of the bed elevated is not appropriate for a lumbar puncture. D The child should lie on her side with knees bent and chin tucked in to the knees. This position exposes the area of the back for the lumbar puncture.

What finding is consistent with increased ICP in the child?

Bulging fontanel Children with increased ICP exhibit bulging fontanels. They typically have a decreased appetite, are restless, and have trouble sleeping.

A preschool-age child has just been admitted to the pediatric unit with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The nurse would include which recommendation in the nursing plan?

Decrease environmental stimulation A child with the diagnosis of meningitis is much more comfortable with decreased environmental stimuli. Noise and bright lights stimulate the child and can be irritating, causing the child to cry, in turn increasing intracranial pressure. Vital signs would be taken initially every hour and temperature monitored every 2 hours. Children with bacterial meningitis are usually much more comfortable if allowed to lie flat because this position doesn't cause increased meningeal irritation

A nurse is providing care to a child with status epilepticus. Which medications would the nurse identify as appropriate for administration? Select all that apply.

Diazepam Lorazepam Fosphenytoin Commonly used medications for treating status epilepticus include lorazepam, diazepam, and fosphenytoin. Gabapentin and carbamazepine are anticonvulsants used to treat and prevent seizures in general.

When assessing a neonate for seizures, what would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.

Ocular deviation Elevated blood pressure Jitteriness Tachycardia Neonatal seizures may be difficult to recognize but may be manifested by tremors, jitteriness, tachycardia and elevated blood pressure, and ocular deviation. Tonic-clonic contractions typically are more common in older children.

A child with a seizure disorder is being admitted to the inpatient unit. When preparing the room for the child, what should be included? Select all that apply.

Oxygen gauge and tubing Suction at bedside Padding for side rails When planning the client's environment it is imperative that both safety items and those to manage the seizure are present. The side rails should be padded to prevent injury during seizure activity. Oxygen setup should be provided. Suction may be needed. Tongue blades and smelling salts are not employed.

A nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child for possible bacterial meningitis. Which sign would indicate irritation of the meninges?

Positive Kernig sign A positive Kernig sign can indicate irritation of the meninges. A positive Brudzinski sign also is indicative of the condition. A positive Chadwick sign is a bluish discoloration of the cervix indicating pregnancy.

The nurse is educating the parents of a 7-year-old girl with epilepsy about managing treatment of the disorder at home. Which intervention is most effective for eliminating breakthrough seizures?

Understanding the side effects of medications The most common cause of breakthrough seizures is noncompliance with medication administration, which may occur if the parents do not understand what side effects to expect or how to deal with them. Treating the child as though she did not have epilepsy helps improve her self-image and self-esteem. Placing the child on her side on the floor is an intervention to prevent injury during a seizure. Instructing the teacher on how to respond when a seizure occurs will help relieve anxiety and provide a sense of control.

The nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with hydrocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. The child is currently on a ventilator. Which nursing action is priority?

assess the clients respiratory status The nurse would place priority on monitoring the client's respiratory status since the client is on a ventilator and at risk for intracranial pressure. The nurse would educate the family on the shunt, monitor for infection, and measure head circumference; however, these actions are not priority over ensuring the client maintains a patent airway.

To detect complications as early as possible in a child with meningitis who's receiving IV fluids, monitoring for which condition should be the nurse's priority?

cerebral edema The child with meningitis is already at increased risk for cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure due to inflammation of the meningeal membranes; therefore, the nurse should carefully monitor fluid intake and output to avoid fluid volume overload. Renal failure and cardiogenic shock aren't complications of IV therapy. The child with a healthy heart wouldn't be expected to develop left-sided heart failure.

The nurse is discussing with a parent the difference between a breath-holding spell and a seizure. The nurse will be correct in telling the parent which information in regard to seizures?

convulsive activity often occurs during seizures During seizures, convulsive activity is typically noted. Breath-holding spells are typically provoked by pain or the child being upset, have a normal EEG pattern, and are typically outgrown by the time the child reaches preschool age.

The nurse is assigned an infant with a possible neurological disorder. Which assessment finding would the nurse communicate to the health care provider as a late sign of increased intracranial pressure?

decorticate posturing and fixed and dilated pupils Decerebrate or decorticate posturing and fixed and dilated pupils are late signs of increased intracranial pressure. Decreased pupil reaction, decreased respirations, headache, sunset eyes, dizziness, and irritability are early signs of increased intracranial pressure.

The nurse has developed a nursing plan for the care of a 6-year-old girl with congenital hydrocephalus whose shunt has become infected. The most important discharge teaching point for this family is:

ensuring the parents know how to properly give antibiotics. Educating parents how to properly give the antibiotics would be the priority intervention because the child's shunt has become infected. Maintaining cerebral perfusion is important for a child with hydrocephalus, but the priority intervention for the parents at this time is in regards to the infection. Establishing seizure precautions is an intervention for a child with a seizure disorder. Encouraging development of motor skills would be appropriate for a microcephalic child.

The nurse is preparing a room for a child being admitted with meningitis. What is the appropriate action by the nurse?

gather appropriate equipment and signage for respiratory isolation precautions Children with meningitis are placed on respiratory precautions for 24 hours after the start of antibiotic therapy to prevent transmission of the infection to other family members or health care providers. While a child is on respiratory isolation, they will typically not be allowed out of their rooms to play. Due to pain when their neck is flexed, most children are most comfortable without a pillow. Reducing stimulation can help to promote rest for the child.

The nurse is caring for a child with suspected increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which assessment finding would indicate increased ICP?

hypertension Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include *slowing of both pulse and respirations, increasing blood pressure, and the development of hypothermia*. All of these symptoms result from the increased ICP putting pressure on the cranial vessels and the hypothalamus. Double vision, or diplopia, also occurs as a result of increasing ICP.

Any individual taking phenobarbital for a seizure disorder should be taught:

never to discontinue the drug abruptly. Phenobarbital should always be tapered, not stopped abruptly, or seizures from the child&'s dependency on the drug can result.

While in a pediatric client's room, the nurse notes that the client is beginning to have a tonic-clonic seizure. Which nursing action is priority?

protect the child from hitting the arms against the bed Keeping the child safe during a seizure is the highest priority. The nurse will protect the child from hitting the arms on the bed or other nearby objects. If the seizure continues, lorazepam may be indicated to stop the seizure. The client would be referred to a neurologist for follow-up care; however, this is not a priority. Dietary therapy is considered for clients with chronic seizure disorders who do not respond to medication therapy.

The nurse cares for a 7-year-old child with new-onset seizure disorder. Which prescription will the nurse anticipate for this client?

use of anticonvulsant medications Complete control of seizures can be achieved for most people through the use of anticonvulsant drug therapy. These medications are typically used first as treatment for seizure disorders. Frequent temperature assessment would only be useful in febrile seizures. Ketogenic diets (high in fat, low in carbohydrates, and adequate in protein) cause the child to have high levels of ketones, which help to reduce seizure activity. Diet is generally used when medications cannot control a child's seizure activity. Stimulating the left vagus nerve intermittently with electrical pulses may reduce seizure frequency. This requires surgically implanting a stimulator under the skin and is approved for children 12 and older.

The nurse is using the pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale to assess a child's level of consciousness. What would the nurse assess?

• Eye opening • Verbal response • Motor response

Nursing care of the infant who has had a myelomeningocele repair should include a. Securely fastening the diaper b. Measurement of pupil size c. Measurement of head circumference d. Administration of seizure medications

ANS: C Feedback A A diaper should be placed under the infant but not fastened. Keeping the diaper open facilitates frequent cleaning and decreases the risk for skin breakdown. B Pupil size measurement is usually not necessary. C Head circumference measurement is essential because hydrocephalus can develop in these infants. D Seizure medications are not routinely given to infants who do not have seizures.

Which nursing assessment data should be given the highest priority for a child with clinical findings related to meningitis?

Signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) Assessment of fever and evaluation of nuchal rigidity are important aspects of care, but assessment for signs of increasing ICP should be the highest priority due to the life-threatening implications. Urinary and fecal incontinence can occur in a child who's ill from nearly any cause but doesn't pose a great danger to life.

The nurse is providing education to the parents of a female toddler with hydrocephalus who has just had a shunt placed. Which statement is the best to make during a teaching session?

Tell me your concerns about your child's shunt. Always start by assessing the family's knowledge. Ask them what they feel they need to know. Knowing when to call the doctor and how to raise the child's head are important, but they might not be listening if they have another question on their minds. "Autoregulation" is too technical—base information on the parents' level of understanding.

The nurse has just admitted a 17-year-old diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. The parents of the adolescent tell the nurse, "We just don't understand how this could have happened. Our child has always been healthy and also just received a booster vaccine last year?" How should the nurse respond?

"I understand your frustration. Unfortunately immunizations are not 100% effective in preventing the infection." Showing empathy while letting the parents know that vaccines are not 100% effective is the best response. Questioning them about being sure would not be the best response unless there was reason to believe their information was not accurate. There is nothing to lead the nurse to believe that a different strain of bacteria caused the infection, or that the the child's immune system is compromised.

What finding should cause the nurse to suspect a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy? a. Tremulous movements at rest and with activity b. Sudden jerking movement caused by stimuli c. Writhing, uncontrolled, involuntary movements d. Clumsy, uncoordinated movements

ANS: B Feedback A Tremulous movements are characteristic of rigid/tremor/atonic cerebral palsy. B Spastic cerebral palsy, the most common type of cerebral palsy, will manifest with hypertonicity and increased deep tendon reflexes. The child's muscles are very tight and any stimuli may cause a sudden jerking movement. C Slow, writhing, uncontrolled, involuntary movements occur with athetoid or dyskinetic cerebral palsy. D Clumsy movements, loss of coordination, equilibrium, and kinesthetic sense occur in ataxic cerebral palsy.

The nurse and an adolescent are reviewing the adolescent's record of her headaches and activities surrounding them. What activity would the nurse identify as a possible trigger?

Drinking three cans of diet cola Cola contains caffeine, which is an associated trigger. Intense activity, not regular exercise, may be a trigger. Odors, such as strong perfumes, may be a trigger. Changes in sleeping patterns may be a trigger.

In caring for the child with meningitis, the nurse recognizes that which nursing diagnosis would be the most important to include in this child's plan of care?

Risk for injury related to seizure activity The child's risk for injury would be an appropriate nursing diagnosis. Surgery is not indicated for the child with meningitis, and the history of seizures does not impact the airway clearance. Growth and development issues are a concern but not likely delayed due to this diagnosis.

In caring for a child with a seizure disorder, the primary goal of treatment is:

The child will be free from injury during a seizure. Keeping the child free from injury is the highest priority goal. The other choices are important, but keeping the child safe is higher than the anxiety or knowledge deficit concerns. The physical always is a priority over the psychological.

A school-aged girl with seizures is prescribed phenytoin sodium, 75 mg four times a day. An instruction you would want to give her parents regarding this is:

their child will have to practice good tooth brushing. A side effect of phenytoin sodium is hypertrophy of the gumline. Good tooth brushing helps prevent inflammation under the hypertrophied tissue.

An 8-year-old girl is diagnosed as having tonic-clonic seizures. You would want to teach her parents that:

their daughter should maintain an active lifestyle. It is important for children with seizures to maintain as near normal a lifestyle as possible to maintain self-esteem and achievement. Most seizure medications must create a therapeutic level before they are effective.

The nurse is caring for an infant who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure. What statement by the parent would alert the nurse to further assess the child's neurological status?

"She has been irritable for the last hour....seems like she is just upset for some reason." Irritability in an infant can be a sign of declining neurological function. Because infants are not able to answer questions pertaining to person, place and time, their neurological assessment must be catered to their level of development. The other responses would be typical and normal for an infant.

The nurse is providing education to the parents of a 2-year-old boy with hydrocephalus who has just had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed. Which information is most important for the parents to be taught?

"Watch for changes in his behavior or eating patterns." Changes in behavior or in eating patterns can suggest a problem with his shunt, such as infection or blockage. Irritability, lack of appetite, increased crying, or inability to settle down may indicate increased intracranial pressure. Any headache needs to be monitored, but if it goes away quickly, such as after eating, it probably isn't a problem. It is not necessary to keep the child's head raised 30 degrees. The child's shunt will not be affected by the amount of television viewed.

What is a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in a 10-year-old child? a. Headache b. Bulging fontanel c. Tachypnea d. Increase in head circumference

ANS: A Feedback A Headaches are a clinical manifestation of increased ICP in children. A change in the child's normal behavior pattern may be an important early sign of increased ICP. B This is a manifestation of increased ICP in infants. A 10-year-old child would have a closed fontanel. C A change in respiratory pattern is a late sign of increased ICP. Cheyne-Stokes respiration may be evident. This refers to a pattern of increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a decreasing rate and depth with a pause of variable length. D By 10 years of age, cranial sutures have fused so that head circumference will not increase in the presence of increased ICP.

Which finding in an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is consistent with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? a. CSF appears cloudy. b. CSF pressure is decreased. c. Few leukocytes are present. d. Glucose level is increased compared with blood.

ANS: A Feedback A In acute bacterial meningitis, the CSF is cloudy to milky or yellowish in color. B The CSF pressure is usually increased in acute bacterial meningitis. C Many polymorphonuclear cells are present in CSF with acute bacterial meningitis. D The CSF glucose level is usually decreased compared with the serum glucose level.

The most common problem of children born with a myelomeningocele is a. Neurogenic bladder b. Intellectual impairment c. Respiratory compromise d. Cranioschisis

ANS: A Feedback A Myelomeningocele is one of the most common causes of neuropathic (neurogenic) bladder dysfunction among children. B Risk of intellectual impairment is minimized through early intervention and management of hydrocephalus. C Respiratory compromise is not a common problem in myelomeningocele. D Cranioschisis is a skull defect through which various tissues protrude. It is not associated with myelomeningocele.

When a 2-week-old infant is seen for irritability, poor appetite, and rapid head growth with observable distended scalp veins, the nurse recognizes these signs as indicative of a. Hydrocephalus b. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) c. Cerebral palsy d. Reye's syndrome

ANS: A Feedback A The combination of signs is strongly suggestive of hydrocephalus. B SIADH would not manifest in this way. The child would have decreased urination, hypertension, weight gain, fluid retention, hyponatremia, and increased urine specific gravity. C The manifestations of cerebral palsy vary but may include persistence of primitive reflexes, delayed gross motor development, and lack of progression through developmental milestones. D Reye's syndrome is associated with an antecedent viral infection with symptoms of malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Progressive neurologic deterioration occurs.

During the physical assessment of a 2½-month-old infant, the nurse suspects the child may have hydrocephalus. Which sign or symptom was observed?

Dramatic increase in head circumference A dramatic increase in head circumference is a symptom of hydrocephalus, suggesting that there is a build-up of fluid in the brain. Only one pupil that is dilated and reactive is a sign of an intracranial mass. Vertical nystagmus indicates brain stem dysfunction. A closed posterior fontanel would be frequently seen by this age.

The nurse is using the pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale to assess a child's level of consciousness. What would the nurse assess? Select all that apply.

Eye opening Verbal response Motor response The pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale assesses level of consciousness using three parts: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

The nurse is caring for a child who has suffered a head injury and has had an ICP monitor placed. Which prescription by the health care provider would the nurse question?

Initiate an IV of 0.9% NS to run at 250 ml/hr. Rapid administration of IV fluids may increase ICP. An IV rate of 250 ml/hr of normal saline can be considered a rapid infusion. Corticosteroids such as dexamethasone can reduce cerebral edema. Osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, can reduce pressure. Because of the administration of the osmotic diuretic, indwelling urinary catheters are typically inserted.

A 6-month-old infant is admitted with suspected bacterial meningitis. She is crying, irritable, and lying in the opisthotonic position. Which intervention should the nurse take initially?

Institute droplet precautions in addition to standard precautions. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. The child must be placed on droplet precautions until 24 hours of antibiotics have been given. Encouraging the mother to hold and comfort the child is an intervention but not the priority one: the focus is to get the infant the appropriate medications to fight the infection and to prevent its spread. Educating the family about preventing bacterial meningitis would be appropriate later once the initial infection has been controlled. Palpating the fontanels is used to assess for hydrocephalus.

The nurse is observing an infant who may have acute bacterial meningitis. Which finding might the nurse look for?

Irritability, fever, and vomiting Findings associated with acute bacterial meningitis may include irritability, fever, and vomiting along with seizure activity. Fontanels would be bulging as intracranial pressure rises, and Kernig's sign would be present due to meningeal irritation. Jaundice, drowsiness, and refusal to eat indicate a GI disturbance rather than meningitis.

The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child who has a history of febrile seizures and is admitted with a temperature of 102.2°F (39°C). What is the nurse's highest priority?

institute safety precautions A child who presents with an elevated temperature is at high risk for having a febrile seizure. Actions by the nurse include keeping the child in a safe situation to prevent any injury if the child should have a seizure. The fever should also be controlled. Age-appropriate activities and family teaching are important but they do not take priority over safety. An ill child can assist in care but may not be able to completely provide self-care.

The nurse is collecting data from a child who may have a seizure disorder. Which nursing observations suggest an absence seizure?

minimal or no alteration in muscle tone , with a brief loss of responsiveness or attention Absence seizures are characterized by a brief loss of responsiveness with minimal or no alteration in muscle tone. They may go unrecognized because the child's behavior changes very little. A sudden loss of muscle tone describes atonic seizures. A frozen position describes the appearance of someone having akinetic seizures. A brief, sudden contraction of muscles describes a myoclonic seizure.

In caring for the child with meningitis, the nurse recognizes that which nursing diagnosis would be most important to include in this child's plan of care?

risk for injury related to seizure activity The child's risk for injury would be an appropriate nursing diagnosis. Surgery is not indicated for the child with meningitis, and if the child has a history of seizures, it would specifically impact airway clearance. Growth and development issues are a concern but not likely delayed due to this diagnosis.

A 14-year-old girl is in the intensive care unit after a spinal cord injury 2 days ago. Nursing care for this child includes (select all that apply) a. Monitoring and maintaining systemic blood pressure b. Administering corticosteroids c. Minimizing environmental stimuli d. Discussing long-term care issues with the family e. Monitoring for respiratory complications

ANS: A, B, E Feedback Correct Spinal cord injury patients are physiologically labile, and close monitoring is required. They may be unstable for the first few weeks after the injury. Corticosteroids are administered to minimize the inflammation present with the injury. Incorrect Spinal cord injury is a catastrophic event. Discussion regarding long-term care should be delayed until the child is stable.

A nurse should expect which cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) laboratory results on a child diagnosed with bacterial meningitis? Select all that apply. a. Elevated white blood count (WBC) b. Decreased protein c. Decreased glucose d. Cloudy in color e. Increase in red blood cells (RBC)

ANS: A, C, D Feedback Correct The CSF laboratory results for bacterial meningitis include elevated WBC counts, cloudy or milky in color, and decreased glucose. Incorrect The protein is elevated and there should be no RBCs present. RBCs are present when the tap was traumatic.

After a tonic-clonic seizure, it would not be unusual for a child to display a. Irritability and hunger b. Lethargy and confusion c. Nausea and vomiting d. Nervousness and excitability

ANS: B Feedback A Neither irritability nor hunger is typical of the period after a tonic-clonic seizure. B In the period after a tonic-clonic seizure, the child may be confused and lethargic. Some children may sleep for a period of time. C Nausea and vomiting are not expected reactions in the postictal period. D The child will more likely be confused and lethargic after a tonic-clonic seizure.

The nurse teaches parents to alert their health care provider about which adverse effect when a child receives valproic acid (Depakene) to control generalized seizures? a. Weight loss b. Bruising c. Anorexia d. Drowsiness

ANS: B Feedback A Weight gain, not loss, is a side effect of valproic acid. B Thrombocytopenia is an adverse effect of valproic acid. Parents should be alert for any unusual bruising or bleeding. C Drowsiness is not a side effect of valproic acid, although it is associated with other anticonvulsant medications. D Anorexia is not a side effect of valproic acid.

The nurse is caring for a child admitted with complex partial seizures. Which clinical manifestation would likely have been noted in the child with this diagnosis?

The child was rubbing the hands and smacking the lips. *Complex partial seizures, also called psychomotor seizures, change or alter consciousness. They cause memory loss and staring and nonpurposeful movements, such as hand rubbing, lip smacking, arm dropping, and swallowing*. In the tonic phase of tonic-clonic seizures, the child's muscles contract, the child may fall, and the child's extremities may stiffen. During the prodromal period of the tonic-clonic seizure, the child might have a lack of coordination. Simple partial motor seizures cause a localized motor activity such as shaking of an arm, leg, or other part of the body.

What is the most appropriate nursing response to the father of a newborn infant with myelomeningocele who asks about the cause of this condition? a. "One of the parents carries a defective gene that causes myelomeningocele." b. "A deficiency in folic acid in the father is the most likely cause." c. "Offspring of parents who have a spinal abnormality are at greater risk for myelomeningocele." d. "There may be no definitive cause identified."

ANS: D Feedback A The exact cause of most cases of neural tube defects is unknown. There may be a genetic predisposition, but no pattern has been identified. B Folic acid deficiency in the mother has been linked to neural tube defect. C There is no evidence that children who have parents with spinal problems are at greater risk for neural tube defects. D The etiology of most neural tube defects is unknown in most cases. There may be a genetic predisposition or a viral origin, and the disorder has been linked to maternal folic acid deficiency; however, the actual cause has not been determined.

The nurse provides education to the parent of an infant being treated for hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Which statement by the parent indicates the need for further instruction?

"The shunt is the old surgery my baby will need" Hydrocephalus results from an imbalance in the production and absorption of CSF. In hydrocephalus, CSF accumulates within the ventricular system and causes the ventricles to enlarge and increases in ICP to occur. A VP shunt can be used to drain excess CSF, but it will need to be replaced as the child grows, requiring shunt revision surgery at various times during the client's life. The parent should be taught to monitor for sign and symptoms of increased ICP, which include irritability and vomiting. Increased ICP indicates the shunt is not functioning properly.

The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with an external ventricular drainage device. The nurse is concerned about the minimal drainage in the past few hours. What actions by the nurse are indicated?

• Check tubing clamps to ensure they are open. • Ensure the tubing is not kinked. Nursing care of an external ventricular drainage device requires the nurse ensure all connections are secure and labeled. The amount of drainage requires close observation. If drainage is absent or minimal the nurse must assess the tubing to make certain it is not clamped or kinked. The level of the drip chamber must be set at the height of the child (at the clavicle). Taking the temperature will be useful to assess for the presence of infection but that is not currently a concern. Asking the child to cough and deep breathe should not be done. Deep breathing is beneficial for all postoperative clients, but coughing may increase pressures and should be avoided.

A nurse is providing information to the parents of a child diagnosed with absence seizures. What information would the nurse expect to include when describing this type of seizure? Select all that apply.

This type of seizure is more common in girls than it is in boys. You might see a blank facial expression after a sudden stoppage of speech. This type of seizure is usually short, lasting for no more than 30 seconds. You might have mistaken this type of seizure for lack of attention. Absence seizures are more common in girls than boys and are characterized by a sudden cessation of motor activity or speech with a blank facial expression or rhythmic twitching of the mouth or blinking of the eyelids. This type of seizure lasts less than 30 seconds and may have been mistaken for inattentiveness because of the subtle changes. Absence seizures are not associated with a postictal state.

A 9-year-old client who suffered a head injury has strabismus. The nurse assesses the client for intracranial pressure (ICP). Which additional intervention is most important for the nurse to perform?

assess the level of consciousness (LOC) Decreased LOC is frequently the first sign of a major neurologic problem after head trauma. The nurse would assess the client's LOC before notifying the health care provider. The child may need to be placed on fall precaution, depending on the results of the assessment. The child's eyes will correct themselves when the ICP is reduced; therefore, an eye patch is not necessary.

During the trial period to determine the efficacy of an anticonvulsant drug, which caution should be explained to the parents?

The child shouldn't participate in activities that could be hazardous if a seizure occurs Until seizure control is certain, clients shouldn't participate in activities (such as riding a bicycle) that could be hazardous if a seizure were to occur. Plasma levels need to be monitored periodically over the course of drug therapy; daily monitoring isn't necessary. Dosage changes are usually based on plasma drug levels as well as seizure control. Anticonvulsant drugs should be withdrawn over a period of 6 weeks to several months, never immediately, as doing so could precipitate status epilepticus

The nurse is collecting data from the caregivers of a child admitted with seizures. Which statement indicates the child most likely had an absence seizure?

"He was just staring into space and was totally unaware." Absence seizures rarely last longer than 20 seconds. The child loses awareness and stares straight ahead but does not fall. Absence seizures rarely last longer than 20 seconds. The child loses awareness and stares straight ahead but does not fall. Myoclonic seizures are characterized by a sudden jerking of a muscle or group of muscles, often in the arms or legs, without loss of consciousness. Complex partial seizures cause nonpurposeful movements, such as hand rubbing and lip smacking. During the prodromal period of the tonic-clonic seizure, the child might have a lack of coordination.

An otherwise healthy 18-month-old child with a history of febrile seizures is in the well-child clinic. Which statement by the father would indicate to the nurse that additional teaching should be done?

"I always keep phenobarbital with me in case of a fever." Anticonvulsants, such as phenobarbital, are administered to children with prolonged seizures or neurologic abnormalities. Ibuprofen, not phenobarbital, is given for fever. Febrile seizures usually occur after age 6 months and are unusual after age 5. Treatment is to decrease the temperature because seizures occur as the temperature rises.

While caring for a child who will be undergoing a lumbar puncture, the nurse explains the procedure to the infant's mother. Which statement by the mother would indicate a need for further education?

"I will cradle her in my arms after the procedure for at least 30 minutes" During the procedure, typically 3 tubes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are removed for testing. After the procedure, the child is encouraged to lay flat for at least 30 minutes. During that time, the child is also encouraged to drink a glass of water to help prevent cerebral irritation. Even when all proper procedures are followed, some children develop a headache following the test. An analgesic may be given for pain relief.

The nurse is speaking with the mother of an infant being treated for hydrocephalus. Which statement by the mother indicates the need for further instruction?

"My baby's prematurity may have contributed to this condition." Hydrocephalus is not a specific illness, but results from underlying brain disorders. It results from an imbalance in the production and absorption of CSF. In hydrocephalus, CSF accumulates within the ventricular system and causes the ventricles to enlarge and increases in ICP to occur. Hydrocephalus may be congenital or acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and is often due to a genetic disposition or environmental influences during fetal development. Maternal conditions that may be associated with hydrocephalus include meningitis, prematurity with intracranial hemorrhage, and mumps encephalitis.

A 7-year-old client has been complaining of headache, coughing, and an aching chest. The care provider makes a diagnosis of a viral infection. The child's mother tells the nurse that when she first said she had a headache, the child's father gave her half of an adult aspirin. The mother has heard of Reye syndrome and asks the nurse if her child could get this. Which statement would be the best response by the nurse?

"This might or might not be a problem. Watch your daughter for signs of lethargy, unusual irritability, confusion, or vomiting. If you notice any of these, bring her to the emergency room immediately so she can be checked for Reye syndrome." Reye syndrome usually occurs after a viral illness, particularly after an upper respiratory infection or varicella (chickenpox). Administration of aspirin during the viral illness has been implicated as a contributing factor. As a result, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that aspirin or aspirin compounds not be given to children with viral infections. The symptoms appear within 3 to 5 days after the initial illness: The child is recuperating unremarkably when symptoms of severe vomiting, irritability, lethargy, and confusion occur. Immediate intervention is needed to prevent serious insult to the brain, including respiratory arrest.

A mother reports that her child has episodes where he appears to be staring into space. This behavior is characteristic of which type of seizure? a. Absence b. Atonic c. Tonic-clonic d. Simple partial

ANS: A Feedback A Absence seizures are very brief episodes of altered awareness. The child has a blank expression. B Atonic seizures cause an abrupt loss of postural tone, loss of consciousness, confusion, lethargy, and sleep. C Tonic-clonic seizures involve sustained generalized muscle contractions followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of major muscle groups. D There is no change in level of consciousness with simple partial seizures. Simple partial seizures consist of motor, autonomic, or sensory symptoms

What should the nurse teach parents when the child is taking phenytoin (Dilantin) to control seizures? a. The child should use a soft toothbrush and floss the teeth after every meal. b. The child will require monitoring of renal function while taking this medication. c. Dilantin should be taken with food because it causes gastrointestinal distress. d. The medication can be stopped when the child has been seizure free for 1 month.

ANS: A Feedback A A side effect of Dilantin is gingival hyperplasia. Good oral hygiene will minimize this adverse effect. B The child should have liver function studies because this anticonvulsant may cause hepatic dysfunction, not renal dysfunction. C Dilantin has not been found to cause gastrointestinal upset. The medication can be taken without food. D Anticonvulsants should never be stopped suddenly or without consulting the physician. Such action could result in seizure activity.

A child is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. The nurse would suspect which abnormality of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Cloudy appearance In the CSF of clients diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, the pressure is elevated, the appearance is cloudy, and the leukocytes are elevated. A decreased sugar content is noted.

Antibiotic therapy to treat meningitis should be instituted immediately after which event?

Collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for culture Antibiotic therapy should always begin immediately after the collection of CSF and blood cultures. After the specific organism is identified, bacteria-specific antibiotics can be administered if the initial choice of antibiotic therapy isn't appropriate. Admission and initiation of I.V. therapy aren't, by themselves, appropriate times to begin antibiotic therapy.

The nurse is preparing a care plan for a child who has a seizure disorder. The child experiences tonic-clonic seizures. Which nursing diagnosis will the nurse identify as having the highest priority?

Risk for injury A seizure disorder is caused by a disruption in the electrical impulses in the brain. Tonic-clonic seizures is the most dramatic seizure disorder. It is characterized by a loss of consciousness, along with the entire body experiencing tonic contractions followed by rhythmic clonic contractions alternating with relaxation of all muscle groups. Cyanosis may be noted due to apnea, and saliva may collect in the mouth due to inability to swallow. All of these symptoms would make Risk for injury the highest priority.

The nurse is assessing a toddler for motor function. Which activity will be the most valuable?

Watch the child reach for a toy. Watching the child reach for a toy would be most valuable for assessing motor function because the infant should be able to extend extremities to a normal stretch. Catching a ball is too advanced for a toddler to accomplish. Looking at a picture book would help assess visual acuity and eye movement. Eating potato chips would help assess sensor function for taste.

A nurse is caring for an infant who has just undergone a ventricular tap. In what position should the nurse place the infant immediately after the procedure?

semi-fowler position with the parent at the bedside Proper positioning for an infant after a ventricular tap is to place the child in a semi-Fowler position to prevent additional drainage from the puncture site. Allow the parents or caregivers to comfort the child. Placing the child in the prone or supine position could allow for additional drainage from the puncture site. High-Fowler position is contraindicated immediately after this procedure.

Keeping the child free from injury is the priority goal. The other choices are important, but keeping the child safe is higher than preparing for home care or knowledge deficit concerns. The physical concerns are always priority over the psychological concerns when caring for clients.

the child will remain free from injury during a seizure Keeping the child free from injury is the priority goal. The other choices are important, but keeping the child safe is higher than preparing for home care or knowledge deficit concerns. The physical concerns are always priority over the psychological concerns when caring for clients.

A child with a seizure disorder is being admitted to the inpatient unit. When preparing the room for the child, what should be included?

• Oxygen gauge and tubing • Suction at bedside • Padding for side rails When planning the client's environment it is imperative that both safety items and those to manage the seizure are present. The side rails should be padded to prevent injury during seizure activity. Oxygen setup should be provided. Suction may be needed. Tongue blades and smelling salts are not employed.

The parents of a child with a history of seizures who has been taking phenytoin (Dilantin) ask the nurse why it's difficult to maintain therapeutic plasma levels of this medication. Which statement by the nurse would be most accurate?

"Small increments in dosage lead to sharp increases in plasma drug levels." Within the therapeutic range for phenytoin, small increments in dosage produce sharp increases in plasma drug levels. The capacity of the liver to metabolize phenytoin is affected by slight changes in the dosage of the drug, not necessarily the length of time the client has been taking the drug. Large increments in dosage will greatly increase plasma levels, leading to drug toxicity.

The mother of a 12-year-old with Reye syndrome approaches the nurse wanting to know how this happened to her child, saying, "I never give my kids aspirin!" What could the nurse say to begin educating the woman?

"Sometimes it's hard to tell what products may contain aspirin." Salicylates are in a wide variety of products, so consumers must read the small print very carefully or they will miss the warning. The parent needs to be receptive to further education, and raising the possibility the child was responsible does not accomplish that goal. Don't state the obvious, but also don't minimize the situation. Encouraging the mother to ask for information and offering explanations in terms she will understand are important, but this response does not address the mother's assertion

A child who has been having seizures is admitted to the hospital for diagnostic testing. The child has had laboratory testing and an EEG, and is scheduled for a lumbar puncture. The parents voice concern to the nurse stating, "I don't understand why our child had to have a lumbar puncture since the EEG was negative." What is the best response by the nurse?

"The lumbar puncture can help rule out any infection in fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord as the cause of the seizures. Lumbar punctures are performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to rule out meningitis or encephalitis as a cause of seizures. A normal EEG does not rule out epilepsy because seizure activity rarely occurs during the actual testing time. A 24-hour or longer EEG can help in diagnosing a seizure disorder. Just telling the parents that it needs to be done, to be patient, or it is a routine does not address the parents' concerns.

The nurse is interviewing the caregivers of a child brought to the emergency unit. The caregiver states, "She has a history of seizures but this time it lasted more than 30 minutes and she just keeps having them." The most accurate description of this child's condition would be:

The child is in status epilepticus. Status epilepticus is the term used to describe a seizure that lasts longer than 30 minutes or a series of seizures in which the child does not return to his or her previous normal level of consciousness. The child likely is having generalized seizures, but the most accurate description of what is happening is status epilepticus. With infantile spasms, muscle contractions are sudden, brief, symmetrical, and accompanied by rolling eyes. With absence seizures the child loses awareness and stares straight ahead but does not fall.

A 6-month-old infant is admitted with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The nurse would place the infant in which room?

A private room near the nurses' station A child who has the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis will need to be placed in a private room until that child has received I.V. antibiotics for 24 hours because the child is considered contagious. Additionally, bacterial meningitis can be quite serious; therefore, the child should be placed near the nurses' station for close monitoring and easier access in case of a crisis.

Latex allergy is suspected in a child with spina bifida. Appropriate nursing interventions include a. Avoiding using any latex product b. Using only nonallergenic latex products c. Administering medication for long-term desensitization d. Teaching family about long-term management of asthma

ANS: A Feedback A Care must be taken that individuals who are at high risk for latex allergies do not come in direct or secondary contact with products or equipment containing latex at any time during medical treatment. Latex allergy is estimated to occur in 75% of this patient population. B There are no nonallergic latex products. C At this time, desensitization is not an option. D The child does not have asthma. The parents must be taught about allergy and the risk of anaphylaxis.

What is the most appropriate nursing action when a child is in the tonic phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure? a. Guide the child to the floor if standing and go for help. b. Turn the child's body on the side. c. Place a padded tongue blade between the teeth. d. Quickly slip soft restraints on the child's wrists.

ANS: B Feedback A The child should be placed on a soft surface if he is not in bed; however, it is inappropriate to leave the child during the seizure. B Positioning the child on his side will prevent aspiration. C Nothing should be inserted into the child's mouth during a seizure to prevent injury to the mouth, gums, or teeth. D Restraints could cause injury. Sharp objects and furniture should be moved out of the way to prevent injury.

What nursing actions are indicated when the nurse is administering phenytoin (Dilantin) by the intravenous route to control seizures? Select all that apply. a. It must be given with D5 1/2NS. b. The child will require monitoring of therapeutic serum levels while taking this medication. c. Dilantin should be given with food because it causes gastrointestinal distress. d. It must be given in normal saline. e. It must be filtered.

ANS: B, D, E Feedback Correct The child should have serum levels drawn to monitor for optimal therapeutic levels. In addition, liver function studies should be monitored because this anticonvulsant may cause hepatic dysfunction. The IV dose must be given in normal saline, not D5 1/2NS. The IV dose must be filtered. Incorrect The IV dose must be given in normal saline, not D5 1/2NS. Dilantin has not been found to cause gastrointestinal upset, and since it is being given by the IV route, this is not a concern. The medication can be taken without food.

What is the best response to a father who tells the nurse that his son "daydreams" at home and his teacher has observed this behavior at school? a. "Your son must have an active imagination." b. "Can you tell me exactly how many times this occurs in one day?" c. "Tell me about your son's activity when you notice the daydreams." d. "He is probably overtired and needs more rest."

ANS: C Feedback A This response does not address the child's symptoms or the father's concern. B This behavior is consistent with absence seizures, which can occur one after the other several times a day. Determining an exact number of absence seizures is not as useful as learning about behavior before the seizure that might have precipitated seizure activity. C The daydream episodes are suggestive of absence seizures, and data about activity associated with the daydreams should be obtained. D This response ignores both the child's symptoms and the father's concern about the daydreaming behavior.

Which change in status should alert the nurse to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in a child with a head injury? a. Rapid, shallow breathing b. Irregular, rapid heart rate c. Increased diastolic pressure with narrowing pulse pressure d. Confusion and altered mental status

ANS: D Feedback A Respiratory changes occur with ICP. One pattern that may be evident is Cheyne-Stokes respiration. This pattern of breathing is characterized by increasing rate and depth, then decreasing rate and depth, with a pause of variable length. B Temperature elevation may occur in children with ICP. C Changes in blood pressure occur, but the diastolic pressure does not increase, nor is there a narrowing of pulse pressure. D The child with a head injury may have confusion and altered mental status, a change in vital signs, retinal hemorrhaging, hemiparesis, and papilledema.

The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with an external ventricular drainage device. The nurse is concerned about the minimal drainage in the past few hours. What actions by the nurse are indicated? Select all that apply.

Check tubing clamps to ensure they are open. Ensure the tubing is not kinked. Nursing care of an external ventricular drainage device requires the nurse ensure all connections are secure and labeled. The amount of drainage requires close observation. If drainage is absent or minimal the nurse must assess the tubing to make certain it is not clamped or kinked. The level of the drip chamber must be set at the height of the child (at the clavicle). Taking the temperature will be useful to assess for the presence of infection but that is not currently a concern. Asking the child to cough and deep breathe should not be done. Deep breathing is beneficial for all postoperative clients, but coughing may increase pressures and should be avoided.