Neuroanatomy Quiz Questions for Final Exam Prep

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum? a. Essential contributions to emotion and cognition b. Regulates smooth muscle contraction of the digestive system c. Compares intended movements with actual movements, then makes corrections as needed d. Initiates and plans conscious motor movement

c. Compares intended movements with actual movements, then makes corrections as needed

Focal compression of a nerve is a common cause of what type of mononeuropathy? a. Damage to both myelin and axon b. Damage to axon with intact myelin c. Damage to myelin with intact axon

c. Damage to myelin with intact axon

Which is one of the most common causes of polyneuropathy a. Vasculitis b. Trauma c. Diabetes d. Ischemia

c. Diabetes

What type of information travels via the vestibulospinal tract to the target muscles in the peripheral nervous system? a. Conscious initiation of fine motor movements b. Facilitation of flexion muscles c. Facilitation of antigravity muscles and postural muscles

c. Facilitation of antigravity muscles and postural muscles

Which type of somatosensory receptors would provide information about stomach pain or needing to urinate? a. Proprioceptors b. Exteroceptors c. Interoceptors

c. Interoceptors

Which type of information is conveyed by the dorsal column pathway? a. Temperature b. Slow pain c. Light touch d. Unconscious proprioception

c. Light touch

_____ is the name given to the collective group of brain structures that are involved in processing and regulating pain. a. Somatic pain b. Central sensitization c. Pain matrix d. Gate control theory

c. Pain matrix

Decorticate rigidity is typically associated with which posture? a. Rigid flexion of the upper and lower limbs b. Rigid extension of the upper and lower limbs c. Rigid flexion of the upper limbs and extension of the lower limbs d. Rigid extension of the upper limbs and flexion of the lower limbs

c. Rigid flexion of the upper limbs and extension of the lower limbs

Sympathetic activation produces which of the following? a. Increased digestive activity b. Slows heart rate c. Shifting of blood flow from the skin and GI tract to heart and brain (optimizes blood flow to organ) d. Decreased blood pressure

c. Shifting of blood flow from the skin and GI tract to heart and brain (optimizes blood flow to organ)

____ is an increase in resistance to passive stretch that only occurs when moving the joint quickly. a. Rigidity b. Flaccidity c. Spasticity d. Hypotonia

c. Spasticity

The motor loop of the basal ganglia is dependent on ____ to adjust output levels of _______. a. Glutamate, inhibition b. Dopamine, inhibition c. Acetylcholine, excitation d. GABA, excitation

Dopamine, inhibition

Which tract conveys conscious information about touch and proprioception to the primary somatosensory cortex? a. Spinothalamic b. Spinocerebellar c. Dorsal column/medial lemniscus d. Corticospinal

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus

True or False: Spinal nerve segments are anatomically aligned with their corresponding vertebral bodies (e.g. L2 spinal cord segment is next to the L2 vertebrae).

False

_____ is defined as decreased activity in an antagonist muscle when an agonist is active. a. Recurrent inhibition b. Reciprocal inhibition c. Myostatic reflex

Reciprocal inhibition

True or False: Every chemical substance found in central nervous system is also found in enteric nervous system (intestines)

True

True or False: Peripheral nerves are called mixed nerves because they contain sensory, motor, and autonomic axons.

True

Which area of the central nervous system can directly influence functions of the autonomic nervous system such as heart rate, respiration, and vital functions. a. Brainstem (medulla, pons, reticular formation) b. Hypothalamus c. Limbic lobe d. Spinal Cord

a. Brainstem (medulla, pons, reticular formation)

_____ is the area of skin innervated by one specific spinal nerve. a. Dermatome b. Myotome c. Filum terminale d. Peripheral innervation

a. Dermatome

Which area of the body is likely to have the smallest receptor fields (highest density of neurons)? a. Finger tip b. Shoulder c. Thigh d. Back

a. Finger tip

The ____ lobe of the cerebellum is the smallest and has a reciprocal link with the vestibular system in order to make non-conscious adjustments to posture and balance. a. Flocculonodular b. Posterior c. Inferior d. Anterior

a. Flocculonodular

Lateral motor tracts control which type of movements? a. Fractionated movements and distal limb movements b. Posture and gross motor c. General, non-specific movements d. Head and superficial neck movements

a. Fractionated movements and distal limb movements

Involuntary, jerky, rapid movements (chorea) is a primary sign of which disorder? a. Huntington's disease b. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) c. Parkinson's disease d. Multiple sclerosis

a. Huntington's disease

Which area of the central nervous system (CNS) could be called the "master controller" due to its ability to act on the pituitary gland, brainstem, and spinal cord in order to maintain equilibrium? a. Hypothalamus b. Cerebellum c. Parietal lobe d. Limbic system

a. Hypothalamus

Prolonged, chronic stress can result in negative health outcomes including increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that contributes to this increased risk? a. Increased activation of the immune system b. High levels of cortisol c. Increased triglyceride levels d. Blood vessel changes

a. Increased activation of the immune system

Acetylcholine is secreted by which of the neurons in the autonomic nervous system? (select all that apply) a. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons b. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons c. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons d. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

a. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons b. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons c. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Which one of the following is a sign of a vertical tract lesion? a. Positive Babinski's sign b. Normal pelvic organ function c. Impaired sensation above the level of the lesion d. Motor hypotonia in the entire body

a. Positive Babinski's sign

Which type of somatosensory information has the fastest conduction speed (that is, travels along the widest diameter and fully myelinated axons)? a. Proprioception b. Temperature c. Touch d. Slow pain

a. Proprioception

What does the brachial plexus innervate? a. Upper limb b. Diaphragm c. Medial leg and foot d. Posterior thigh

a. Upper limb

What aspect of gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing motor information? a. Ventral horn b. Dorsal horn c. Spinal horn d. Lateral horn

a. Ventral horn

Which tract is responsible for conveying non-conscious information that contributes to automatic adjustments to our posture and movement? a. Spinoreticular b. Spinocerebellar c. Spinothalamic d. Spinomesencephalic

b. Spinocerebellar

An appropriate treatment activity for a patient with complex regional pain syndrome would be ____. a. using involved hand to wipe counters or tables to encourage AROM. b. aggressive PROM to digits to decrease stiffness. c. putty exercises to increase hand strength. d. progressive resistive exercises to wrist using a 10 lb weight.

a. using involved hand to wipe counters or tables to encourage AROM

Following damage, axons can regenerate at a rate of __. a. 2 mm/day b. 1 mm/day c. 1 inch/day d. 3 inches/month

b. 1 mm/day

Which one of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic efferent system? a. Controls contraction of skeletal muscle b. Activation of effectors is usually non-conscious c. Does not use neurotransmitters for signaling d. Always requires input from the CNS to function

b. Activation of effectors is usually non-conscious

The __ refers to the connective tissue that separates individual axons. a. Epineurium b. Endoneurium c. Perineurium

b. Endoneurium

Which statement about the anterior rami is false? a. Anterior rami innervate the anterior (ventral) and lateral trunk. b. The anterior rami is the smaller of the two branches off of the spinal nerve. c. Nerve plexuses arise from the merging of the anterior rami. d. Anterior rami innervate the skeletal, muscular, and cutaneous areas of the limbs.

b. The anterior rami is the smaller of the two branches off of the spinal nerve

_____ are sensitive to very slight changes in tension on a tendon. Activation of these receptors cause the contracting muscle to be inhibited (relaxed) in order to protect muscle from injury. a. Muscle spindles b. Golgi tendon organs c. Cutaneous receptors d. Joint receptors

b. Golgi tendon organs

Which of the following is a common sign of a motor tract lesion? a. Denervation atrophy b. Hypertonia c. Loss of normal spinal reflexes (e.g. patellar tendon reflex) d. Fibrillations

b. Hypertonia

Parasympathetic activation produces which of the following? a. Dilation of bronchioles b. Increased digestive activity c. Increased heart rate d. Increased blood flow to active muscles

b. Increased digestive activity

A _____ is a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates. a. Motor pool b. Motor unit c. Myotome d. Myofibril

b. Motor unit

______ is the normal or typical perception of pain. a. Central sensitization b. Nociceptive pain c. Neuropathic pain d. Pain syndrome

b. Nociceptive pain

_____ is defined as a painless, abnormal sensation such as numbness or tingling. a. Analgesia b. Paresthesia c. Allodynia d. Hyperalgesia

b. Paresthesia

Which one of the following statements is true when describing peripheral nerves? a. Peripheral nerves do not need to change in length with movement because of the myelin that is produced by the perineurium b. Peripheral nerves have the ability to lengthen and shorten ("wrinkle") within their connective tissues and "glide" relative to other structures in order to accommodate movement without injury c. Peripheral nerves that are enclosed by bone are not able to lengthen or shorten in response to movement d. Peripheral nerves do not have the ability to lengthen or shorten, but instead only glide through tissue

b. Peripheral nerves have the ability to lengthen and shorten ("wrinkle") within their connective tissues and "glide" relative to other structures in order to accommodate movement without injury

Reflexive control of pelvic organ (bladder, bowel, sexual) functions requires which segments of the spinal cord to be intact? a. T4-T6 b. S2-S4 c. L2-L4 d. C6-C8

b. S2-S4

When tissue is denervated, an example of a trophic change that can occur is ___. a. Hyperalgesia b. Shiny skin c. Improved wound healing d. Paresis

b. Shiny skin

Conduction of a pain signal along the spinothalamic tract occurs during the _____ step of nociceptive pain signaling. a. Modulation b. Transmission c. Perception d. Transduction

b. Transmission

A lesion to sympathetic pathway (Horner's syndrome) would result in which possible symptom? a. Increased sweating on face/neck b. Drooping of upper eyelid c. Skin vasoconstriction d. Dilation of pupil

b. drooping of upper eyelid

When your right foot steps on a tack, the crossed extension reflex will cause your ____. a. right leg to flex in order to withdrawal foot from stimulus b. left leg to extend and abduct to maintain balance c. right leg to extend and cross over to the left side of the body to avoid the stimulus d. bilateral upper extremities to extend up in order to signal for help

b. left leg to extend and abduct to maintain balance

What is the function of the lower motor neuron? a. Activate motor planning areas in the cerebral cortex b. Regulate activity in motor tract neurons c. Transmit signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting contraction of muscle fibers d. Deliver signals from the cortex to the spinal cord

c. Transmit signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting contraction of muscle fibers

Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome should typically be seen in the clinic for __. a. mirror therapy b. strengthening exercises with theraputty c. splinting to keep wrist in neutral d. improvement in range of motion

c. splinting to keep wrist in neutral

The sympathetic nervous system is often activated as a whole due to the connections between ganglia in the ______. a. craniosacral outflow b. cervical chain c. sympathetic chain

c. sympathetic chain

Which statement accurately describes anterior cord syndrome? a. Nociception and temperature discrimination are normal. b. The dorsal 2/3 of the spinal cord is injured. c. Light touch and proprioception are impaired. d. Motor control is impaired.

d. Motor control is impaired

Which statement is true related to muscle contractures (not a muscle contraction)? a. Muscle contractures can be caused by prolonged immobilization of the muscle in a lengthened position. b. Muscle contractures are caused by shortening the length of each individual sarcomere, which shortens overall muscle length. c. Muscle contractures are 100% preventable through early diagnosis and initiation of passive range of motion (PROM). d. Muscle contractures can be caused by a structural change in the muscle such as the removal of sarcomeres from a myofibril

d. Muscle contractures can be caused by a structural change in the muscle such as the removal of sarcomeres from a myofibril

What type of cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia? a. Motor b. Autonomic c. Interneurons d. Sensory

d. Sensory