Social Psych Chapter 3 Review
Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will
set higher standards for them; smile at them; call on them more often
When we have acted badly, we are more likely to attribute our behavior to the
situation
Aaron's parents are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution.
situational
_________ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.
Misinformation
__________ trait inference is an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.
Spontaneous
David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking.
automatic; impulsive
In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent?
availability
When a person's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to validate their expectations it is indicative of
behavioral confirmation
When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as
belief perseverance
We tend to see our worlds through _____ glasses
belief-tinted
Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created
better images of each other; relationship satisfaction; buffered conflict
Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking.
counterfactual
The purpose of studying attribution errors is to reveal _____. (Select all that apply.)
cultural differences in how people explain behaviors; how we make judgments about ourselves and others
You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a _________ attribution to explain why they are late.
dispositional
You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a ___________ attribution to explain why they are late
dispositional
Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking.
illusory
_________ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors.
illusory
Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this?
illusory control
The perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is the definition of an
illusory correlation
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking?
impulsive
Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment.
intuitive
Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as _________ judgment.
intuitive
Heuristics can be defined as ______ shortcuts
mental
Attributing a behavior to the wrong source is identified as
misattribution
Jack and Jill are having problems in their marriage. One night, Jack is actually working late, but Jill is sure he is out with another woman instead. Jill is demonstrating
misattribution
The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ___________ phenomenon.
overconfidence
Your manager insists that all proposals and recommendations include a reason why they might not work. By asking this, your manager is trying to reduce
overconfidence
Even when stimuli are presented unconsciously, their effects can become conscious due to
priming
The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of
priming
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average is an example of ______ toward the average.
regression
Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called
rosy retrospection
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
self-fulfilling prophecy
When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring
traits
Within attribution theory, people explain others' behaviors by trying to find a cause for those behaviors. Which of the following are possible causes?
traits, motives, and attitudes
In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor.
10-second
__________ __________ explains how our physical sensations can prime our social judgments.
Embodied cognitions
__________ intuition appears in how we take in, store, and retrieve social information.
Illusory
In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant
acting in a hostile, aggressive manner
In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more
anger
The theory of how people explain another's behavior by assuming it was caused by either internal or external reasons is identified as
attribution
In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). This fact is sometimes called the _____ bias.
camera perspective
Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias.
confirmation
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation
confirmation bias
Which of the following methods can help remedy overconfidence? (Select all that apply - at least two answers are correct)
consider disconfirming information; get prompt feedback
We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it.
construe
Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking.
counterfactual
Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions?
distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions
Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our ___________ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.
embodied
Eyewitness testimony is based on the concept that our construction of memory is
exact
Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him.
false
On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n)
false impression
Joey believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. Joey is demonstrating self-______ prophecy.
fulfilling
Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the __________ attribution error.
fundamental
When observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the ________ attribution error.
fundamental
When observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the __________ attribution error.
fundamental
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability
heuristic
Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of
heuristics
Our social judgments and beliefs influence:
how we feel; our own reality; how we act
When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called
idealization
Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect
misinformation
When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is
near
John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the ______ phenomena.
overconfidence
Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds
overconfidence
According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to _______ their abilities
overestimating
According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ________ their abilities.
overestimating
In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of ______ dispositions.
personal
Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply)
police officer; firefighter
Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating?
political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc; stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average; planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have
Activating particular associations in memory is
priming
Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through
priming
We worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities. Social scientists refer to this as our
probability neglect
A reason social psychologists study attribution errors is to make us more ______. (Select all that apply.)
rational; humane; in touch with reality
Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own
reality
In the construction of memories, research shows that
recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs
Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes.
reconstructing
Changing our memory of past behaviors to fit current perspectives or attitudes is called ______ of past behaviors.
reconstruction
Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation?
regression toward the average
John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic.
representativeness
The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of ________ heuristics.
representativeness
Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less
socially
An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior is identified as _________ trait inference.
spontaneous
Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to
teach
People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks, are more common than events that are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of
the availability heuristic
Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of
the illusion of control
Anthony Greenwald describes our tendency to revise the past to suit our present views as having _____ egos.
totalitarian
