Social Psych Chapter 3 Review

Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will

set higher standards for them; smile at them; call on them more often

When we have acted badly, we are more likely to attribute our behavior to the

situation

Aaron's parents are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution.

situational

_________ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.

Misinformation

__________ trait inference is an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.

Spontaneous

David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking.

automatic; impulsive

In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent?

availability

When a person's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to validate their expectations it is indicative of

behavioral confirmation

When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as

belief perseverance

We tend to see our worlds through _____ glasses

belief-tinted

Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created

better images of each other; relationship satisfaction; buffered conflict

Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking.

counterfactual

The purpose of studying attribution errors is to reveal _____. (Select all that apply.)

cultural differences in how people explain behaviors; how we make judgments about ourselves and others

You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a _________ attribution to explain why they are late.

dispositional

You have an appointment with someone and they are late. You are more likely to use a ___________ attribution to explain why they are late

dispositional

Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking.

illusory

_________ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors.

illusory

Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this?

illusory control

The perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is the definition of an

illusory correlation

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking?

impulsive

Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment.

intuitive

Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as _________ judgment.

intuitive

Heuristics can be defined as ______ shortcuts

mental

Attributing a behavior to the wrong source is identified as

misattribution

Jack and Jill are having problems in their marriage. One night, Jack is actually working late, but Jill is sure he is out with another woman instead. Jill is demonstrating

misattribution

The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ___________ phenomenon.

overconfidence

Your manager insists that all proposals and recommendations include a reason why they might not work. By asking this, your manager is trying to reduce

overconfidence

Even when stimuli are presented unconsciously, their effects can become conscious due to

priming

The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of

priming

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average is an example of ______ toward the average.

regression

Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called

rosy retrospection

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called

self-fulfilling prophecy

When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring

traits

Within attribution theory, people explain others' behaviors by trying to find a cause for those behaviors. Which of the following are possible causes?

traits, motives, and attitudes

In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor.

10-second

__________ __________ explains how our physical sensations can prime our social judgments.

Embodied cognitions

__________ intuition appears in how we take in, store, and retrieve social information.

Illusory

In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant

acting in a hostile, aggressive manner

In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more

anger

The theory of how people explain another's behavior by assuming it was caused by either internal or external reasons is identified as

attribution

In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). This fact is sometimes called the _____ bias.

camera perspective

Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias.

confirmation

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation

confirmation bias

Which of the following methods can help remedy overconfidence? (Select all that apply - at least two answers are correct)

consider disconfirming information; get prompt feedback

We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it.

construe

Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking.

counterfactual

Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions?

distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions

Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our ___________ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.

embodied

Eyewitness testimony is based on the concept that our construction of memory is

exact

Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him.

false

On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n)

false impression

Joey believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. Joey is demonstrating self-______ prophecy.

fulfilling

Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the __________ attribution error.

fundamental

When observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the ________ attribution error.

fundamental

When observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences of another's behavior, they are committing the __________ attribution error.

fundamental

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability

heuristic

Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of

heuristics

Our social judgments and beliefs influence:

how we feel; our own reality; how we act

When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called

idealization

Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect

misinformation

When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is

near

John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the ______ phenomena.

overconfidence

Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds

overconfidence

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to _______ their abilities

overestimating

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ________ their abilities.

overestimating

In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of ______ dispositions.

personal

Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply)

police officer; firefighter

Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating?

political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc; stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average; planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have

Activating particular associations in memory is

priming

Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through

priming

We worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities. Social scientists refer to this as our

probability neglect

A reason social psychologists study attribution errors is to make us more ______. (Select all that apply.)

rational; humane; in touch with reality

Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own

reality

In the construction of memories, research shows that

recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs

Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes.

reconstructing

Changing our memory of past behaviors to fit current perspectives or attitudes is called ______ of past behaviors.

reconstruction

Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation?

regression toward the average

John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic.

representativeness

The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of ________ heuristics.

representativeness

Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less

socially

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior is identified as _________ trait inference.

spontaneous

Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to

teach

People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks, are more common than events that are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of

the availability heuristic

Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of

the illusion of control

Anthony Greenwald describes our tendency to revise the past to suit our present views as having _____ egos.

totalitarian