NFA 201 Exam 2
What are the five signs of metabolic syndrome?
-Large waist circumference -Chronic high blood pressure -Chronic high fasting blood fats -High fasting blood glucose -High LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol
identify the correct order of: tissues, organ system, cell, organism, organ
-cell -tissues -organ -organ system -organism
What are some common digestive system disorders?
-constipation -diarrhea -vomiting -acid reflux -GERD -peptic ulcers -gallstones -IBS -ulcerative colitis -colorectal cancer
What are the five major organs?
-mouth -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine
What is the major enzymes involved in digestion?
-salivary amylase -maltase -sucrase -lactase
What are the six acessory organs?
-teeth -tongue -salivary glands -liver -gallbladder -pancreas
What does the RDA recommend for minimum carbohydrate intake per day (in grams) to prevent excess ketone body production?
130 g/day
How many grams are in one serving of carbohydrates?
15 grams
AMDR for carbohydrate _____ to _____%
45-65 %
Energy
Capacity to perform work
What is a healthy A1C level for someone with diabetes?
Less than 7%
Catabolism
Metabolic processes that break down larger substances into smaller ones
Anabolism
Metabolic processes that build larger substances from smaller ones
What is chemical digestion?
chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the digestive tract
soluble fiber
dissolves in water, is composed of pectins, gums, mucilages, some hemicelluloses, delays stomach emptying; slows glucose absorption; can lower blood cholesterol, and is found in apples, bananas, citrus, carrots, oats, barley, psyllium seeds, beans, and thickeners added to foods.
Insoluble fiber
does not dissolve in water, is composed of cellulose and hemicelluloses, it increases fecal bulk and speeds fecal passage through large intestine, and is found in all plants, wheat, rye, brown rice, vegetables
What is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown of foods
What is the pyloric sphincter?
ring of muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach
What is the gastroesophageal sphincter?
ring of muscle in the lower part of the esophagus; controls the opening between the esophagus and stomach
Disaccharides
simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides; lactose, maltose, and sucrose
Monosaccharides
simple sugar molecule; glucose, galactose, & fructose
What is a normal A1C level for someone without diabetes?
Below 5.7%
Which monosaccharide is the sweetest due to its structural difference?
Fructose
What is the preferred source of energy for the body?
Glucose
What is the storage form of glucose animals and humans?
Glycogen
Where is the major site of digestion and absorption?
Small intestine
Where is glycogen typically stores in the human body?
The liver
What is peristalsis and where does it occur?
Type of muscular contraction of the digestive tract, occurs in the stomach and intestines.
What is glucagon?
hormone that helps raise blood glucose level; ALPHA cells
What is insulin?
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels; BETA cells
Where is glucose stored?
in the liver
Where is fat stored?
in tissue
Type 1 diabetes
is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells don't recognize the body's own insulin-producing cells of the pancreas; 5 to 10% of diabetics
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells
Type 2 diabetes
the majority of diabetics; the body produces insulin but it is resistant to it so it does not respond properly to the hormone causing blood glucose levels to rise
