NFA 201 Exam 2

What are the five signs of metabolic syndrome?

-Large waist circumference -Chronic high blood pressure -Chronic high fasting blood fats -High fasting blood glucose -High LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol

identify the correct order of: tissues, organ system, cell, organism, organ

-cell -tissues -organ -organ system -organism

What are some common digestive system disorders?

-constipation -diarrhea -vomiting -acid reflux -GERD -peptic ulcers -gallstones -IBS -ulcerative colitis -colorectal cancer

What are the five major organs?

-mouth -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine

What is the major enzymes involved in digestion?

-salivary amylase -maltase -sucrase -lactase

What are the six acessory organs?

-teeth -tongue -salivary glands -liver -gallbladder -pancreas

What does the RDA recommend for minimum carbohydrate intake per day (in grams) to prevent excess ketone body production?

130 g/day

How many grams are in one serving of carbohydrates?

15 grams

AMDR for carbohydrate _____ to _____%

45-65 %

Energy

Capacity to perform work

What is a healthy A1C level for someone with diabetes?

Less than 7%

Catabolism

Metabolic processes that break down larger substances into smaller ones

Anabolism

Metabolic processes that build larger substances from smaller ones

What is chemical digestion?

chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the digestive tract

soluble fiber

dissolves in water, is composed of pectins, gums, mucilages, some hemicelluloses, delays stomach emptying; slows glucose absorption; can lower blood cholesterol, and is found in apples, bananas, citrus, carrots, oats, barley, psyllium seeds, beans, and thickeners added to foods.

Insoluble fiber

does not dissolve in water, is composed of cellulose and hemicelluloses, it increases fecal bulk and speeds fecal passage through large intestine, and is found in all plants, wheat, rye, brown rice, vegetables

What is mechanical digestion?

physical breakdown of foods

What is the pyloric sphincter?

ring of muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter?

ring of muscle in the lower part of the esophagus; controls the opening between the esophagus and stomach

Disaccharides

simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides; lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Monosaccharides

simple sugar molecule; glucose, galactose, & fructose

What is a normal A1C level for someone without diabetes?

Below 5.7%

Which monosaccharide is the sweetest due to its structural difference?

Fructose

What is the preferred source of energy for the body?

Glucose

What is the storage form of glucose animals and humans?

Glycogen

Where is the major site of digestion and absorption?

Small intestine

Where is glycogen typically stores in the human body?

The liver

What is peristalsis and where does it occur?

Type of muscular contraction of the digestive tract, occurs in the stomach and intestines.

What is glucagon?

hormone that helps raise blood glucose level; ALPHA cells

What is insulin?

hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels; BETA cells

Where is glucose stored?

in the liver

Where is fat stored?

in tissue

Type 1 diabetes

is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells don't recognize the body's own insulin-producing cells of the pancreas; 5 to 10% of diabetics

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

Type 2 diabetes

the majority of diabetics; the body produces insulin but it is resistant to it so it does not respond properly to the hormone causing blood glucose levels to rise