Nhm 328 Ch.1-8

Which behavior is an example of a gross-motor skill? blinking crawling burping grasping

crawling

According to Piaget, during the process of accommodation, children _____________. rearrange existing schemes, linking them with other schemes use current schemes to interpret the external world make compromises between their desires and the wishes of others create new schemes or adjust old ones

create new schemes or adjust old ones

Which sound is the best example of babbling? 'nananana' 'aaaaa' 'rrrr' 'oooo'

'nananana'

Marizol is pregnant and wonders how much weight she should gain. Her doctor will probably recommend that she gain _____ to _____ pounds. 10; 15 20; 25 25; 30 30; 35

25; 30

In industrialized nations, the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months is ________. child abuse birth trauma Sudden Infant Death Syndrome anoxia

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Which statement about sleep habits is true? The impact of disrupted sleep on cognitive functioning is similar for low-SES and higher-SES children. On average, 2-and 3-year olds sleep less than 4 - to 5-year olds but more than infants. Because growth hormone (GH) is released during a child's sleeping hours, sleep contributes to body growth. In early childhood, there is little variability in the daytime sleep patterns of healthy children.

Because growth hormone (GH) is released during a child's sleeping hours, sleep contributes to body growth.

________ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development. Delivery date The duration of labor Birth weight Birth length

Birth weight

__________ are strongly associated with childhood injury. Large family size, rural living, and wealth Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education Having a passive temperament and insecure parental attachment Authoritative child rearing and having a greater number of daily chores

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parentaleducation

__________ is (are) safe to drink during pregnancy. One alcoholic beverage per day Three to five alcoholic beverages per week No amount of alcohol A few alcoholic beverages per month

No amount of alcohol

The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is ________. weight chronological age skeletal age height

skeletal age

X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's ___________. adult weight. loss of baby teeth. brain development. skeletal age.

skeletal age.

In developing countries, the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies is ________. ultrasound skin-to-skin "kangaroo care" hospitalization hospitalization

skin-to-skin "kangaroo care"

Research on sleep demonstrates that _____. sleepwalking in early childhood usually continues into adulthood if not treated. parent-child cosleeping is associated with children's sleep disorders during the preschool years. sleep terrors may be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue. most American parents cosleep with their children into the preschool years.

sleep terrors may be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue.

The male produces sperm in the __________, two glands located in the __________. scrotum; corpus luteum testes; penis testes; scrotum penis; scrotum

testes; scrotum

Otitis media is a common illness that affects ______ and has been shown to disrupt ______. the circulatory system; fine motor skills, such as tying shoes the middle ear; language and academic progress the central nervous system; sleeping habits joints and connective tissue; gross motor skills, such as running and climbing

the middle ear; language and academic progress

A country's infant mortality is defined as ________ in that country. the number of preventable infant deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births the percentage of infants who die in the first year of life the number of infant deaths that occur during the first year of life the number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

the number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

Low-cost supplements of ______ substantially reduce the incidence of severe and prolonged diarrhea. vitamin D zinc folic acid iron

zinc

A theory of development ______________________________.

describes, explains, and predicts behavior

G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell ____________.

devised theories of child development based evolutionary ideas.

During the longest stage of labor, ________. the vaginal opening stretches around the baby's entire head the placenta separates from the uterine wall dilation and effacement of the cervix occur the baby is delivered

dilation and effacement of the cervix occur (stage 1)

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory and the psychoanalytic perspective view development as __________________.

discontinuous

In several studies, affluent teenagers were ______ likely than youths in general to ________. less; engage in alcohol and drug use more; have physically and emotionally available parents less; commit delinquent acts more; report high levels of anxiety and depression

more; report high levels of anxiety and depression

The rise in fear after age 6 months is adaptive because it _____________. keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check prevents the child from displaying stranger anxiety gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

The best-known prenatal effect of smoking is ________. low birth weight maternal depression delayed language development respiratory distress at birth

low birth weight

Which statement about immunizations and autism is true? Numerous large-scale studies show no association between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism. In areas where many parents refuse to immunize their children, disease outbreaks are no more common than in other areas. Because concerns about a link between immunizations and autism are relatively new, no studies of the issue have been completed. Research has confirmed a moderate causal link between common immunizations and a rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism.

** Not Research has confirmed a moderate causal link between common immunizations and a rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism.

Which of these fine-motor skills typically develops last? tying shoes using scissors drawing a picture of a person using a fork effectively

** Not drawing a picture of a person

Which statement about child-rearing practices and temperament is true? Most developmental issues that are related to temperament are not significantly affected by differences in parenting styles. When children dislike novelty, parenting that is extremely protective will help then overcome an urge to retreat. The same overall parenting approach is best for children with different temperaments. Parents who make appropriate demands for their child to approach new experiences help their children develop strategies for regulating fear.

**NOT Most developmental issues that are related to temperament are not significantly affected by differences in parenting styles.

Newborns sleep about ________ hours per day. 20 to 22 16 to 18 8 to 9 10 to 12

16 to 18

Which statement about breastfeeding is true? Human milk is lower in fat and higher in protein than the milk of other mammals. Breastfed babies suffer from more gastrointestinal problems than do bottle-fed infants. Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants. A mother who breastfeeds needs to add solid foods to her infant's diet around 4 months.

Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants.

Which of the following statements about child care in the United States is true? Child-care centers are nationally regulated and funded to ensure their quality. Child-care standards are set by the individual states and vary widely. The cost of a family child-care home is approximately equal to that of center-based care. In studies of quality, about 20 to 25 percent of child-care centers offer substandard care.

Child-care standards are set by the individual states and vary widely.

Which statement is supported by research on emotional self-regulation? Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotions in babies. Parents imitate their babies' displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion. By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to manage their emotions. Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys.

Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotions in babies.

Which statement is true about ova production in females? Female sex cells are produced continuously throughout life, with no change in quality. Females are born with a bank of ova that decrease in number over time. Ova production is continuous throughout a female 's life, but quality decreases with advancing age. In a healthy female, ova production begins at birth and continues until puberty.

Females are born with a bank of ova that decrease in number over time.

________ supplementation around the time of conception reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube. A) Vitamin AB) Folic acidC) Vitamin DD) Vitamin C

Folic Acid?

_________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging adaptive functioning. Effortful control Goodness of fit Social referencing Emotional self-regulation

Goodness of fit

Which statement about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true? In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. During the embryonic period, teratogenic damage is usually minor. During the fetal period, teratogens have no impact on the developing organism. The fetal period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur.

In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact.

Which statement about reproductive technologies is true? The success of assisted reproduction increases with age until age 50. Laws regulating their use vary considerably by state and country. In surrogate motherhood, the surrogate is always genetically unrelated to the child. Donor insemination and in vitro fertilization are interchangeable terms.

Laws regulating their use vary considerably by state and country.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends breastfeeding until age _____, with solid foods added at ______. 2 years or longer; 6 months 1 year; 4 months 6 months or longer; 4 months 1 year; 6 months

Maybe 2 years or longer; 6 months **Not 1 year; 6 months

Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents best encourage her to eat a new food? Add salt or sugar to the new food to increase her willingness to eat it. Make her stay at the table until she takes a few bites of the new food. Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it. Reward her with dessert if she eats the new food.

Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

Which statement is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills? From an early age, boys and girls are usually encouraged to pursue similar physical activities. Boys' greater overall physical maturity may be partly responsible for their better balance and precision of movement. Sex differences in motor skills increase with age, but they remain small throughout childhood. Sex difference in motor skills are largely due to genetically based differences.

Sex differences in motor skills increase with age, but they remain small throughout childhood.

Which statement is supported by research on new parenthood? Marriages that were gratifying and supportive before the arrival of a baby usually suffer the most discord after the baby is born. After the birth of a baby, the gender roles of husband and wife generally become less traditional. Shared caregiving predicts greater parental happiness and increased sensitivity toward the baby. New parents in troubled marriages usually show an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby is born.

Shared caregiving predicts greater parental happiness and increased sensitivity toward the baby.

Which statement about body growth in early childhood is true? Children add 'baby fat' and gradually become heavier and more muscular. By age 5, children become more top-heavy, bowlegged, and potbellied. The rapid increase in body size during the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern. During early childhood, children gain height and weight at a greater rate than during their first two years

The rapid increase in body size during the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern.

_______ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. Carcinogens Infectious diseases Birth defects Unintentional injuries

Unintentional injuries

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy their center of gravity shifts upward. balance improves greatly. fine-motor development slows. gross-motor development is temporarily disrupted.

balance improves greatly.

In the context of child development, attachment refers to the connection we have with people that _____. builds our dependency on them, which makes it more difficult for us to develop independent lives and personality traits causes us to experience pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. influences later development so thoroughly that it becomes more important than the parent-child relationship depends on an expectation that those people will provide for our physical needs, such as the satisfaction of hunger.

causes us to experience pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through _____________. completing joint tasks with more mature members of their society a complicated system of trial and error the basic processes of operant conditioning and modeling their interactions with the physical environment

completing joint tasks with more mature members of their society

Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying ________. a categorical self empathy an internal working model. delayed gratification

empathy

Raina and Enrico want to provide their 3-year-old daughter with experiences that promote her motor development. They can best to do so by _____________. encouraging everyday active play and providing access to play spaces with appropriate equipment. making sure she follows a daily home exercise routine that includes running, jumping, hopping, and catching. having her watch videos that show preschoolers demonstrating how to perform challenging motor skill. enrolling her in gymnastics, tumbling, and other formal lessons.

encouraging everyday active play and providing access to play spaces with appropriate equipment

Boris can effectively focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion. Boris is skilled at ______. persistently accomplishing tasks responding to operant conditioning exerting effortful control developing his categorical self

exerting effortful control

Lightening occurs when the ________. plug of mucus is released from the cervix amniotic sac is ruptured first uterine contractions take place fetus's head drops low into the uterus

fetus's head drops low into the uterus

The release and fertilization of two ova results in ______. identical twins fraternal twins intersex traits phenylketonuria (PKU)

fraternal twins

The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) is a checklist for ________. determining whether a child is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development measuring cognitive skills, such as object permanence and categorization gathering information about the quality of children's home life making long-term predictions about children's later intelligence

gathering information about the quality of children's home life

One of the functions served by amniotic fluid is to ________. help keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant deliver oxygen to the developing organism deliver nutrients to the organism and remove waste products produce blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function

help keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant

Compared with most other Western countries, the United States places greater value on ________. collectivism familism codependence individualism

individualism

An experimental design ___________________.

permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment conditions

The ________, located at the base of the brain, releases two hormones that induce growth. corpus callosum reticular formation hippocampus pituitary gland

pituitary gland

Completing tests and answering questionaires are examples of ___________.

research methods

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants _________. 'think' with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. assimilate more than they accommodate solve everyday practical problems and carry out many activities inside their heads. represent their experiences in speech, gesture, and play

'think' with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.

Kathryn is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?

** Not case study Others naturalistic observation, structured interview or clinical interview

In _________________ every participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

** Not structured observation Possibly naturalistic observation Others clinical interview or a case study

Which statement about the placenta is true? It permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism. It encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. It forms during the second trimester of pregnancy. It contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo.

**Not It encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.

The most widely used prenatal diagnostic method is ________. amnniocentesis chorionic villus sampling maternal blood analysis ultrasound

**Not chorionic villus sampling

Determining that a drug taken by the mother caused a problem for the developing organism is often difficult because ________. mothers often take more than one drug teratogens are most likely to cause disorders during the germinal period many of the problems caused by drugs taken during pregnancy are minor drug treatments have benefits that can in some circumstances outweigh their risks

**Not drug treatments have benefits that can in some circumstances outweigh their risks

In the last weeks of pregnancy, ________. most fetuses assume an upside-down position the weight of the fetus usually declines slightly fetal growth increases dramatically most fetuses assume an upside-down position

**Not most fetuses assume an upside-down position

internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate usually initiated by toddlers rather than by their parents or older siblings less frequent and less elaborate in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures discovered by toddlers independently, after they are capable of forming representational schemes a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills

**Not: discovered by toddlers independently, after they are capable of forming representational schemes

Which statement about the physical growth of infants and toddlers is true? Infants grow in spurts, but toddlers grow at a consistent, steady rate. Infants and toddlers grow more slowly than at any other time during childhood. Infants and toddlers grow in spurts. Infants and toddlers grow at a consistent, steady rate.

Infants and toddlers grow in spurts.

Which statement about iron deficiency anemia is true? It is one of the leading causes of kwashiorkor. It affects up to half of the children younger than age 5 worldwide. It causes physical problems but not cognitive problems. It is one of the leading causes of marasmus.

It affects up to half of the children younger than age 5 worldwide.

Which statement about temperament is true? It describes differences in the behavior of young children but lacks practical application when describing the behavior of adults. It is best understood as the result of genetic influences as opposed to environmental influences. It refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation. It refers to the intensity of cognitive behavior but not physical behavior.

It refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Maryann is pregnant and works in an environment in which many people smoke. What statement accurately describes the risk posed by this environment? The negative effects of smoking are evident only in children born to heavy smokers. Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses. Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children. The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.

The zone of proximal development refers to _____________. a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can perform with the help of more skilled partners internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate the cognitive discomfort a child feels during times of rapid cognitive change the adjustment of prior schemes after noticing that current ways of thinking are flawed

a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can perform with the help of more skilled partners

Changes in cultural values within the last two generations have ________. dramatically reduced the percentage of adults who do not want children allowed people to remain childless with less fear of social criticism redefined having children as an obligation to society created a compelling social expectation to have children

allowed people to remain childless with less fear of social criticism

The term teratogen refers to ________. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly a rapid period of prenatal neurological development a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Basic emotions ____________. appear in the middle of the second year. are found only among humans. are all present at birth. are universal in humans.

are universal in humans.

In cultures where mothers carry their infants on their hips or slings for most of the day, ______. babies have rich opportunities to explore with their hands infants are delayed in reaching and grasping manual skills develop later than in Western infants the overstimulation causes babies to cry more than other infants

babies have rich opportunities to explore with their hands

Unlike the sex chromosomes that form in females, the sex chromosomes that form in males ______. can include an X chromosome never include an Y chromosome can include a Y chromosome never include an X chromosome

can include a Y chromosome

The biological consequences of severe maternal stress during pregnancy _________. include memory disruptions and difficulty concentrating but not physical symptoms in mothers and their children affect mothers who experience the stressful events personally, but have no effect on their children can induce epigenetic changes that impair functioning of the body's stress response system in mothers and their children produce compensatory responses that maintain healthy levels of stress hormones in children but not their mothers

can induce epigenetic changes that impair functioning of the body's stress response system in mothers and their children

Researchers examining the language competence of deaf adults found that ______. childhood is a sensitive period of language acquisition sign language can be learned equally well at any age there is no sensitive period for language acquisition those who learned American Sign language (ASL) in adulthood were the most proficient

childhood is a sensitive period of language acquisition

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

Even after exposure to illness or poor nutrition during development, as long as these environmental factors are not too severe, __________. height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by the environment. adopted children typically reach a height close to that of their adoptive parents. body weight is more acutely influenced by eating habits rather than heredity. children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve.

children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve.

Generally, human _______ come in 23 matching pairs. phenotypes genotypes chromosomes cells

chromosomes

The two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _____________ and _________________.

correlational; experimental

The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is ________. administration of an anesthetic anoxia epidural analgesia fetal monitoring

epidural analgesia

By studying the diverse behaviors of different animal species in their natural habitats, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Timbergen laid the modern foundations for _______________.

ethology

The most reliable cues for determining the emotions that infants are experiencing are ________. vocalizations reflex reactions body movements facial expressions

facial expressions

Bianca and Deion want to have a child, but because Bianca has a family history of fragile X syndrome, they first want to find out if she is a carrier. Bianca and Deion are candidates for ________. genetic counseling in vitro fertilization amniocentesis donor insemination

genetic counseling

During infancy, ______; these sex differences ________ and adolescence. boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; disappear girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; are greatly magnified girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys; disappear boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; are greatly magnified

girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; are greatly magnified

Each country that outranks the United States in infant survival provides its citizens with __________. more up-to-date health-care technology higher numbers of well-trained medical professionals stronger crime prevention and family planning programs government-sponsored health-care benefits

government-sponsored health-care benefits

Self-conscious emotions include _______. shame, doubt, and fear embarrassment, pride, and sadness envy, happiness, and disgust guilt, shame, and pride

guilt, shame, and pride

Child development is an interdisciplinary field, meaning it

has grown though the combined efforts of many different fields of study

Parents who stress the importance of an independent self would be more likely to believe that _______. cosleeping helps prevent bad sleeping habits. having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents instills an early sense of autonomy. cosleeping builds a close parent-child bond. having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents helps children learn the ways of the people around them.

having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents instills an early sense of autonomy.

Classical conditioning ___________. emerges only after newborn reflexes have begun to wane. persists even when conditioned stimuli are not paired with unconditioned stimuli. helps infants anticipate what is about to happen next. disappears after reflexive behaviors become voluntary.

helps infants anticipate what is about to happen next.

In the United States, child poverty rates are ________. lower than in most other economically advanced nations higher than in any other economically advanced nation, but lower than the rates of most other Western nations higher than in many other economically advanced nations lower than in most other economically advanced nations

higher than in many other economically advanced nations

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

information-processing

Research supports the conclusion that infants' mastery of object permanence _____________. is a gradual achievement develops suddenly, at around 4 months of life is evident in the first month of life is not possible until toddlerhood

is a gradual achievement

Investigators of newborn imitation agree that imitation __________. undergoes little change during the first two years and is a limited source of infant learning. reflects a natural tendency for newborn perceptions to elicit corresponding actions. is a flexible, voluntary capacity in which infants actively match adult body movements. is a powerful means of learning, enabling infants to explore their social world and learn from others.

is a powerful means of learning, enabling infants to explore their social world and learn from others.

The social smile emerges during the second week of life. first appears during REM sleep. is evoked by parent-child interaction. first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.

is evoked by parent-child interaction.

Which teratogen is often present in paint flaking off the walls of old buildings? polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dioxins lead mercury

lead

Today, in Western industrialized nations, the issue of whether to have children is a ________. compelling social expectation matter of true individual choice a biological given matter unaffected by cultural factors

matter of true individual choice

The study of children who were transferred between birth and 3 1/2 years from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain found that _______. most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up. serious mental health problems only appeared in those children who spent more than 2 years in an orphanage. children who experienced adequate early nutrition were not negatively affected by early orphanage rearing. the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the higher their mental test scores during middle childhood and adolescence.

most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up.

The process of ________ involves coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer. myelination neurotransmission synaptic pruning neuroimaging

myelination

In contrast to the United States, most European countries _____________. do not require that caregivers have special training in child development offer government-subsidized child care only to low-income families have policies that support for-profit child care over government-sponsored child care nationally regulate and fund child care to ensure its quality

nationally regulate and fund child care to ensure its quality

Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

neglect the biological side of development

Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage. Justin's adoptive mother believes sensitive caregiving will help him overcome his early experiences. She is emphasizing the role of _________ in development

nurture

Fraternal twinning and other multiple births have risen dramatically in industrialized nations over the past several decades. What is one reported cause of this increase? early fertilization of the ovum global warming older maternal age variation in oxygen levels

older maternal age

Connor is 5'11" tall and has brown eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called __________. chromosomes genotypes phenotypes alleles

phenotypes

Child development is often divided into three broad domains:

physical, cognitive, and emotional and social

Angeline was born several weeks before her due date. Although she was small, her birth weight was appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus. Angeline is a(n) ________ infant. mature small-for-date anoxic preterm

preterm

The Apgar scale is used to ________. evaluate pain-relieving options for the mother quickly assess the newborn's physical condition determine whether the infant's birth weight indicates likely health problems estimate the duration of labor

quickly assess the newborn's physical condition

Emotional self-regulation _______. is evident only after development of the prefrontal cortex is complete declines rapidly during the first few years requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions refers to the onset and intensity of emotional arousal

requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions

The ________ reflex helps a breastfed baby find the mother's nipple. Moro rooting grasp sucking

rooting

Today, infant tests are largely used for ________. measuring higher-order cognitive skills making long-term predictions for extremely high-scoring babies predicting school placement for the vast majority of test-takers in the middle of a normal distribution screening to identify babies in need of intervention

screening to identify babies in need of intervention

The effects of high levels of infant cortisol and other stress hormones during childbirth include ________. slowing the process of labor and delaying crowning sedating the infant and aiding in temperature regulation contracting the bronchial tubes, which helps prepare the baby to breathe sending a rich supply of oxygen to the infant's brain and heart

sending a rich supply of oxygen to the infant's brain and heart

Which capacity is well-developed at birth? visual acuity color vision sensitivity to touch depth perception

sensitivity to touch

The first stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, spanning the first two years of life, is called the ________. sensorimotor stage preoperational stage formal operational stage concrete operational stage

sensorimotor stage

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli , and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) ______ child. difficult easy slow-to-warm-up uninhibited

slow-to-warm-up

Eight-month-old Priya is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Priya cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Priya is using _______. emotional self-regulation social referencing effortful control a secure base

social referencing

Years of education, job held, and income earned are factors used to determine a person's _______. commitment to familism Years of education, job held, and income earned are factors used to determine a person's _______. socioeconomic status macrosystem

socioeconomic status

Today, most researchers view development as ________. influenced primarily by the environment, with heredity playing only a minimal role influenced primarily by heredity in infancy, but primarily by the environment later in life the result of a dynamic interplay between heredity and environment influenced primarily by heredity, with little role played by the environment

the result of a dynamic interplay between heredity and environment

Between birth and 2 years, __________. total sleep time increases by three to six hours. the sleep-wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night-day schedule. fussiness and crying increase. the number of naps and total sleep time both increase.

the sleep-wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night-day schedule.

Sally and her granddaughter play peekaboo regularly. At first Sally starts the game and her granddaughter is an amused observer. By 12 months, the granddaughter actively participates, trading roles with Sally. Sally is helping her granddaughter __________. develop a referential style of communication. learn how to overextend and underextend. understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation. understand telegraphic speech.

understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation.

A child's IQ score offers a way of finding out ________. whether the child is ahead, behind, or average in mental development compared to agemates how the child compares in mental development to younger and older children individual strengths and weaknesses, as well as the mental and chronological age of the child the percentage of younger and older children who fall above or below the child's score

whether the child is ahead, behind, or average in mental development compared to agemates