NIU Bio 103 Exam 2
What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction that releases energy
What is catabolism?
A reaction that releases energy (breaks down)
What is anabolism?
A reaction that requires energy (builds up)
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that requires energy input
What are the product of Light Reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids (20)
What is non-competitive inhibition?
An inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme to deactivate it, so the substrate can NOT bind
What inhibits enzymes required for ATP production?
Cyanide
What is competitive inhibition?
An inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding to the active site, and the substrate is able to bind
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that produce their own food
What is another name for the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
What does G3P break down to after Fructose?
Sucrose
What conditions increase enzyme activity?
Temperature (warm not hot), correct pH, higher substrate concentration
What occurs in the cristae?
The Electron Transport Chain
What are other names for the Citric Acid Cycle
The Krebs Cycle or TCA Cycle
What is the energy of activation?
The amount of energy needed to cause molecules to react
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes into pyruvate (2 molecules) and energy (no oxygen use)
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to addition of water
Where does glycolysis occur?
The cytoplasm
Where are cristae found?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria
What are the disadvantages of fermentation?
The lactate and alcohol produced are toxic to cells
What is a substrate?
The reactant that goes into the active site of an enzyme
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
The stroma of the chloroplast
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Where do Light Reactions take place?
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
What are important facts about enzymes?
They are proteins, they are catalysts, and they usually end is -ase
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
They both produce the components the other reaction needs (they are almost opposites)
What is an example of a coenzyme?
Vitamins
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
When energy is changed from one form to another there is a loss of energy that is available to do work (randomness)
How many non-essential amino acids are there?
11
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
What is a dehydration reaction?
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other because of the removal of a water molecule.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (6CO2 + 6O2 + energy)
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another
What does G3P break down to after Glucose?
Fructose, Starch, and Cellulose
What are the products of Calvin Cycle Reactions?
Glucose (CH2O)
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6O2)
What are the first three things G3P breaks down into?
Glucose, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids
Where does fermentation occur, what kind of reaction is it, and how many ATP does it produce?
It occurs in the cytoplasm, is anaerobic, and produces 2 ATP
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur, what kind of reaction is it, and how many ATP does it produce?
It occurs in the mitochondria, is aerobic, and produces 2 ATP
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place, what kind of reaction is it, and how many ATP does it produce?
It occurs in the mitochondria, is aerobic, and produces 32-28 ATP
Since glycolysis does not use oxygen, what can the pyruvate turn into?
Lactic Acid
What are the two parts of photosynthesis?
Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
What are the powerhouses of the cell?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What are the advantages of fermentation?
Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity
