non-biology chapter 3

What plant organelle is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?

Chloroplast

The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain ______.

Eukarya

What is the function of a ribosome?

To manufacture proteins

True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.

True

Domain Eukarya includes ______.

all organisms with eukaryotic cells

______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.

Prokaryotic

______ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture.

Scanning electron

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.

The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All organisms are made of one or more cells. All cells originate from preexisting cells.

Select all of the following types of organisms that usually have cell walls.

bacteria plants algae fungi archaea

The rigid ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape.

cell wall

What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection?

cell wall

All living things consist of one or more

cells

Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of

cells.

The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the

chloroplast

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules comprise the ______, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.

cytoskeleton

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

cytoskeleton

What is the network of sacs and tubules that extends off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?

endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles called lysosomes contain ______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.

enzymes

The phosphate "head" end of a phospholipid is ______, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ______ and thus face away from water.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

The portion of the phospholipid bilayer indicated by the circle in the picture is ______.

hydrophobic

Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria.

important decomposers and producers some live in human intestines and help with digestion Earth's oldest organisms some are used to make pharmaceuticals

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent specimen to generate true-color views of cells?

light microscope

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?

lysosome

Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a __________

mitochondrion

What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?

mitochondrion

What structure is in the red circle in this image of the nucleus?

nucleolus

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the

nucleus

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

outside environment.

Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

permeable

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ______, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.

phospholipid

Select all of the following that may be components of cell membranes.

phospholipids proteins steroids

Select all of the functions of cell walls.

prevent the cell from bursting regulate cell volume impart shape

What is the most ancient type of life on Earth?

prokaryotes

The cell structure that manufactures proteins is called a

ribosome

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.

ribosomes

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

ribosomes RNA cytoplasm DNA

Proteins to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

What structure is colored red in this image of the endomembrane system and has ribosomes covering its exterior?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins.

small nonpolar molecules lipids O2 and CO2

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _______

smooth ER

What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria.

some are used to make pharmaceuticals some live in human intestines and help with digestion important decomposers and producers Earth's oldest organisms

Molecules called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.

steroids

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells.

transport substances into and out of the cell receive and respond to external stimuli enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells

What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?

vesicles

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles.

The ______theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life.

Cell Theory

The rigid ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape.

Cell Wall

What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection?

Cell Wall

All cells have a cell ______ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

Cell membrane

What prominent structure in the eukaryotic cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture?

Nucleus