North Korean Final Terms
gangsong daeguk
phrase for North Koreans since 1998 when they had difficulties. Represents NK's national goal since 1998 to have strong government militarily and economically
National Defense Committee
what Kim Jong Il used to promote himself
State Affairs Commission
what Kim Jong Un used to promote himself
수령님
what they call Kim Il Sung, the eternal leader
tongyo kyechung
wavering class
military based politics
what Kim Jong Il advocated
Refugee sur place
"who were not refugees when they left their countries of origin but who become refugees at a later date." When North Koreans go back to their country, they automatically become political prisoners. So, can apply the concept of refugee sur place
donju
-money owner -the word North Koreans use to describe the new class of traders and businessmen that has emerged
North Korean Strategy (3 components)
1) Using military threat 2) getting foreign aid (hard currency) 3) persuading domestic audiences ideological not material paradise
North Korean Preconditions for Unification (2)
1) withdrawal of US forces on the Korean Peninsula 2)End of the Armistice Treaty
9.19 Pyongyang Declaration (5 points)
1)Cessation of military hostility. 2) measures to further advance exchanges and cooperation 3) humanitarian cooperation to fundamentally resolve the issue of separated families 4) spirit of the Korean nation 5) land of peace free from nuclear weapons and threats (ultimate goal withdrawal of US forces because US represents nuclear possibility)
4 control systems in North Korea
1)Thought control->political study sessions 2)Information Control->no foreign news or broadcasts 3)Confucian Tradition->focus on hierarchy and order 4)Communist influence->Juche Ideology
Why is the year 2012 important?
100 years after the birth of Kim Il Sung. Propaganda made it seem like by this year North Korea would be a glorious state. wasn't actualized and caused a lot of people to distrust the state.
1951 Refugee Convention
1951 Refugee Convention - The legal document created by a cooperative effort of 145 countries that details what it means to be a refugee and what countries are obligated to do regarding them.. Difficult to be found a refugee: "a well-founded fear of persecution". Proving status difficult. North Koreans in China can't submit documents to prove they are refugees, since they are automatically labeled as economic migrants
Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)
A network of activists—often, a coalition of NGOs—distinguishable largely by the centrality of principled ideas or values in motivating its formation. Persuades states to follow policies in a more effective way (scientists who try to influence politics or activists who have clear motives or values motive formation). Keck and Sikkink in 1998. States NGOs play an important role
Article 67
Allows for the Freedom of press, publication assembly, demonstration and association. Not actualized. All presses under government control. press role is to "dye society one color, the color of the revolutionary color of the great leader." Press preserving leader rather than helping people
Kaesong Industrial Complex
An industrial park north of the Demilitarized Zone. It is administered by South Korean businesses and employs over 50,000 North Korean workers. Shut down in 2016
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 6 and 7
Article 6: All people have a right to be recognized as human beings Article 7: all people are equal before the law and have the right to be protected by the law without any type of discrimination
3-8-6 Generation
Born in 60's, college in 80's, politics in the 2003's. All grew up in dictatorship but then grew up in the Sunshine Era. Difficult getting diversity in opinions (homogeneous ideologies). Rho Moo-Hyung and Moon Jae-In. Bring back Sunshine Policies
Central Military Committee
Both Kim Jong Un and Kim Jong Il were head of this before becoming leader of North Korea. who gets promoted to this position is indicative
Civic vs Ethnic Nationalism
Civic Nationalism: having responsibility as a citizen of a country (state building) Ethnic nationalism: nationalism that stems from bloodlines and race rather than loyalty to a country Moon Jae-In and Kim Jong Un focus on ethnic nationalism and history and culture but do not look at how North and South Korea now have different civic nationalism Limitation to current state building is that leaders don't look at integrating civic nationalism
Kim Dae Jung
Former president of South Korea (1998-2003) Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 (only Korean recipient of a Nobel Prize) for his efforts to restore democracy in South Korea and to improve relations with North Korea. Referred to as the 'Nelson Mandela' of South Korea Sunshine Policy Founder
Arduous March (1994-1998)
How the regime described the famines that occurred and killed hundreds of thousands of people. likened the famine to a military struggle
Currency Reform 2009
Initiated by Kim Jong Un. 100:1 with old currency; Gave everyone the same amount of money despite what they had saved. Caused people to distrust the government-->differences in consciousness before and after 2009. Now many people use US $ instead of North Korean money in jamadang.
Juche
Introduced in 1955 to give legitimacy to the regime. emphasized North Korea's independence from other countries. Used after the collapse of other communist countries to show that they are different from those countries. Communism in their own style. North Korean self reliance doctrine. Effort to develop a North Korean self image. Emphasizes importance of socio-political life and people as the masters of society.
2 pillars of domestic policy
Introduced in Gansong Daeguk in 1998 during the Arduous March. 1) Development of Nuclear Weapons Program 2) Economic development
Kang Ban Seok
Kim Il Sung's mother
Kim Yo Jong
Kim Jong Un's younger sister. Very influential. Vice Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department.
North Korean (Kim Jong Un) Dilemma
North Korea needs to open up and trade in a globalized society, but this would allow inflow of outside information which would weaken society. People would notice the lies upon which the state was built, and outside interaction contradicts Juche Ideology. Wouldn't be able to control the flow of information any more
guryujang
detention houses
Nodong Sinmun
North Korea's main newspaper
Jangmadang
North Korean black market
Portrait Business
North Koreans supposed to clean portrait every day
Two Phases of Divorce Plus Reconciliation
Phase One -normalization of US DPRK relation -diplomatic relations -transnational legal separation between the two Koreas -Acceptance of the DPRK as a legitimate state Phase Two -A Peace Treaty between the US and DPRK -resolution of the two koreas as separate countries
2 pillars of state building
Political legitimacy and economic development. Kim Il Sung initially did this well so he was accepted
Life Cycle of a Norm (3 steps)
Process of internalization and diffusion of international norms. Finnemore and Sikink (1998). Three steps are: 1)Norm emergence 2) Norm cascade 3) Norm Internalization Because of norm cascade, people start to care, then internalization would be if China began to accept that some NK people are refugees. Work of NGOs to create these norms. Right now the North Korean Refugee crisis is stuck in norm cascade.
baegup
Public Distribution system
The White Paper
Published every year by the Korean Institute for National Unification. Addresses international human rights standards and human rights in North Korea. Shows the reality of civil and political rights
daedong river
Pyongyang's equivalent of the Han
Refugees vs Escapees vs Defectors
Refugees: refers to people who are fleeing a situation that violates international law Escapees: people who just escaped Defectors: Has a political meaning. means abandoned their countries
Rho Moo-Hyung
South Korean president in the early 2000s who also promoted the sunshine policy. Opened Kaesong Industrial Complex
Darusman Report
UN report in 2013 that for the first time categorized human rights abuses
Cabinet based politics
What Kim Jong Un advocates. Now says cabinet more important than military. Says North Korea is becoming a "normative state," so in a ways acknowledging that it wasn't before
hanawan
Where North Koreans go when they arrive in Korea to receive training on how to live in South Korea
Article 68 of DPRK constitution
allows for freedom of religion. At least pretends to uphold international standards. Refers to construction rather than guarantee to practice. Social order still more important to if religion infringes not allowed
Commission of Inquiry
an independent body of experts created by a government to investigate an issue of great importance. launched an investigation on North Korea for Human rights violations. Fact-Finding Mission (FFM). Clarify whether crimes against humanity are committed in North Korea. Reveal accountability of government institutions and individuals
induk chongchi
benevolent governance (Kim Jong Il)
kwangpok chongchi
broad governance (Kim Il Sung)
Bongsu, Chigol, Jungbaik
churches in North Korea (for appearances and donations only
Songbun, Todae
class system in North Korea
yonjoaje, yongoje
collective punishment
Article 63
collectivist principle, principle of all for one, one for all
haeksim kyechung
core class
Political Study Sessions
criticism based on Juche Ideology and teachings of the Kims. Ordinary citizens once a week, elites 3-4 times a week. Cite at least one item from the 1 principles. Lifestyle Review-->must always belong in a group. When repent sins must recite so must memorize them all.
yongdoja
dear leader, Kim Jong Il
Panmunjom Declaration
declaration where DPRK commits to demilitarization. April 27th 2018.1) Improving inter-Korean relations based on nationalism. Koreans ignore civil vs ethnic nationalism. RoK citizens should have pride in own state. People too emotional. People ok with Kim Jong UN-->Easing military tension on the peninsula
Universal Declaration of human rights article 18
everyone has the right to freedom of thought. conscience and religion: this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practicing, worship and observance
Dual Burden for women
expected to take care of home, husband and family while also working in the market to make money
Ministry of People's Security
functions as a police and public safety organization as well as an intelligence bureau (international investigative body)
jipgyeolso
gathering facilities for suspects
joktae kyechung
hostile class
Humanitarian versus Human Rights
human rights are civil liberties while humanitarian addresses living conditions: right to health, food, education. North Korea prefers humanitarian discourse. Human rights are more aggressive toward the regime. Humanitarian workers criticize sanctions since they mostly hurt disabled, elderly and children. Want to stop using human rights discourse because that doesn't work
State Security Department
investigates political dissident suspects. manages political prisons. monitors behavior of party officials and researches their background (Internal/domestic investigative body)
gyohwaso
long term corrective labor camps
백두산
mountain in North Korea used to legitimize the regime
negative vs positive peace
negative=end of war positive=takes human rights into consideration
Sunshine theory
policy towards North Korea that emphasized changing North Korea through interacting with it economically. First started by Kim Dae Jung and then by Rho Moo Hyung. Actualized by the Kaesong Industrial Complex (Rho Moo-Hyung) and encouraged economic cooperation
관리소
political concentration camp
마리소
prison camps
사대주의
relying on foreign countries
wonsan
special tourist zone on the sea of Japan
rason
the first special economic zone in North Korea
10 Principles
thought to be based off the 10 commandments. Things that every North Korean must follow. During political study sessions people must cite at least one principle, so everyone is required to memorize it