NP1 exam 4 GI
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (LNF)
Surgical procedure to correct a hiatal hernia and considered the preferred operative procedure. Used for surgery in GERD as well.
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood. seen in gi bleeds
stearorrhea
fat in the feces. seen in gall bladder issues.
odynophagia
pain with swallowing
cholecysterectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
emesis
vomiting
pernicious
(adj.) extremely harmful; deadly, fatal
a nurse is assessing a client who is experiencing perforation of a peptic ulcer. What is a manifestation that the nurse should expect?
- Board-like abdomen. they may also have sever pain in the abdomen and back that radiates to the right shoulder. Vomiting of blood and shock can occur if the perforation causes hemorrhaging.
peristalsis
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
chronic pancreatitis causes
90% caused by alcohol abuse
Kehr's sign
Pain that radiates to the left shoulder and down the left arm; results from a spleen injury or rupture.
Hypertonicity (spasticity)
Abnormal muscle tone felt as too much resistance to movement as a result of hyperactive reflexes and loss of inhibiting influences from higher brain centers
a nurse is planning care for a client who is postoperative following a gastrectomy. Which of the following strategies should the nurse include to help prevent dumping syndrome in the client?
Eliminate simple sugars and sugar alcohols from the clients diet. b/c: sugar, honey and sugar alcohols (sorbitol and xylitol) increase hypertonicity and propel food through the small intestines faster than food without sweeteners.
Famotidine (Pepcid)
H2 receptor antagonist, used to treat stress ulcers.
hematemesis
Very large amounts of blood in the vomit. stomach ulcers, GI bleed, bleeding in the esophagus. may look like coffee grounds.
neutropenia
a decreased number of neutrophils
gastrointestinal peritonitis
a hole in your gastrointestinal system or gall bladder may cause peritonitis. which is when the membrane lining of the abdominal cavity is very inflamed. - bacteria, bile, stomach acid, stool, or partially digested food enters the abdominal cavity.
perforation
a hole through the wall of a structure
partial gastrectomy
a surgical procedure when a part of the stomach is removed.
sordes
accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms and epithelial elements) on the teeth and gums and lips
flatus/flatulence
air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
halitosis
bad breath; may be caused by dental, digestive, or respiratory disease
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
blood test to detect increased enzymes that can indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, or nephrosis, and to test for Helicobacter pylori antibodies. and can tell if someone has recently had excessive alcohol use.
xerostomia
dry mouth; side effect of many drugs: antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, bronchodilators. may be from chemo or radiation treatment.
syncope
fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
exacerbation
increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms
dyspepsia
indigestion. usually happens after eating
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream. -Vitamin B12 deficiency
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
proton pump inhibitor (PPI), used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers.
Blumberg's sign
rebound tenderness when palpating the abdomen.
fulminant hepatic failure
sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice -*CAUSE*: viral hepatitis; hepatic encephalopathy develops within weeks of onset of disease despite no prior hepatic dysfunction; -*TREATMENT*: liver transplant
laparotomy
surgical incision into the abdomen
paracentis
surgical procedure used to remove excess fluid from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent
bruxism
the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
what causes gastrointestinal perforation?
this is a medical emergency. it may be caused by appendicitis, diverticulitis, trauma from an accident, a gun shot wound, a knife wound, it may happen in the gall bladder as well.
Varices
varicose veins of the esophagus
Xerostomia
Dryness of the mouth caused by reduction of saliva
abdominal assessment order
1. inspection 2. auscultation 3. percuss 4. palpate
a nurse is caring for a pt who has xerostomia with a lack of saliva. Which of the following nutrients will be affected by the lack of salivary amylase?
- Starch. b/c Salivary amylase begins the process of digestion in the mouth with the initial breakdown of starches. The majority of starch breakdown occurs in the small intestines with pancreatic amylase.
Vasopressin
- constricts the splanchnic bed and decreases portal pressure. Vasopressin also constricts the distal esophageal and proximal gastric veins, which reduces inflow into the portal system and is used to treat bleeding varices. -Constricts blood vessels causing increased blood pressure and permits kidneys to reabsorb water.
Esomeprazole
- proton pump inhibitor (PPI) , used to treat gastrointestinal reflux disease. Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI). Specifically H+/K+ ATPase pump. Treatment: first line for peptic ulcer dz and GERD.
Partial gastrectomy for ulcers patient teaching
Avoid liquids at mealtimes. ( Remind client to avoid drinking liquids at mealtimes to prevent the food from emptying into the small bowel too quickly.) -Include starchy vegs in the meal plan to SLOW gastric emptying -Eat high protein meals to slow gastric emptying - Do NOT eat sweetened fruits from diet to help slow gastric emptying.
