NRES 103 UIUC FINAL
Unlike the algal blooms in the last 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by
- Cyanobacteria -microcystis -blue-green algae
The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because
- it was relatively shallow -it was relatively warm - it lacked suitable spawning streams
Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time?
- salt concentration in Lake Michigan has increased over the last 1000 years
A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was
- the 9-month shipping season - that the locks and channels were too small
Which if the following factors contribute to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?
- they are geographically concentrated -connectivity -the location
The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed
- to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes -because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR
In reality, wetland serve many useful purposed. For example,
-They slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out, -they filter the water, they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl
Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to
-be greater -less predictable
Successful invasive species tend to
-be very good dispersers -produce a lot of offspring
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly
-inhibiting their ability to open their shells
The St. Lawrence divide
-is generally more of a hill than a mountain - runs through the western part of Chicago -runs through southern Canada
Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution
-is harder to track - is more difficult to regulate
DNA barcoding
-is meant to identify species -was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
Phosphorus
-is required by every living organism -does not exist naturally in the environment
in 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in US waters, but
-it is uncertain as to whether all ships will comply -such systems aren't required until 2021 -it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle
80 million tons
Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?
99%
Eutrophication
Is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients, is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?
Niagara Falls
Most invasive species are introduced
by humans
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie
has resulted in dead zones around the world -has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish
let some of them go
For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is
moderate to high
Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be
more runoff from agricultural fields
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include
none
The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because
of so much environmental degradation
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot' they can rapidly reach new locations because
offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is
very difficult to do
If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of the more invasive species showing up there is
very high
Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost
$200 million
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels
$600 million
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also
-became the dominant forage fish -helped to keep mussel populations in check -depressed populations of sculpins and darters
Eventually, the round goby
-became the dominant forage fish -helped to keep mussel populations in check -depressed populations of sculpins and darters
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by
-being sucked up in the ballast of freighters - riding currents as veligers - taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of the water -being able to live on a boat outside water for days
The side effects of lead poisoning
-can last for decades -are especially pronounced in children
To help reduce $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint
-decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River -decided to build its own water pipeline
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former
-don't need a hard surface to adhere to - can tolerate much deeper water
In nature, ecosystems are
-dynamic -unpredictable -difficult for humans to control
Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by
-filtering organic material from the water column -eating algae
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
-first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair - likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter -have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas
The Clean Water Act
-focused on point-source pollution -ignored nonpoint pollution
Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including
-good dispersers -lack predators -extremely high reproduction rate
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines
-have increased flows in the river -have made the river more turbid -have increased nutrient inputs to the river
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by
-high water -low water
Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes attributed to climate change?
-increase in water temperature -increase in the number of the heavy rainfall events
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because
-it must be favorable to an organism's survival -it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce -it must be hertiable
Ballast serves a key function on freighters because
-it provides stability to an empty ship -it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include
-making fertilizer from them -making pet food from them -making fish cakes from them
Cities tended to be constructed
-near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl -adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that
-people should have a voice in decisions that affect them -minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm
Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative
-removal of toxins -invasive species control -nonpoint source pollution control
There were fewer alewives in Lakes Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is
-shallower -warmer
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because
-the residents were mostly poor and African American -the residents were not viewed as credible -the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invades include
-their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age -the ability of females to produce so many eggs -a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes - their high filtration rate
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found
-they had the most productive land in the country -the soils were incredibly rich
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that
-they spawn up to three times per summer -they are voracious egg eaters -they drive other fish from their spawning beds
The food chain is Lake Powell
-was predicted to collapse in less than a decade -was very simple
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
-was the largest earth-moving project in North America -helped to sanitize Chicago's water -reversed the flow of the Chicago River
The second set of barriers funded by Congress
-were more powerful than the original -was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo -included three clusters of electrodes
The diet of the round goby includes
-young zebra and quagga mussels -eggs of other fish -young of larger fish -zooplankton
Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to
12%
The last glacier withdrew from North America about
12,000 years ago
Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is
2
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
20%
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?
Erie
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters
False
The deadliest fire in US history was
The Peshtigo Fire
Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal
accommodated longer and wider ships
Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to
an extremely high reproductive rate
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
bioaccumulation
The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently
could be carried by two freight trains per day
Successful invasive species often lack predator in their new environment, and also tend to be
habitat generalists
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with
data
Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has
declined
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has
decreased
Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?
downdrafts
One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that
effectiveness if difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species; it kills 99% of organisms, tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the lakes
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due differences in
elevation
The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because his party
encountered impassible rapids
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because
every overseas freighter must pass through of St. Lambert lock
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening
false
Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron
fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan
five states took USACE and Illinois to court
In the film "Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae," Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that is we are going to reduce the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first
focus on water treatment plants
In the recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?
global connectivity
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
human ignorance
A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that
invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because
it focuses on trophic relationships as a network.
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that
it has a single entry point for foreign freighters
Who eats who in the Great Lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because
it is quite large yet eats small prey items
Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was
lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
Most foreign freighter sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the US and Canada?
less than 2
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by
outflow
the alewlife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by
preying on their young outcompeting them for food
In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake huron was no safe than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech
provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody
refused to close the locks
The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to southerly course. This transition was caused by
rising land surface after the glacier's retreat
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as
seiche
All energy is derived from
sun
A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with
target conditions
On an annual basis, the Soo Lacks handle more ships and more tonnage
than the Panama and Suez Canals combined
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed
that it would ruin the business of the US ports on the eastern seaboard
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to
the Atlantic Ocean
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by
the Buckeye Traction Ditcher
In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in
the Cuyahoga River
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because
the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was
the Illinois and Michigan Canal
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to the Atlantic Ocean and connections among the lakes were modified by human activity. A key reason that the consequences were so profound is that
the Lakes are relatively young
Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of
the Safe Water Drinking Act
Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region?
the Sioux
In the film, "Invasive Species- Asian Carp," Kay Nelson who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because
the general public has the impression that this is a quick fix
The drought in California is a national problem because
the grow 90% of the nations produce
According to the film, "What's so Great About the Great Lakes," of the five lakes, Superior is not
the stormiest
White fish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because
their stomach muscles began to enlarge
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that
they both seemed limitless
The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because
they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because
they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?
they're actually one lake
It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario
through the Erie Canal
The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was
to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
In the film, "The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was
to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
A key commercial use of the Great Lakes ever since the days of La Salle involves
transportation
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
trophic
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining
water quality
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon
were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration of
wetlands
The scientific method in initiated
with observations