NRSG-387R: Midterm (quizes)

1- 3. The Institute of Medicine issued a seminal report on the future of nursing that set a goal that, by 2020, ____ of all clinical decisions would be based on research evidence. A) 90% B) 50% C) 100% D) 75%

A) 90%

1- 2. When a research report is subjected to appraisal by a neutral party who is unassociated with the research and unaware of the report's authorship, it is known as a: A) blinded peer review. B) replicated review. C) peer review. D) blinded nursing research.

A) Blinded peer review

7- 7. Which of the following is a mathematical process that may be done prospectively to determine how many subjects are needed? A) Calculation of power B) Effect size C) Saturation D) Detection

A) Calculation of power

5- 9. Which of the following key resource databases for nursing research is proprietary? A) Cochrane Library B) PubMed C) ERIC D) Google Scholar

A) Cochrane Library

3- 9. Which of the following is a type of research misconduct where data or results are made up? A) Fabrication B) Falsification C) Plagiarism D) Infringement

A) Fabrication

4- 6. Which of the following should be a characteristic of a qualitative purpose statement? A) Feasible B) Biased C) Vague D) Loose fit

A) Feasible

7- 6. What is the primary difference between ecological validity and population validity? A) In ecological validity research findings can be generalized to other settings, while in population validity findings can be generalized to other subjects B) In ecological validity research findings can be generalized to other subjects, while in population validity findings can be generalized to other settings. C) In ecological validity research findings can be generalized to other disciplines, while in population validity findings can be generalized to other sciences. D) In ecological validity research findings can be generalized to other sciences, while in population validity findings can be generalized to other disciplines.

A) In ecological validity research findings can be generalized to other settings, while in population validity findings can be generalized to other subjects

1- 4. The creation of which organization in 1986 was a seminal step in recognizing the importance of nursing research? A) National Center for Research for Nursing B) National Institutes of Health (NIH) C) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) D) American Association of Colleges of Nursing

A) National Center for Research for Nursing

5- 4. Which of the following is a way to measure the quality of a research publication? A) Peer review B) Cohort review C) Literacy impact factor- a lot of people read these journals D) Citation analysis

A) Peer review

7- 10.1. The entire set of subjects that are of interest to the researcher is called the: A) Population B) Subject C) Sample D) Unit of analysis

A) Population

8- 2. A nurse researcher is conducting a survey determining students' level of comfort with clinical skills. What type of data will be collected? A) Primary data B) Secondary data C) Internal data D) External data

A) Primary data

8- 9.1. What primary research method utilizes sets of closed questions with a fixed number of alternative responses the respondent has to select from? A) Questionnaires B) Focus groups C) Government databases D) Patient physiologic measures

A) Questionnaires

8-10. Which of the following is an advantage of using an existing instrument in research studies? A) Saves time in developing a test blueprint B) Makes it possible to replicate a study C) Helps construct validity (validity = the ability of an instrument to consistently measure what it is supposed to measure). D) Revisions are unnecessary

A) Saves time in developing a test blueprint

4- 2. Research problem statements: A) are declarations of disparity. B) are declarations of intent. C) declare what is being studied. D) declare who is being studied.

A) are declarations of disparity.

2- 8. Studies that are conducted by looking at a single phenomenon across multiple populations at asingle point in time are called: A) cross-sectional studies. B) prospective studies. C) longitudinal studies. D) retrospective studies.

A) cross-sectional studies.

6-4. The variable that is synonymous with the outcome of interest is called the: A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) extraneous variable. D) descriptive variable.

A) dependent variable.

1- 6. Nursing process includes the stages of assessment, planning, intervention, and: A) evaluation. B) measurement. C) improvement. D) feedback.

A) evaluation.

6- 6. Factors that exert an effect on the outcome, but that are not part of the planned experiment and may confuse the interpretation of the results, are referred to as: A) extraneous variables. B) situational factors. C) dependent variables. D) confounding factors.

A) extraneous variables.

1- 5. Groups whose members meet periodically to critique published studies or care standards are called: A) journal clubs. B) research conferences. C) blinded reviews. D) peer reviews.

A) journal clubs.

8- 6.1. This is minimized when reliability is high and is the difference between the true score and the observed score is a .... A) measurement error B) systematic error. C) random error. D) instrument error.

A) measurement error

3- 5. A researcher fails to follow the research protocol and compromises subjects' safety. The researcher may be accused of: A) negligence. B) breach of duty. C) battery. D) discrimination.

A) negligence.

4- 8. The type of hypothesis that declares there is no difference between groups is called a(n): A) null hypothesis. B) alternative hypothesis. C)directional hypothesis. D) non-directional hypothesis.

A) null hypothesis.

2- 2. The philosophical assumptions and belief system that underlie a research study are referred to as a(n): A) paradigm. B) methodology. C) discovery. D) argument.

A) paradigm.

2- 7. The research design that involves identifying the variables that represent characteristics of interest and then measuring them in a reliable and valid way is: A) quantitative research. B) qualitative research. C) mixed methods. D) nested methods.

A) quantitative research.

7- 3. The only way to be sure that a sample represents a population is if it incorporates the following two essential criteria: A) random selection and independence B) random selection and dependence. C) purposive selection and independence. D) purposive selection and dependence.

A) random selection and independence

7- 1. When subjects elect not to participate in a study and/or drop out of a study, this can lead to: A) sampling error B) sampling bias. C) selection bias D) selection error.

A) sampling error

5- 2. Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing is an example of a(n): A) seminal work. B) secondary source. C) empirical work. D) primary work.

A) seminal work.

3- 2. Vulnerable populations in research include those groups: A) with limited autonomy to make decisions. B) with a vested interest in the study outcomes. C) with less than a high school education. D) with limited knowledge of the research process.

A) with limited autonomy to make decisions.

4- 9. Evidence-based research often states the research question in a PICO format. The C in PICO stands for: A) Concept. B) Comparison. C)Construct. D) Content.

B) Comparison.

2- 4. How are quantitative and qualitative research approaches different? A) Reality is viewed objectively in qualitative research and constructed by the individual in quantitative research. B) Design is highly controlled in quantitative research and adaptable in qualitative research. C) Sampling is population-based in qualitative research and restricted to individuals in quantitative research. D) Analysis is deductive in qualitative research and inductive in quantitative research.

B) Design is highly controlled in quantitative research and adaptable in qualitative research.

7-7.1. which of the following represents the size of the differences between experimental and control groups compared to variability and is an indication of the clinical importance of a finding? A) Calculation of power B) Effect size C) Saturation D) Detection

B) Effect size

3- 8. A research study poses a minimal risk to subjects in that the probability and/or magnitude of discomfort anticipated in the research is not greater than what is ordinarily encountered in daily life. What type of review by the IRB (Institutional Review Board) will this study most probably receive? A) Exempt B) Expedited C) Full d) fortified

B) Expedited

2- 3. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the purpose of qualitative nursing research? A) Inferences are used to generalize findings to a defined population. B) Findings are used to gain understanding of patients' experiences. C) Findings are used to determine cause and effect of a phenomenon. D) Inferences are used to establish evidence-based guidelines.

B) Findings are used to gain understanding of patients' experiences.

2- 1. Nursing research is a disciplined and systematic process. Which of the following is usually the first step in the research process? A) Determine an appropriate theoretic framework for the study B) Identify a gap in knowledge related to nursing practice C) Select a design that is appropriate for the study D) Complete a systematic review of the literature

B) Identify a gap in knowledge related to nursing practice

7- 4. Selection bias is eliminated under which of the following conditions? A) Sample is not representative of the population. B) Numbers in the sample are adequate C) Researcher is able to influence selection or assignment of subjects. D) Ease of recruitment skews subject characteristics.

B) Numbers in the sample are adequate

8- 8. In which example of a primary data collection method is the researcher the instrument? A) Questionnaires B) Observation C) Chart review D) Photovoice

B) Observation

5- 6. When reading the literature review section of a research study, the reader needs to assess for which of the following information? A) A single, reliable source of data B) Presence of bias in article selection C) Article dated within the past 15 years D)Exclusion of contradictory results from the literature

B) Presence of bias in article selection

8-1. A nurse researcher is conducting a retrospective study and using a chart review to collect data. What type of data will be collected? A) Primary data B) Secondary data C) Internal data D) External data

B) Secondary data

5- 8. Which of the following is the second step in a strong literature review? A) Identify inclusion and exclusion criteria. B) Select the resources. C) Critically appraise the study quality and findings. D) Identify the research problem and question

B) Select the resources.

8- 4. A researcher is interested in determining whether an instrument has stability over time. What test should be conducted? A) Test of internal consistency B) Test-retest reliability C) Test of concurrent validity D) Test of content validity

B) Test-retest reliability

7- 8. The selection of a sample based on subjects who are accessible to the researcher is called: A) simple random sampling. B) convenience sampling C) cluster random sampling. D) snowball sampling.

B) convenience sampling

4- 5. The traditional method for finding and developing research questions relies on a sequential process from general interest to development of the research question. This process is: A) inductive. B) deductive. C) conceptual. D) indescribable.

B) deductive.

6- 1. Careful consideration of the ___________________________ serves as the basis for the research design. A) type of theory used in the study B) demands of the research question C) type of statistics to be used in the study D) number of subjects needed in the study - need bigger sample sizes to make results generalizable

B) demands of the research question

6-3. Experimental studies measure cause and effect. The variable that is synonymous with the "cause" is referred to as the: A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) extraneous variable - variable that can impact the outcome so try to manage it D) descriptive variable.

B) independent variable.

3- 3. Researchers may not use underprivileged persons to benefit those who are privileged. This constitutes a major tenet of the principle of: A) beneficence. B) justice. C) respect for persons. D) equal opportunity.

B) justice.

4- 4. Which of the following is a source for researchable nursing problems? A) Ethical practices B) performance improvement C) Methodologically complex problems D) Internet search

B) performance improvement

2- 10. Studies planned by the researcher for collection of primary data for specific research are classified as: A) cross-sectional studies. B) prospective studies. C) longitudinal studies. D) retrospective studies.

B) prospective studies.

4- 1. Research that is reproduced to validate findings and increase generalizability is referred to as a: A) randomized clinical trial. B) replication study. C) systematic review. D) validation study.

B) replication study.

5-3. A summary of multiple research studies on one topic is a(n): A) seminal work. B) secondary source. C) empirical work. D) primary source.

B) secondary source.

8- 7. The capability of an instrument to detect a disease if it is present is called: A) specificity. B) sensitivity C) discriminant validity. D) predictive validity.

B) sensitivity

5- 7. Evidence-based information is depicted as a pyramid in the text. Which of the following is part of the "unfiltered information" layer of the pyramid? A) Systematic reviews B) Critically appraised topics C) Cohort studies D) Expert opinion

C) Cohort studies

7- 9. Which of the following is likely to increase subject attrition in research studies? A) Keeping data collection procedures simple B) Minimizing hassle and inconvenience C) Designing complex collection methods D) Using multiple reminder methods

C) Designing complex collection methods

4- 10. The FINER model gives guidance in the appraisal of a research question. The E in the acronym stands for: A) Effect. B) Error. C) Ethical. D) Evidence-based

C) Ethical.

6-7. Which of the following research designs is used to answer questions that seek to investigate causality? A) Survey design B) Correlational design C) Experimental design D) Cross-sectional design

C) Experimental design

8- 9. Which of the following is a secondary data collection method? A) Questionnaires B) Focus groups C) Government databases D) Patient physiologic measures

C) Government databases

3- 7. A full IRB (Institutional Review Board) review is not needed for which of the following? A) The research findings will be published. B) Federal funds are received to conduct the research. C) Human subjects are put at a minimal risk or less. D) Protected health information is required.

C) Human subjects are put at a minimal risk or less.

2- 5. A nurse researcher designs a study to measure pain ratings of subjects using a relaxation exercise and also interview them about their experiences. What type of research is being conducted? A) Quantitative research B) Qualitative research C) Mixed methods D) Nested methods

C) Mixed methods

5- 5. Why is it important that nurses be information literate? A) So they can acquire an advanced graduate degree B) Because computer literacy is essential in the modern workplace C) Nurses must be able to decipher the knowledge generated through healthcare research. D)It provides a foundation for lifelong learning.

C) Nurses must be able to decipher the knowledge generated through

6- 8. Which of the following investigates the meaning of an experience among those who have experienced the same phenomenon? A) Survey design B) Longitudinal study C) Phenomenology D) Ethnography

C) Phenomenology

5- 1. Which of the following is an example of empirical literature? A) An article describing a grand theory in nursing B) An article describing a middle range theory in nursing C) Practice guidelines D) An article describing a concept analysis

C) Practice guidelines

8- 3. A nurse researcher is measuring blood pressures of women who are diagnosed with pre- eclampsia. The sphygmomanometer has not been calibrated correctly, which results in inaccurate readings. What type of error is this? A) Sampling error B) Random error C) Systematic error D) Non-systematic error

C) Systematic error

3- 1. Which two international codes were developed to guide researcher in carrying out ethical research? A) The Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report B) The National Research Act and the Declaration of Helsinki C) The Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki D) The National Research Act and the Belmont Report

C) The Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki

2- 6. Which of the following is most important to the researcher in selecting a research design? A) The type of subjects being studied B) The type of data being collected C) The nature of the research problem D) The expertise of the researchers

C) The nature of the research problem

6-2. A longitudinal study would be unrealistic design under what circumstances? A) The study has many extraneous variables. B) Subjects must be randomly assigned groups. C) The study has a short time frame. D) The study requires expensive resources.

C) The study has a short time frame.

4- 7. A type of research question that is posed to compare one or more interventions is said to be: A) correlational. B) prospective. C) analytic. D) retrospective.

C) analytic.

7- 5. The measurement of the magnitude of the impact of an intervention is referred to as the: A) power analysis. B) test of fit. C) effect size. D) factor analysis.

C) effect size.

6- 10. A research study design that examines causality where the treatment is introduced to a group but random assignment and/or a control group is missing is called a: A) causal-comparative design. B) correlational design. C) quasi-experimental design. D) case control design

C) quasi-experimental design.

8- 6. A non-reproducible error that arises from a variety of factors in measurement and does not affect the average scores but does affect the variation that exists around the average is called a(n): A) measurement error. B) systematic error. C) random error. D) instrument error.

C) random error.

4- 3. Research questions for qualitative studies are usually: A) precise. B) measurable. C) vague. D) indescribable.

C) vague.

3- 10. Which of the following is considered identifiable personal health information? A) Standardized test result B) Lab test result C) Place of birth D) Internet protocol address

D) Internet protocol address

5-10. Which of the following bibliographic management applications also serves as a social- networking site for researchers? A) Zotero B) Refworks C) Endnote D) Mendeley

D) Mendeley

3- 4. Deception or incomplete disclosure is not allowed in research under which of the following conditions? A) No other non-deceptive method exists. B) The study will make a substantial contribution to the body of knowledge. C) There is a plan to debrief the subjects regarding the deception. D) Subjects are unable to give informed consent.

D) Subjects are unable to give informed consent.

8-5. A researcher is interested in determining whether the measurement of an instrument to be used in a research study makes sense. What assessment should be made? A) Test of internal consistency B) Test-retest reliability C) Test of concurrent validity D) Test of content validity

D) Test of content validity

6-5. The variable that portrays the sample or some characteristic of the phenomenon under study is referred to as the: A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) extraneous variable. D) descriptive variable

D) descriptive variable

3- 6. A researcher enrolls only white males in a study because of the greater ease in recruiting this population. The researcher may be accused of: A) negligence. B) breach of duty. C) battery. D) discrimination.

D) discrimination.

6- 9. A common descriptive research design where data is collected from a sample over time to describe changes in characteristics or events is referred to as a: A) case study. B) cross-sectional study. C) single subject design. D) longitudinal study.

D) longitudinal study.

2- 9. Studies that are conducted using data that have already been collected about events that have already happened are classified as: A) cross-sectional studies. B) prospective studies. C) longitudinal studies. D) retrospective studies.

D) retrospective studies.

7- 2. The potential participants who meet the definition of the population and are accessible to the researcher is referred to as the: A) population. B) sample. C) subjects. D) sampling frame

D) sampling frame

7- 10. The major entity or subject that will be analyzed in the study is called the: A) population. B) subject. C) sample. D) unit of analysis.

D) unit of analysis.

1- 7. True or False? Evidence-based practice must be supported by randomized controlled trials.

False

1- 8. True or False? Like nursing, evidence-based medicine requires a holistic approach to the care of individuals.

False

1- 1. Testing traditional approaches to patient care for continued relevance and effectiveness is: A) nursing research. B) journal club. C) research-related activity. D) clinical practice guideline.

a) Nursing research

1- 9. In a ______ review, personal influence is avoided.

blinded

1- 10. In quality improvement, the goal of data collection is __________application

internal