NSC Chapter 7
Collagen
cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue
What elements are combined to make a protein
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
best way to diagnose allergens that cause allergies
testing performed by an immunologist and skin testing
every cell contains protein
true
Protein-energy malnutrition is an example of
undernutrition
protein supplements are not recommended for healthy persons bc supplements may
upset the bodys ability to absorb other amino acids
Which are not used as major sources of fuel for cells
water and proteins
most children outgrow allergies by the time they are ___________
young adults
Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation when the wrong amino acid is added to _____
hemoglobin
Which of the following elements is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates
nitrogen
A vegan, or total vegetarian eats:
only plant foods
____ proteins are heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat
plant
dish that includes complementary proteins
red beans and rice
What is a function of blood proteins
maintain fluid balance
A _________ diet is best for getting high-quality protein bc of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids
mixed
______ are food additives commonly found in foods such as wines, potatoes and shrimp that can cause negative reactions when consumed
sulfites
Poor sources of protein include
Fruits
contractile
muscle movement
An athletes diet should supply enough calories from carbs and fat in order to spare ______ for growth, repair, and maintenance of muscle tissue
protein
Allergens in food are typically _____ that the body cannot digest
proteins
Which is true about protein deficiency in the United States
it is uncommon
The _____ remove urea from the bloodstream and eliminate it in the urine
kidneys
A ______ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils
legume
Urea is ______ toxic than ammonia
less
After completion of final digestion of proteins in the absorptive cells, amino acids travel to the
liver
Diseases of the _____ and ____ may pose certain challenges related to metabolizing amino acids
liver and kidney
Which protein type lacks one or more of the essential amino acids
low-quality protein and incomplete
The human digestive system does not digest _____ proteins sources as efficiently as _____ protein sources
low-quality; high-quality
It is suggested that the higher protein diets may be effective for weight loss because protein contributes to _____ more so than fat or carbohydrates
satiety
A food allergy is a reaction that occurs when the _____ system reacts to a harmless food substance
Digestive
Large, complex organic nutrients made of amino acids are known as
proteins
How many essential amino acids exist?
9
Absorptive cells secrete _________ that aid in the splitting of polypeptide chains while in the small intestine
proteases
Process of protein digestion in the correct order, form start to finish
1. digest proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein splitting enzymes 3. final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4. amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver
How many nonessential amino acids exist?
11
Signs and symptoms of celiac disease
abdomina bloating, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea
what occur within a few minutes to a couple of hours after eating an offensive food
allergic reactions
proteins are made up of smaller units called
amino acids
Components of the amino acid
amino group, side group/R group, and acid group
Anaphylactic shock results from
an allergic reaction, and a serious drop in blood pressure
people with this condition often have trouble when consuming foods with sulfites
asthma
what disease results in the poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine
celiac disease
who is at greatest risk of protein deficiency
children who live in poor countries
Which actions would help cut the cost of consuming protein on a regular basis while still meeting requirements
combine animal source with a plant source, include more dairy products and eggs in meals
unproven diagnostic methods for allergies
diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner, electrodermal testing, and hair analysis
consuming sulfites can result in
diarrhea, flushing skin and hives
high-quality protein
eggs, poultry, meat, fish
recommended snack prior or after a workout
peanut butter toast or turkey sandwich
Who is at risk for protein deficiency
people with low incomes and elderly people
_______ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins
pepsin
Muscle is mostly comprised of
protein (22%) water (70%)
It is important that snacks consumed before or after exercise contain both __________ and __________
protein and carbs
When there are limiting amino acids in a food, the body may have difficulty supporting
repair of tissues and growth
transportation proteins in the body
retinol and hemoglobin
A person who eats all foods except red meats would be considered a
semi-vegetarian
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood
serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
food sources contain some of the most common allergenic proteins
shellfish, peanuts, wheat
T or F. proteins are rarely used to meet energy needs
true
food intolerances are common with foods such as
wine, eggs, milk
Where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids
within the border of absorptive cells
A ______ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products
Lactovegetarian
Good sources of proteins
beans and nuts
Diets containing gluten may be beneficial in which ways
stimulating growth of good bacteria, improving immune function and lowering blood pressure
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
During resistance exercise, proteins in the working muscles
break down
The long term effects of protein malnutrition include
brain damage, lower intelligence, and stunted growth
Which populations would have an above average protein requirement
breastfeeding mothers, burn victims and young children
______ is a group of related proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye
gluten
Which of the following are effective ways to increase muscle mass?
maintain a nutritionally adequate diet, and to perform muscle-strengthening excercises
Does DNA play a vital role in protein synthesis
True
T or F: your body able to recycle nitrogen to make non essential amino acids, but daily protein intake is important to maintain healthy levels
True
What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?
Vitamin B-12, iron, and vitamin D
A _______ disease is a chronic condition in which the immune system cells attack and destroy normal, healthy cells
autoimmune
vegetarians tend to adopt behaviors of
avoiding tobacco and regular exercise
If cells make mistakes and connect wrong amino acids, they will produce abnormal proteins that can lead to
birth defects
crescent shaped blood cell can cause
block in blood flow and tissue damage
A high protein diet can increase ___ loss in urine
calcium
Two sources of incomplete protein that are combined and form a complete protein are called
complementary proteins
what confirms the diagnosis of celiac disease
damaged villi
what is digested within the boarder of absorptive cells of the small intestine
di- and tripeptides
ovovegetarian
eats eggs but no other animal foods
lactoovovegetarian
eats milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods
lactovegetarian
eats milk and milk products, but no animal flesh or eggs
______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues
edema
Complete sources of protein
eggs, quinoa, soybeans and milk
Animal proteins are a good source of all ______ amino acids
essential
A high protein intake typically translates into a high _____ intake
fat
The carbon skeletons from excess protein can be used to make
fat, glucose, energy, and non-essential amino acids
keratin
hair, nails, and skin
____ protein diets lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration
high
Advantages of vegetarian diet
high in phytochemicals, low saturated fat and cholesterol, and high fiber
_________ helps the proteins unravel to allow for pepsin to break apart the peptide bonds
hydrochloric acid
Lower risks of which of the following disease conditions has linked to a vegetarian diet
hypertension and diabetes