NSCI111 Exam 3

During what developmental period are the gonads undifferentiated? A. Throughout fetal development B. Until puberty C. The first 6 weeks of gestation D. The gonads are never undifferentiated

C. The first 6 weeks of gestation

What can be considered the master regulator of the endocrine system? A. The thalamus. B. The pineal gland. C. The hypothalamus. D. The pituitary gland

C. The hypothalamus.

Which androgen leads to the development of the male reproductive system? A. Estradiol B. Testosterone C. Prostaglandins D. Progesterone

*B. Testosterone

Indicate which signals are satiety signals or orexigenic (feeding) signals. (A=Orexigenic, B=Satiety) 1. High levels of leptin 2. Gastric distention 3. Insulin 4. Ghrelin 5. CCK 6. Low levels of leptin 7. Orexin

1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. A

Which of the following brain structures are part of the limbic system? A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. cingulate gyrus D. hypothalamus E. occipital lobe F. the premotor cortex G. the cerebellum

A, B, C, D

Which of the following defines a central pattern generator? A. A circuit that is capable of producing rhythmic output on its own B. A circuit that only causes locomotion C. A circuit that's always found in the spinal cord D. A circuit that is responsible for feedback that terminates a neuronal response E. A circuit that does not receive any outside input

A. A circuit that is capable of producing rhythmic output on its own

Which of the following has NOT been linked with greater emotional recognition? A. Being more introvertive B. High socioeconomic status C. Being female D. Being socially dominant

A. Being more introvertive

What is the primary stress hormone? And what receptors mediate its effect on the body? A. CORT; glucocorticoid receptors B. Cortisol; NMDA/AMPA receptors C. ADH; glucocorticoid receptors D. Norepinephrine; adrengic receptors

A. CORT; glucocorticoid receptors

Which of the following structures is associated with predatory aggression, as shown by stimulation experiments in cats? A. Lateral hypothalamus B. Medial hypothalamus C. Periaqueductal gray D. Medial amygdala

A. Lateral hypothalamus

What is one other major source of input to the cerebellum? A. The motor cortex (by way of the pons) B. The basal ganglia C. The hypothalamus D. The olfactory bulb E. The occipital lobe

A. The motor cortex (by way of the pons)

What happens to brain activity in the visual cortex when subjects are forced to attend to parts of the visual field outside of the fovea? A. The pattern of brain activity shifts retinotopically B. The whole retinotopic map becomes activated C. Activity in the primary visual cortex ceases and the extra striate cortex takes over D. Visual areas outside the occipital cortex participate in this type of task

A. The pattern of brain activity shifts retinotopically

Visual target detection is enhanced when the target appears in an expected location A. True B. False

A. True

Steroid hormones have both organizational and activational effects. Which of the following is an example of an organizational effect of steroid hormones? A. Wolffian dict develops into the male reproductive organs B. Testosterone increases during sexual arousal C. Testosterone surge in male songbirds in the spring D. Breast development

A. Wolffian dict develops into the male

What is the main output from the hypothalamus, as discussed in class? A. neuropeptides B. neurotransmitters C. hormones D. steroids

A. neuropeptides

An isometric muscle contraction (i.e. pushing on a wall without moving it or your body) would lead to change in the firing rate of... A. 1a afferents B. 1b afferents C. Both 1a and 1b afferents

B. 1b afferents

The most effective sites for self-stimulation for reward are along the trajectory of the ___________ axons arising in the ventral ___________ area and projecting to the forebrain A. Serotonin; raphe B. Dopamine; tegmental C. GABA; prefrontal D. Glutamate; hypothalamic

B. Dopamine; tegmental

Binocular rivalry experiments in humans using alternating images of a house and a face have demonstrated fMRI alternating changes in brain activity in what areas of the brain? A. V1 and V2 B. FFA and PPA C. LIP and V4 D. FEF and IT

B. FFA and PPA

According to the internal mentation hypothesis about the default network, even when we are at rest, we must broadly monitor our environment A. True B. False

B. False

Homeostasis keeps the body's conditions static. A. True B. False

B. False

Steroid hormones can easily pass through the cell membranes and bind to receptors within the cytoplasm, giving them direct access to the nucleus and gene expression. A. True B. False

B. False

In the HPA axis, the hypothalamus produces CRH and releases it to the adrenal gland. A. True B. False

B. False The hypothalamus produces CRH and releases this to the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary then releases ACTH to the periphery causing the adrenal gland to produce and release cortisol into the blood stream.

Which of the following would occur when leptin is low? A. Muscle weakness will occur. B. Feeding Behaviors would be stimulated. C. Neurons with nicotinic receptors will atrophy. D. Neuron's energy usage will plummet.

B. Feeding Behaviors would be stimulated.

Which of the following structures is known as the "true master gland of the endocrine system"? A. Anterior pituitary B. Hypothalamus C. Adrenal glands D. Thyroid glands

B. Hypothalamus

What is special about the structure of a steroid hormone in terms of circulation throughout the body? A. The hormone is large and does not move so that it acts on only one part of the body B. Its structure allows for passing through cell membranes. C. Its structure allows one specific molecule to interact with multiple targets at the same time, having effects on different cell types simultaneously. D. Its allows for the hormone to just flow through the body without interacting with cells

B. Its structure allows for passing through cell membranes.

What transcription factor does the SRY gene encode that is essential for creating the Wolffian system? A. Testosterone B. Testis-determining factor C. Androgens D. Estradiol

B. Testis-determining factor

What releases Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone into circulation? A. The gonads B. The pituitary C. The hypothalamus D. The sinus gland

B. The pituitary

If blood pressure was low, what type of neuropeptide would the pituitary gland secrete? A. Renin B. Vasopressin C. CRH D. Norepinephrine

B. Vasopressin

Dopaminergic neurons that used to fire in response to a reward and now fire in response to cues associated with that reward would increase firing rate when_______. A. After eating a plate of nachos. B. When you get in line for a coffee in the morning. C. When you think you will get a reward but then you do not. D. While you are eating a donut.

B. When you get in line for a coffee in the morning.

What is the concept behind Cannon-Bard theory? A. You perceive a stimulus, your body reacts, and your brain analyzes the body's state and interprets the emotion B. You perceive a stimulus, your brain interprets the emotion one should feel with encountering this specific stimulus, and then directs your body on how to feel or what to do C. The ability of the brain to compartmentalize and separate emotion from incoming stimuli/situations D. Bottom-up control of emotion

B. You perceive a stimulus, your brain interprets the emotion one should feel with encountering this specific stimulus, and then directs your body on how to feel or what to do

What do drugs of abuse have in common? A. acts on acetylcholine receptors in the VTA B. activate the dopamine reward pathway C. acts on opioid receptors in the VTA D. prevents dopamine reuptake into the presynaptic terminal.

B. activate the dopamine reward pathway

How is the HPA axis regulated? A. positive feedback of cortisol B. negative feedback of cortisol C. positive feedback of CRH D. negative feedback of CRH

B. negative feedback of cortisol

Examples of two types of neuropeptides produced by magnocellular neurons are: A. oxytocin and other neuropeptides B. oxytocin and CRH C. vasopressin and oxyotcin D. CRH and vasopressin

B. oxytocin and CRH

What is the role of the basal ganglia in regards to movement?

Basal ganglia is involved in the initiation, cessation, and amplitude of volitional (voluntary) movement. Its main input is from the frontal cortex. It projects to the ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus and provides input to area 6.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between 1a and 1b afferents? A. The receptive ends are attached to different sensory transducers B. The receptive ends are found in different locations (relative to the muscle fibers) C. 1a's send information exclusively to alpha motor neurons, 1b's send information exclusively to the cerebellum D. 1a's receive information about muscle length, 1b's receive information about muscle tension E. 1a's synapse directly onto motor neurons, 1b's always go through an interneuron

C. 1a's send information exclusively to alpha motor neurons, 1b's send information exclusively to the cerebellum

Muscle spindles are innervated by A. Sensory fibers B. Motor fibers C. Both sensory and motor fibers D. Autonomic fibers E. Sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers

C. Both sensory and motor fibers

Which of the following describes neurohormones? A. Hormones that affect nerve cell activity B. Hormones that inhibit nerve cell activity C. Hormones released into the blood by neurons D. Hormones released into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic neurons

C. Hormones released into the blood by neurons

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans? A. Decreased vigilance or attention B. Increased recognition of fearful, happy, and neutral face expressions C. Increased anxiety and fear D. Decreased fear and aggression

C. Increased anxiety and fear

Which cortical pathway would a reinforcer mainly act on to promote motivated behavior? (Hint: think about what neurotransmitter is implicated in feeling pleasure) A. Nigrostriatal DA pathway B. 5-HT pathway C. Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway D. Glutamatergic connections between the hippocampus and amygdala

C. Mesocorticolimbic DA pathway

In where is dopamine released while eating food? A. Adrenal gland B. Hypothalamus C. Nucleus accumbens D. Amygdala

C. Nucleus accumbens

Define attention A. A state of hyperactivity and impulsiveness B. An increased detection threshold C. The ability to focus on one aspect of sensory input D. An increased reaction time

C. The ability to focus on one aspect of sensory input

The structure in the HPA axis that produces ACTH is ______, and the ACTH ends up at the ______. A. The hypothalamus; pituitary B. The adrenal gland; pineal gland. C. The pituitary; adrenal gland. D. The hypothalamus; pineal gland.

C. The pituitary; adrenal gland.

Mirror neurons are activated in response to both self-movements and the movements of others. What is one brain region where these neurons are commonly found? A. Hypothalamus B. Within the central sulcus C. Ventral Premotor Area D. Amygdala

C. Ventral Premotor Area

What does the Wernicke-Geschwind model propose as the role Broca's area plays in language processing? A. Broca's area processes sounds as meaningful words B. Word-based signals are passed to Wernicke's area via the arcuate fasciculus C. Words are converted to a code for the muscular movements required for speech D. Broca's area controls the movement of the lips, tongue, and larynx

C. Words are converted to a code for the muscular movements required for speech

Which of the following describes ghrelin? A. A peptide highly concentrated in the intestines that is released into the bloodstream when the intestines are empty B. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is full C. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is empty D. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty

D. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty

What experiment gave us insight into one of the functions of the amygdala? A. Using fMRI to measure activation of brain regions while subjects watch videos of people experiencing pain B. Observing behavioral differences with lesions to the amygdala C. Pairing a mild shock with a tone in a rodent study D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following molecules is a peptide hormone? (polar, mostly in blood) A. Estrogen B. Testosterone C. Cortisol D. Oxytocin (vasopressin is as well)

D. Oxytocin

Which brain structure plays a critical role in fear learning? A. The auditory cortex B. Wernicke's Area C. The thalamus D. The amygdala

D. The amygdala

Without aromatase, what would happen? Hint: think about sex hormone synthesis A. Cholesterol would not be able to be synthesized B. Nothing C. Testosterone would not be able to bind directly to GABAa receptors, thus affecting synaptic transmission D. There would be no way to convert testosterone into estradiol, creating a hormonal imbalance

D. There would be no way to convert testosterone into estradiol, creating a hormonal imbalance

1a and 1b afferents both refer to... A. Neurons with long thickly myelinated axons and cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion (or the brainstem) B. Sensory neurons with a pseudounipolar morphology C. Neurons that generate and relay information about proprioception D. Cells that associate with sensory organs found in skeletal muscles E. All of the above

E. All of the above

What is an example of an androgen? A. testosterone B. estrogen C. progesterone D. dihydrotestosterone E. Both A and D.

E. Both A and D.

True or false: Upper motor neurons leave the CNS to innervate skeletal muscles.

FALSE. Upper motor neurons control lower motor neurons, which leave the CNS and innervate skeletal muscle.

Explain the connection between drug-induced allostasis and drug withdrawal dangers.

Repeated/chronic drug use can alter the way the body operates, shifting its "normal" homeostasis set-point (i.e. allostasis). For example, a depressant (like alcohol) increases GABAergic, inhibitory influences while decreasing Glutamatergic, excitatory signals. Overtime, the body will grow accustomed to chronically operating at a "depressed"level, and may create ways to cope/compensate, perhaps increasing excitatory signaling to overcome the large amount of inhibitory signals. This illustrates the point of allostasis. If a chronically alcohol abuser decides to immediately stop drinking, they run the risk of taking the inhibitory control away too fast and the brain, now accustomed to firing high rates of excitatory signals, overwhelms the regulatory neural circuits (breathing/heart rate) and can cause coma, seizures (result of excitatory imbalance) or death.

Would motor neurons controlling distal muscles be located more laterally or medially in the ventral horn?

They would be located more laterally. Motor neurons controlling axial muscles would be located more medially, motor neurons controlling more distal muscles would be located more laterally in the ventral root of the spinal cord.

Where the dorsal root meets with the ventral root as they exit the spinal cord, this is called a ____________

spinal nerve