NSG 210 Test 2

- Assign an Apgar score of 9, place the neonate in modified Trendelenburg position, and suction the neonate's nose and oropharynx. - The neonate should be assigned an Apgar score of 9 because the neonate is pink (2 points for color) , withdraws in response to stimulation (2 points for reflex irritability), is moving all extremities (2 points for muscle tone), has a heart rate of 110 beats/minute (2 points for heart rate), and has an irregular respiratory effort (1 point for respiratory effort). The irregular respiratory effort and the presence of mucus in the nasal and oral cavities signify that the neonate requires suctioning.

A certified nurse-midwife places a neonate under the radiant heat unit for the nurse's initial assessment. The initial assessment includes a heart rate of 110 beats/minute and an irregular respiratory effort. The neonate is moving all extremities and the body is pink. The neonate responds to gentle stimulation by withdrawing. The nurse notes copious amounts of clear mucus present both orally and nasally. Based on these assessment findings, what should the nurse do next?

irritability, restlessness, and poor sucking

A client who used heroin during her pregnancy gives birth to a neonate. When assessing the neonate, the nurse expects to find

- Placing the diapered newborn skin-to-skin with the mother and covering them both with a blanket. - Skin-to-skin (kangaroo) care involves placing the newborn skin-to-skin with the mother and covering the newborn and mother with a light blanket. It is recommended that the newborn be placed in a diaper prior to being placed on the mother's chest for bonding.

A laboring mother requests that she be allowed to participate in "kangaroo care" following the birth. The nurse understands that this involves what action?

the infant gut microbiome

A major source of IgA is human breast milk, so breastfeeding is believed to have significant immunologic advantages over formula feeding. Breast milk has high levels of IgA that is thought to contribute to the colonization of _______________________

hepatitis B immunoglobulin

A neonate whose mother has hepatitis B should receive _________________ within 12 hours of birth, not eye prophylaxis.

Bathe the neonate only after vital signs have stabilized. - To guard against heat loss, the nurse should bathe the neonate only after vital signs have stabilized. To avoid altering the skin pH, the nurse should use only mild soap and water. Scrubbing should be avoided because it may cause abrasions through which microorganisms can enter. The nurse should wash the neonate from head to feet.

A nurse is about to give a full-term neonate their first bath. How should the nurse proceed?

- temperature instability Temperature instability is one of several signs of possible sepsis in a newborn. Other signs include poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, and hypoglycemia. Late signs of sepsis include apnea and jaundice.

A nurse is concerned that a 1-day-old newborn is becoming ill and may be septic. What sign of distress would validate the nurse's concerns?

Newborns should always be placed on their backs to sleep to reduce the risk for SIDS and on their stomach a few times a day to develop neck muscles. Caregivers should change the newborn's diaper when it is soiled, not at timed intervals. Newborns should never be left unattended on high surfaces to prevent injury from falls. Bathing a newborn daily is not recommended as it may dry the skin.

A nurse is giving discharge education to a group of new parents before they are discharged home with their infants. What information will the nurse include in the teaching?

- Encourage the parent to burp the newborn to get rid of air. - Newborns swallow air during feedings, which causes discomfort and fussiness. Parents can prevent fussiness by burping them frequently throughout the feeding. Therefore, the best suggestion would be to have the parent burp the newborn. The newborn may or may not be full; the newborn may still be hungry but excess air in the stomach is making the newborn fussy.

A nurse is observing a new parent bottle feeding the newborn. The nurse notices that the newborn begins to get fussy during the feeding. Which action by the nurse would be appropriate?

orientation

A nurse is observing the interaction between a new mother and the neonate. The nurse notes that the neonate moves the head and eyes to focus on the mother's voice and smile. The nurse interprets this as which behavioral response?

- identify the newborn - The nurse will identify the correct newborn before administering phytonadione (vitamin K). The newborn's weight is not needed to calculate the dosage as all newborns receive 0.5 mg IM within one hour of birth. Phytonadione is given to decrease the risk of hemorrhage.

A nurse is preparing to administer phytonadione ( Vitamin K) to a newborn. After confirming the order, what will the nurse do next?

Any blood glucose level over 140 mg/dL with a 1-hour glucose challenge test is considered abnormal and warrants follow up testing with a 3-hour glucose tolerance test.

A pregnant woman determined to be at high risk for gestational diabetes is undergoing a 1-hour glucose challenge test. the nurse schedules the client for a 3-hour glucose tolerance test based on which result?

60

A pulse rate of less than ____________, after one minute, would prompt the nurse to start compressions on a newly delivered infant

a prophylactic agent (erythromycin ointment)

All newborns in the United States, whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean birth, must receive an installation of ____________________ in their eyes within an hour or two of birth. This is mandated in all 50 states to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum, which can cause neonatal blindness

development of type 2 diabetes

An infant is born to a mother with gestational diabetes. Which long-term maternal complication is associated with this diagnosis?

50

Any blood sugar lower than _________ in a newborn is considered hypoglycemic and should be further assessed.

vitamin D

As per the recommendations of AAP, all newborns should receive a daily supplement of ________________ during the first 2 months of life

Swaddling tightly Side/stomach position on the lap of the caregiver Shushing loudly or continuous white noise Swinging using any rhythmic movement Sucking

Assisting parents in identifying consoling behaviors to quiet the newborn if the newborn is not able to self-quiet is important. list 5 strategies that a nurse can teach the parents of a newborn to use while attempting to consolidate the newborn

regurgitation

Avoiding overfeeding and stimulating frequent burping may minimize ______________

swabbing the pregnant patient from urethra thru rectum at 35-37 weeks?

Diagnostic tool for determining GBS status and at what age gestation

vitamin K and eye prophylaxis with either erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment

During the immediate newborn period, two medications are commonly ordered: _________ and ____________

Elevated blood sugars delay the maturation of fetal lungs, not increase maturation time, resulting in potential respiratory distress in newborns born to mothers with diabetes.

Elevated blood sugars delay ________________ in the fetus

jaundice

Failure of the liver cells to break down and excrete bilirubin can cause an increased amount of bilirubin in the bloodstream, leading to ____________

craniofacial abnormalities, intrauterine growth restriction, cardiac abnormalities, abnormal palmar creases, and respiratory distress.

Features of newborns diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome include ______________

skin to skin and drying and placing a hat

First steps following birth the nurse does to keep the baby warm

conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation.

Heat loss in the newborn is the result of four mechanisms: _____________, _____________, ____________ and _________________

heel-to-ear

How close can the newborn's feet be moved to the ears? This maneuver assesses hip flexibility: the lesser the flexibility, the greater the newborn's maturity.

scarf sign

How far can the elbows be moved across the newborn's chest? An elbow that does not reach midline indicates greater maturity. For example, if the elbow reaches or nears the level of the opposite shoulder, this is scored as -1 point; if the elbow does not cross the proximate axillary line, it is scored as 4 points.

square window

How far can the newborn's hands be flexed toward the wrist? The angle is measured and scored from more than 90 degrees to 0 degrees to determine the maturity rating. As the angle decreases, the newborn's maturity increases. For example, an angle of more than 90 degrees is scored as -1 point and an angle of 0 degrees is scored as 4 points.

popliteal angle

How far will the newborn's knees extend? The angle created when the knee is extended is measured. An angle of less than 90 degrees indicates greater maturity. For example, an angle of 180 degrees is scored as -1 point and an angle of less than 90 degrees is scored as 5 points.

occlude the nares one at a time to see if the newborn can breath easily.

If a nurse is concerned that the nostrils are patent in a newborn, the nurse should ________________

97.7° to 99.5° F

In term newborns, the normal axillary temperature range should be maintained at ____________________

igG

It is the only class able to cross the placenta, with active placental transfer beginning at approximately 20 to 22 weeks' gestation. ____________ produces antibodies against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viral agents

greenish black tarry 12-24

Meconium is composed of amniotic fluid, shed mucosal cells, intestinal secretions, and blood. It is ______________ in color, has a ___________ consistency, and is usually passed within ____________ hours of birth.

irritability, hypertonicity, jitteriness, fever, excessive/high pitched cry, vomiting, diarrhea, feeding disturbances, RDS, disturbed sleeping, excessive sleeping or yawning, nasal stuffiness, poor sucking

Name 3 signs and symptoms of NAS

swaddling, low lights, gentle handling, low lights, quiet environment, pacifier, small frequent feedings, minimal handling, quiet/soft voice

Name 3 things to soothe a NAS baby

bilirubin buildup

Newborns that are fed early pass stools sooner, which helps reduce ______________

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosis and ductus venosis

Part of the heart that closes with the baby's first breath

defense (protection from invading organisms), homeostasis (elimination of worn-out host cells), and surveillance (recognition and removal of enemy cells).

Responses of the immune system serve three purposes: _______________, ______________, and _______________

the second period of reactivity

Teaching about feeding, positioning for feeding, and diaper-changing techniques can be reinforced during ____________________

Ortolani maneuver is used to assess the possibility of a dislocated hip in an infant.

The LPN assists the RN while performing the Ortolani maneuver on a newborn. When asked by the mother the reason for this maneuver, which is the best response from the nurse?

ferrous sulfate, 325 mg one to three times daily along with 500 mg of ascorbic acid Side effects of iron supplementation are nausea, abdominal pain, constipation, and black stool. Attempting to meet maternal iron requirements solely through diet in the face of diminished iron stores is difficult. Encourage the woman to take the iron supplement with vitamin C-containing fluids such as orange juice, which will promote absorption, rather than milk, which can inhibit iron absorption.

The Office on Women's Health recommends iron supplementation for all pregnant women with _____________ and ________________ to enhance absorption of the iron. What are the side effects of iron supplementation?

30 minutes 8 hours

The baby's temperature should be taken every __________________ for the first 2 hours or until the temperature has stabilized, and then every __________________ until discharge or follow hospital protocols

insulin pump Because a pregnant client will have some periods of relative hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia no matter how carefully the client maintains diet and balances exercise levels, an effective method to keep serum glucose levels constant is to administer insulin with a continuous pump during pregnancy.

The clinic nurse teaches a client with pregestational type 1 diabetes that maintaining a constant insulin level is very important during pregnancy. The nurse tells the client that the best way to maintain a constant insulin level is to use:

Expose the newborn's bottom to air several times a day. Use of baby wipes and products such as powder should be avoided. The parent should be instructed to place the newborn's buttocks in warm water after having had a diaper on all night but not with every diaper change.

The mother of a newborn observes a diaper rash on her newborn's skin. Which intervention should the nurse instruct the parent to implement to treat the diaper rash?

28

The neonatal period is defined as the first ________ days of life. As the newborn adapts to life after birth, numerous physiologic changes occur.

two periods of reactivity separated by a sleep phase.

The newborn usually demonstrates a predictable pattern of behavior during the first several hours after birth, characterized by ________________________

non shivering thermogenesis

The newborn's primary method of heat production is through a process known as ________________

An infant born to a mother infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) must be cared for with strict attention to standard precautions. This prevents the transmission of HIV from the newborn, if infected, to others and prevents transmission of other infectious agents to the possibly immunocompromised newborn.

The nurse develops a plan of care for a woman with human immunodeficiency virus infection and her newborn. The nurse should include which intervention in the plan of care?

3 In male newborn infants, the prepuce is continuous with the epidermis of the glans and is not retractable. If retraction is forced, this may cause adhesions to develop. The mother should be told to allow separation to occur naturally, which usually occurs between 3 years and puberty. Most foreskins are retractable by 3 years of age and should be pushed back gently at this time for cleaning. Options that identify actions that address retraction of the foreskin are therefore incorrect.

The nurse has provided instructions about measures to clean the penis to a mother of a male newborn who is not circumcised. Which statement, if made by the mother, indicates an understanding of how to clean the newborn's penis? 1."I should retract the foreskin and clean the penis every time I change the diaper." 2."I need to retract the foreskin and clean the penis every time I give my infant a bath." 3."I need to avoid pulling back the foreskin to clean the penis because this may cause adhesions." 4."I should gently retract the foreskin as far as it will go on the penis and then pull the skin back over the penis after cleaning."

The newborn of a diabetic mother is at risk for hypoglycemia, so maintaining safety because of low blood glucose levels would be a priority. The newborn would also be at risk for hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory distress, hypocalcemia, and congenital anomalies.

The nurse is planning care for a newborn of a mother with diabetes mellitus. What is the priority nursing consideration for this newborn?

Monitor skin temperature closely. Reposition the newborn every 2 hours Cover the newborn's eyes with eye shields or patches. cover the newborn's genitalia Phototherapy is the use of intense fluorescent lights to reduce serum bilirubin levels in the newborn. Adverse effects from treatment, such as eye damage, dehydration, or sensory deprivation, can occur. Interventions include exposing as much of the newborn's skin as possible; however, the genital area is covered. The newborn's eyes are also covered with eye shields or patches, ensuring that the eyelids are closed when shields or patches are applied. The shields or patches are removed at least once per shift to inspect the eyes for infection or irritation and to allow eye contact. The nurse measures the lamp energy output to ensure efficacy of the treatment (done with a special device known as a photometer), monitors skin temperature closely, and increases fluids to compensate for water loss. The newborn's skin color is monitored with the fluorescent light turned off every 4 to 8 hours and is monitored for bronze baby syndrome, a grayish brown discoloration of the skin. The newborn is repositioned every 2 hours, and stimulation is provided. After treatment, the newborn is monitored for signs of hyperbilirubinemia because rebound elevations can occur after therapy is discontinued.

The nurse is preparing to care for a newborn receiving phototherapy. Which interventions should be included in the plan of care?

The mother bathes the newborn infant after a feeding. It is not advisable to bathe a newborn infant after a feeding because handling may cause regurgitation. Because bathing is thought to be relaxing to the infant, bathing before feeding may be the best time.

The postpartum nurse teaches a mother how to give a bath to the newborn infant and observes the mother performing the procedure. Which observation indicates a lack of understanding of the instructions?

radiation

Transfer of heat when you place the baby next to a cold window

nitrates and leukocyte esterase

UTI's can cause cramping in the uterus and preterm labor. Testing the patient's urine will help detect the presence of products such as ____________ and ____________. These products will indicate a positive Urinary Tract Infection.

Epstein Pearls

Unopened sebaceous glands are generally called milia. When they are in the mouth and gums, they are called ____________________.

bathe the baby under a radiant warmer

Which intervention would be the best way for the nurse to prevent heat loss in a newborn while bathing?

4-6

When the newborn's serum bilirubin level is ____________ or higher, the newborn will exhibit jaundice. The appearance of jaundice (yellowing) will start on the head and face and move down the trunk.

- bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia commonly results from the high pressures that must sometimes be used to maintain adequate oxygenation.

Which complication is common in neonates who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation at birth?

Precautions to prevent infant abduction include placing a newborn's crib away from the door, transporting a newborn only in the crib and never carrying the newborn, expecting health care personnel to wear identification that is easily visible at all times, and asking the nurse to attend to the newborn if the mother is napping and no family member is available to watch the newborn (the newborn is never left unattended).

Which statement reflects a new mother's understanding of the teaching about the prevention of newborn abduction?1. "I will place my baby's crib close to the door. "2."Some health care personnel won't have name badges." 3."It's OK to allow the unlicensed assistive personnel to carry my newborn to the nursery." 4."I will ask the nurse to attend to my infant if I am napping and my husband is not here."

10-30,000/mm3

a normal newborn WBC count is ______________

46-68%

a normal newborn hematocrit is __________

150,000-350,000/μL

a normal newborn platelet count is ______________

A flattened nose, small eyes, and thin lips

___________, ___________, and _______________ are seen in neonates with fetal alcohol syndrome.

mongolian spots

_______________ are benign blue or purple splotches that appear solitary on the lower back and buttocks of newborns but may occur as multiple over the legs and shoulders. They tend to occur in African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Indian newborns but can occur in dark-skinned newborns of all races. The spots are caused by a concentration of pigmented cells and usually disappear spontaneously within the first 4 years of life. They should not be confused with bruises caused by trauma

hyperinsulinemia

__________________ affects surfactant production; leads to respiratory issues

Erythmia Toxicum

__________________ is a benign, idiopathic, generalized, transient rash that occurs in up to 70% of all newborns during the first week of life. It consists of small papules or pustules on the skin resembling flea bites. It is often mistaken for staphylococcal pustules. The rash is common on the face, chest, and back. One of the chief characteristics of this rash is its lack of pattern.

Harlequin sign

____________________ refers to the dilation of blood vessels on only one side of the body, giving the newborn the appearance of wearing a clown suit. It gives a distinct midline demarcation, which is described as pale on the nondependent side and red on the opposite, dependent side.

Vernix caseosa

_____________________ is a thick white substance that protects the skin of the fetus. It is formed by secretions from the fetus's oil glands and is found during the first 2 or 3 days after birth in body creases and the hair. It does not need to be removed because it will be absorbed into the skin.

nevus flammeus (port wine stain)

_______________________ also called a port-wine stain, commonly appears on the newborn's face or other body areas. It is a capillary angioma located directly below the dermis. It is flat with sharp demarcations and is purple red. It ranges in size from a few millimeters to large, occasionally involving as much as half the body surface. Although it does not grow in area or size, it is permanent and will not fade. Although they may occur anywhere on the body, the majority are located in the head and neck areas. _________________ may be associated with structural malformations, bony or muscular overgrowth, and certain cancers.

Milia

_______________________ are multiple pearly-white or pale yellow unopened sebaceous glands frequently found on a newborn's nose. They may also appear on the chin and forehead. They form from oil glands and disappear on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. When they occur in a newborn's mouth and gums, they are termed Epstein pearls.

Ophthalmia neonatorum

_______________________ is a hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis occurring during the first 10 days of life. It is usually contracted during birth when the baby comes in contact with vaginal discharge of the mother infected with gonorrhea and chlamydia

habituation

_______________________ is the newborn's ability to process and respond to visual and auditory stimuli.

social behaviors

________________________ include cuddling and snuggling into the arms of the parent when the newborn is held.

orientation

__________________________ reflects newborns' response to auditory and visual stimuli, demonstrated by their movement of head and eyes to focus on that stimulus.

motor maturity

___________________________ depends on gestational age and involves evaluation of posture, tone, coordination, and movements.

Stork bites or salmon patches

_____________________________ are superficial vascular areas found on the nape of the neck, on the eyelids, and between the eyes and upper lip. They are caused by a concentration of immature blood vessels and are most visible when the newborn is crying. They are considered a normal variant, and most fade and disappear completely within the first year.

16-18 g/dL

a normal newborn Hgb is _____________

4.5-7.0

a normal newborn RBC count is _____________

hypospadias

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

convection

air moving across the infant's skin transfers heat to the air

nevus vasculosus

also called a strawberry mark or strawberry hemangioma, is a benign capillary hemangioma in the dermal and subdermal layers. It is raised, rough, dark red, and sharply demarcated. It is commonly found in the head region within a few weeks after birth and can increase in size or number. They are commonly found in about 10% of children. This type of hemangioma may be very subtle or even absent in the first few weeks of life, but they proliferate in the first few months of life. Commonly seen in premature infants weighing less than 1,500 g, these hemangiomas tend to resolve by age 3 without any treatment.

postmature

born after 42 weeks and demonstrating signs of placental aging

post-term or postdates

born after completion of week 42 of gestation

preterm or premature

born prior to 37 completed weeks' gestation, regardless of birth weight

convection occurs when cold air blows over the body of the infant resulting in a cooling to the infant.

describe convection

Plantar creases

creases on the soles of the feet, which range from absent to covering the entire foot, depending on maturity (the greater the number of creases, the greater the newborn's maturity).

full, rosy cheeks, ruddy skin color, short necks, buffalo humps, massive shoulders (can lead to shoulder dystocia), distended upper abdomen, excessive subcutaneous fat tissue, hypoglycemic, birth trauma

describe the appearance of infants of diabetic mothers

As an infant matures in utero, sole creases become prominent to a greater amount. The term infant should have at least two-thirds of the foot covered by creases. These creases should be horizontal and not longitudinal, They should be in the ball of the foot before moving to the heel.

describe the creases on the feet of a term baby; are they longitudinal? are they horizontal? where are they located?

first trimester

during which trimester would you see cardiac and neural tube abnormalities in a baby?

polyhydramnios

fetus is urinating frequently, making more amniotic fluid. - increased risk for cord prolapse - increased risk for preterm labor

treat with antibiotics (Penicillin G) AT LEAST 4 hours before birth - this prevents the baby from becoming septic, developing pneumonia, and eventually developing meningitis

how and when would you treat a pregnant woman with positive group beta strep?

swab from the urethra to the rectum at 35-37 weeks gestation

how do you test for group beta strep? When do you conduct the test?

28 days

how long is the neonatal period

every 4-6 weeks

how often does a pregnant patient with diabetes need to have her HbA1c checked?

2-3 times per week bathing the infant more than 2-3 times per week can dry out the skin

how often should the parents of a newborn bathe the newborn?

first, do a fasting blood sugar- you want it below 95 second, do a glucose tolerance test-instruct the patient to drink a really sugary drink and check her blood sugar one hour after giving her the sugary beverage. If the blood sugar reading is greater than 180 at the one hour mark, wait another hour; at the 2 hour mark you want the glucose reading to be less than 153

how would you test for gestational diabetes?

increased risk for UTI's

increased glucose readings lead to ________________

lanugo

soft downy hair on the newborn's body, which is absent in preterm newborns, appears with maturity, and then disappears again with postmaturity.

the head of the newborn to the heel with the newborn unclothed

newborn Length is measured from ________________________

asthma and respiratory disorders

nicotine use during pregnancy can cause what 2 disorders in a baby?

ultrasounds, biophysical profiles, non-stress testing amniocentesis, and Alpha-fenoprotein levels

which tests need to be done for the fetal surveillance of a mom who is pregnant AND had diabetes mellitus?

tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana

what are the 3 most common abused substances in pregnant women?

LEADING cause of fetal death, Fetal alcohol syndrome (most common cause of fetal retardation), CNS dysfunction, growth restriction, alcohol-related birth defects

what are the affects of alcohol use while pregnant?

A congenital dermal melanocytosis (slate gray nevi, previously known as Mongolian spot) is bluish-black areas of discoloration on the back and buttocks or extremities of dark-skinned newborns.

what is a Mongolian spot?

16-18

what is a normal range of Hgb in a newborn>

10 to 30,000/mm³

what is a normal range of WBC count in a newborn?

46%-68%

what is a normal range of hematocrit in a newborn?

4,500,000/µL to 7,000,000/µL

what is a normal range of platelet counts in a newborn?

Congenital dermal melanocytosis (slate gray nevi, previously known as Mongolian spots) are collections of pigment cells (melanocytes) that appear as patches across the sacrum or buttocks and possibly on the arms and legs of newborns. They tend to occur most often in children of Asian, Southern European, or African ethnicity and disappear by school age without treatment. The nurse will inform the parent that although these marks look like bruises, they are not. Otherwise, the parent may worry the newborn sustained a birth injury from improper handling.

what is dermal melanocytosis? What does it look like? Where is it typically located?

natural occurring gram positive bacteria on the skin

what is group beta strep?

preventing hypoglycemia: oral feedings, neutral thermal environments, rest periods, maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance (IV drips), calcium level monitoring, bilirubin level monitoring

what is included in the nursing management of an infant of a diabetic mother?

If the patient IS exposed, treatment is key to help prevent neurological effects in the baby; prevention is key - wash fruits and veggies (take off the peeling of the outside of fruits and veggies) - do not empty the cat's litter box - this can be contracted from outdoor gardening, limit the amount go outdoor gardening while pregnant

what is included in the patient education related to Toxoplasmosis?

FIRST: dietary management second: insulin powerpoint mentions metformin and Glyburide; these medications are controversial, always use insulin

what is included in the pharmacological treatment for Gestational diabetes?

preconception counseling includes: - A1c needs to be less than 7% - teach glycemic control - nutritional management - encourage the patient to start exercising; lose weight - close maternal and fetal surveillance - looking at amniotic fluid levels in mom's belly

what is included in the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus?

Penicillin G is the first line of treatment, if the mother is allergic, you can use Clindamycin

what is the antibiotic called that is used to treat group beta strep? What do you use if the mother is allergic to the first-line of treatment?

diet

what is the first line of defense in treating gestational diabetes?

sulfamides

what is the pharmacological treatment of Toxoplasmosis?

parasitic infection primary host: cats exposure from cat feces, undercooked meat, contaminated drinking water, and unwashed fruits and vegetables the risks include stillbirth and preterm labor

what is toxoplasmosis? what are the risks of toxoplasmosis for a pregnant woman?

second or third trimester

when is gestational diabetes typically diagnosed?

when a pregnant client has tested positive for Group beta strep or when the mother's water has been broken for more than 18 hours - used to prevent any infection

when would you want to treat a pregnant woman with antibiotics?

Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin, promotes blood clotting by increasing the synthesis of prothrombin by the liver. A deficiency of this vitamin delays clotting and might lead to hemorrhage. Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency and subsequent bleeding unless supplemented at birth. Vitamin K deficiency is an acquired coagulopathy in newborn infants because of an accumulation of inactive vitamin K coagulation factors, which leads to an increased bleeding tendency.

why do you administer vitamin K to the newborn immediately after birth?

Talc powders can be a respiratory hazard and should not be used with a newborn.

why should mothers not use talc powders to prevent diaper rash in newborns?