NUR 114 Final Exam Review

Arbitrary inference

Drawing a specific conclusion without sufficient evidence, i.e., jumping to (negative) conclusions

Magnification and minimization

Over- or undervaluing the significance of a particular event, i.e., one small negative event is the end of the world or a positive experience is totally discounted

Delusion

a fixed, false belief not based in reality

Body language

a nonverbal form of communication: gestures, postures, movements, and body positions

Social zone

a space of 4 to 12 feet, which is the distance acceptable for communication in social, work, and business settings

Dissociation

a subconscious defense mechanism that helps a person protect his or her emotional self from recognizing the full effects of some horrific or traumatic event by allowing the mind to forget or remove itself from the painful situation or memory

Decatastrophizing

a technique that involves learning to assess situations realistically rather than always assuming a catastrophe will happen

Assertive communication

ability to express positive and negative ideas and feelings in an open, honest, and direct way

Personality

an ingrained, enduring pattern of behaving and relating to self, others, and the environment; includes perceptions, attitudes, and emotions

Therapeutic communication

an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and the client during which the nurse focuses on the client's specific needs to promote an effective exchange of information

Directive role

asking direct, yes/no questions and using problem-solving to help the client develop new coping mechanisms to deal with present, here-and-now issues

Response prevention

behavioral technique that focuses on delaying or avoiding performance of rituals in response to anxiety-provoking thoughts

Flat affect

showing no facial expression

Specific Abstraction

Focusing on a single (often minor) detail while ignoring other, more significant aspects of the experience, i.e., concentrating on one small (negative) detail while discounting positive aspects

Overgeneralization

Forming conclusions based on too little or too narrow experience, i.e., if one experience was negative, then all similar experiences will be negative

Reactive attachment disorder

Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers. Reactive attachment disorder may develop if the child's basic needs for comfort, affection and nurturing aren't met and loving, caring, stable attachments with others are not established.

Personalization

Tendency to self-reference external events without basis, i.e., believing that events are directly related to one's self, whether they are or not

Absolute dichotomous thinking

Tendency to view everything in polar categories, i.e., all or none, black or white

No-selfharm contract

a client promises to not engage in self-harm and to report to the nurse when he or she is losing control

Spirituality

a client's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being and his or her beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living

Positive self-talk

a cognitive-behavioral technique in which the client changes thinking about the self from negative to positive

Thought stopping

a cognitive-behavioral technique to alter the process of negative or self-critical thought patterns

Adjustment disorder

a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad, or hopeless, and physical symptoms that occur following a stressful life event; the reaction is stronger than would be expected for the event that occurred

Alogia

a lack of any real meaning or substance in what the client says

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event

Distance zones

amount of physical space between people during communication; in the United States, Canada, and many Eastern European nations, four distance zones are generally observed: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone, and public zone

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

an attachment disorder that consists of "a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults."

Limit setting

an effective technique that involves three steps: stating the behavioral limit (describing the unacceptable behavior), identifying the consequences if the limit is exceeded, and identifying the expected or desired behavior

Exposure

behavioral technique that involves having the client deliberately confront the situations and stimuli that he or she is trying to avoid

Passive agressive behavior

characterized by a negative attitude and a pervasive pattern of passive resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance

Dependent personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

Depressed behavior

characterized by a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors in various contexts

Schizoid personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings

Antisocial personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others and with the central characteristics of deceit and manipulation

Histrionic personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control, and orderliness at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Schizotypal personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and behavioral eccentricities

Avoidant personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of social discomfort and reticence, low self-esteem, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Dystonic reactions

characterized by intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary contractions of muscles in the face, neck, trunk, pelvis, extremities, and even the larynx.

Paranoid personality disorder

characterized by pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others

Derealization

client senses that events are not real, when, in fact, they are

Ideas of reference

client's inaccurate interpretation that general events are personally directed to him or her, such as hearing a speech on the news and believing the message has personal meaning

Adaptive disclosure

combat-specific therapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); eight sessions designed to help identify unhelpful beliefs about the trauma and find ways to move forward

Oniomania

compulsive buying; possessions are acquired compulsively without regard for cost or need for the item

Trichotillomania

compulsive hair pulling from scalp, eyebrows, or other parts of the body; leaves patchy bald spots that the person tries to conceal

Onychophagia

compulsive nail biting

Dermatillomania

compulsive skin picking, often to the point of physical damage; an impulse control disorder

Active listening

concentrating exclusively on what the client says, refraining from other internal mental activities

Character

consists of concepts about the self and the external world

Personality disorders

diagnosed when personality traits become inflexible and maladaptive and significantly interfere with how a person functions in society or cause the person emotional distress

Acute stress disorder

diagnosis is appropriate when symptoms appear within the first month after the trauma and do not persist longer than 4 weeks

Command hallucinations

disturbed auditory sensory perceptions demanding that the client take action, often to harm self or others, and are considered dangerous; often referred to as "voices"

Hallucinations

false sensory perceptions or perceptual experiences that do not really exist

Depersonalization

feelings of being disconnected from himself or herself; the client feels detached from his or her behavior

Anhedonia

having no pleasure or joy in life; losing any sense of pleasure from activities formerly enjoyed

Grounding techniques

helpful to use with the client who is dissociating or experiencing a flashback; grounding techniques remind the client that he or she is in the present, as an adult, and is safe

Echopraxia

imitation of the movements and gestures of someone an individual is observing

Process

in communication, denotes all nonverbal messages that the speaker uses to give meaning and context to the message

Akathisia

intense need to move about; characterized by restless movement, pacing, inability to remain still, and the client's report of inner restlessness

Nonsuicidal self-injury

intentional physical damage to the body, such as cutting or burning; results from self-harm urges or thoughts; injury is not an attempt at suicide

Exposure therapy

involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress.

Eye contact

looking into the other person's eyes during communication

Repressed memories

memories that are buried deeply in the subconscious mind or repressed because they are too painful for the victim to acknowledge; often relate to childhood abuse

Dysphoric

mood that involves unhappiness, restlessness, and malaise

Closed body positions

nonverbal behavior such as crossed legs and arms folded over chest that indicate the listener may be failing to listen, may be defensive, or not accepting

Borderline personality disorder

pervasive and enduring pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect; marked impulsivity; frequent self-mutilation behavior

Catatonia

psychomotor disturbance, either motionless or excessive motor

Obsessions

recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses that cause marked anxiety and interfere with interpersonal, social, or occupational function

Latency of response

refers to hesitation before the client responds to questions

Temperament

refers to the biologic processes of sensation, association, and motivation that underlie the integration of skills and habits based on emotion

Echolalia

repetition or imitation of what someone else says; echoing what is heard

Excoriation

repetitive and compulsive picking of skin which results in tissue damage".

Time-out

retreat to a neutral place to give the opportunity to regain self-control

Extrapyramidal side effects

reversible movement disorders induced by antipsychotic or neuroleptic medication

compulsion

ritualistic or repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person carries out continuously in an attempt to neutralize anxiety

Blunted affect

showing little or a slow-to-respond facial expression; few observable facial expressions

Intimate zone

space of 0 to 18 inches between people; the amount of space comfortable for parents with young children, people who mutually desire personal contact, or people whispering; invasion of this intimate zone by anyone else is threatening and produces anxiety

Public zone

space of 12 to 25 feet; the acceptable distance between a speaker and an audience, between small groups, and among others at informal functions

Personal zone

space of 18 to 36 inches; a comfortable distance between family and friends who are talking

Hyperarousal

symptoms that arise from high levels of anxiety, including insomnia, irritability, anger outbursts, watchfulness, suspiciousness, and distrustfulness. Often seen with PTSD

Confrontation

technique designed to highlight the incongruence between a person's verbalizations and actual behavior; used to manage manipulative or deceptive behavior

Nonverbal communication

the behavior that accompanies verbal content, such as body language, eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, speed and hesitations in speech, grunts and groans, and distance from the listener

Communication

the processes that people use to exchange information

Proxemics

the study of distance zones between people during communication

Circumstantiality

the use of extraneous words and long, tedious descriptions

Verbal communication

the words a person uses to speak to one or more listeners

Cognitive restructuring

therapy that focuses on changing the way one thinks about or interprets one's self, relationships, and/or environment

Dissociative disorders

these disorders have the essential feature of a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or environmental perception; they include amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder

Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS)

tool used to screen for symptoms of movement disorders (side effects of neuroleptic medications)

Abstract messages

unclear patterns of words that often contain figures of speech that are difficult to interpret

Nondirective role

using broad openings and open-ended questions to collect information and help the client to identify and discuss the topic of concern

Content

verbal communication; the literal words that a person speaks

Cues (overt and covert)

verbal or nonverbal messages that signal key words or issues for the client

Survivor

view of the client as a survivor of trauma or abuse rather than as a victim; helps to refocus client's view of himself or herself as being strong enough to survive the ordeal, which is a more empowering image than seeing oneself as a victim

Active observation

watching the speaker's nonverbal actions as he or she communicates

Congruent message

when communication content and processes agree

Incongruent message

when the communication content and process disagree

Concrete message

words that are as clear as possible when speaking to the client so that the client can understand the message; concrete messages are important for accurate information exchange