NUR 220 CCTC UNIT 1 NURSING ROLE IN CARING FOR THE PREGNANT FAMILY
Meiosis-
The process of cell division that occurs in the maturation of sperm and ova that decreases their number of chromosomes by one-half.
Function of the paraurethral glands (Skene glands):
Their secretions lubricate the vaginal opening, facilitating sex
What happens as the last phase of cell division nears completion in Mitosis?
a furrow develops in the cell cytoplasm, which divides it into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus. Daughter cells have the same diploid number of chromosomes (46) and the same genetic makeup as the cell from which they came.
What is the result when the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division after fertilization?
a mature ovum with the haploid number of chromosomes and virtually all the cytoplasm. The second polar body (also haploid) forms at this time. The first polar body has now also divided, producing two additional polar bodies. At the completion of meiosis, 4 haploid cells have been produced: 3 polar bodies (which eventually disintegrate) and 1 ovum
Normal pH of vaginal environment during a female's mature reproductive life and during the first days of life when maternal hormones are operating in the newborn:
acidic; 4-5
A well-functioning tubal transport system in females involves:
active fimbriae close to the ovary, peristalsis of the tube created by the muscular layer, ciliated currents beating toward the uterus, and the proximal contraction and distal relaxation of the tube caused by different types of prostaglandins.
When is the corpus luteum formed?
after ovulation. The ruptured follicle undergoes rapid change, complete luteinization is accomplished and the mass of cells becomes the corpus luteum
function of the ridged walls of the vagina:
allow the vaginal tissues to stretch enough for the fetus to pass through during childbirth as well as stretch during coitus
Where does fertilization take place?
ampulla of the fallopian tube
What can cause the interruption of the vaginal epithelial cells to regulate glycogen?
antibiotic therapy, douching, frequent intercourse, or use of vaginal sprays or deodorants
When does a female present with all of the ova she will produce in her lifetime?
at birth
What happens to the labia minor at puberty and menopause?
at puberty it increases in size and at menopause it decreases in size because of the changes in estrogen levels
When does a second meiotic division of the oocyte begin?
at the time of ovulation and proceeds as the oocyte moves down the fallopian tube
What happens to the labia majora after having kids?
before kids the labia majora looks like mucous membranes, whereas after many births, it is more skin like. It may become less prominent with each pregnancy.
When does meiosis begin in all oocytes?
before the female fetus is born but stops before the first cell division is complete and remains in this arrested phase until puberty.
location of the female perineal body:
between the lower part of the vagina and the anus
Effect of ovulation on a female's body temp.:
body temp. increases about .5-1.0 F 24-48 hrs after the time of ovulation
uterine corpus:
compromises the upper two thirds of the uterus and is composed mainly of a smooth muscle layer (myometrium)
Menstruation-
cyclic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes
Location of vulvovaginal (Bartholin) glands':
duct openings lie under the constrictor muscle of the vagina
When does the first meiotic division of the mature primary oocyte occur?
during puberty
when does spermatogenesis occur?
during puberty
When is the amount of estrogen the greatest in females?
during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
When do chromosomal mutations occur?
during the second meiotic division EX: 1). if two of the chromatids do not move apart rapidly enough when the cell divides. The stillpaired chromatids are carried into one of the daughter cells and eventually form an extra chromosome. 2). if chromosomes break during meiosis
When is the greatest amount of progesterone found in females?
during the secretory (luteal or progestational) phase of the menstrual cycle
Function of labia majora:
enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs lying between them.
The ovaries are the primary source of which two hormones:
estrogen and progesterone
Ovarian hormones include:
estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Where is the site of tubal ligation?
fallopian tube isthmus
mons pubis-
fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
2 phases of the ovarian cycle:
follicular phase (1-14 days) and luteal phase (15-28 days)
Number of daughter cells with Meiosis:
four daughter cells, each containing one half the number of chromosomes of the mother cell, or 23 chromosomes. Nonidentical to original.
fallopian tube fimbria-
funnel-like enlargement with many finger-like projections reaching out to the ovary
What influences the size, color, and shape of female external organs?
heredity, age, race, and the number of children a woman has had
If the ovum is fertilized and implants in the endometrim, the fertilized egg begins to secrete:
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is needed to maintain the corpus luteum
Where does the first meiotic division occur?
in the graafian follicle of the ovary.
What happens as the graafian follicle matures and enlarges?
it comes close to the surface of the ovary. The secondary oocyte, polar body, and the follicular fluids are pushed out. The ovum is discharged near the fimbria of the fallopian tube and is pulled into the tube to begin its journey toward the uterus
When does the hypothalamus secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone? and what happens when it is released?
it is released in response to signals received from the CNS. When it is released the anterior pituitary secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Function of labia minora:
it is rich in sebaceous glands, which lubricate and waterproof the vulvular skin and provide bactericidal secretions.
What happens to the secondary oocyte when it moves into the metaphase stage of cell division?
its meiotic division is arrested until and unless the oocyte is fertilized
When does the mature oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
just before ovulation
What does the lutein cells secrete? What is this responsible for?
large amounts of progesterone with smaller amounts of estradiol which is responsible for the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
Cervix-
lower third neck of the uterus
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is at a fixed length?
luteal phase is fixed. The follicular phase will vary with different menstrual cycles.
Normal vaginal pH from infancy until puberty and after menopause:
neutral; 7.5
Vagina-
often called the "birth canal" is a muscular and membranous tube that connects the external genitals with the uterus.
Location of paraurethral glands (Skene glands):
open into the posterior wall of the urethra close to its opening.
What is the glycogen of the vaginal epithelial cells regulated by? and what happens if this is interrupted?
ovarian hormones; Any interruption of this process can destroy the normal self-cleaning action of the vagina.
Function of the vaginal fornix:
permits pooling of semen to increase chances of pregnancy
Purpose of mitosis:
produces cells for growth and tissue repair. Cell division characteristic of all somatic cells.
Purpose of Meiosis:
produces reproductive cells (gametes). Reduction of chromosome number by half (from diploid (46) to haploid (23)), so that when fertilization occurs the normal diploid number is restored. Introduces genetic variability.
Function of mons pubis:
protect the symphysis pubis, especially during coitus (sex)
Function of the uterus:
provide safe environment for fetal development
vaginal fornix-
recess or hollow formed by upper end of vaginal canal surrounding cervix
Function of the vulvovaginal (Bartholin) glands':
secretes a clear, thick, alkaline mucus that enhances the viability and motility of the sperm deposited in the vaginal vestibule
What does the clitoris secrete?
smegma
What is the acidic vaginal environment during a female's reproductive life maintained by?
symbiotic relationship between lactic acid-producing bacilli and the vaginal epithelial cells. These cells contain glycogen, which is broken down by the bacilli into lactic acid.
What happens in the first cell division of meiosis?
the chromosomes replicate. Then the homologous chromosomes pair together. Instead of separating immediately, as in mitosis, the chromosomes become closely intertwined. At each point of contact, there is a physical exchange of genetic material between the chromatids. New combinations are provided by the newly formed chromosomes; the combinations account for a wide variation of traits in people (hair or eye color). The chromosomes pairs then separate, and the members of the pair move to opposite sides of the cell. The cell divides, forming two daughter cells, each with 23 double-structures chromosomes- the same amount of DNA as a normal somatic cell.
What is considered the primary estrogen organ of women?
the clitoris
What happens before the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis?
the diploid spermatogonium replicates before it enters the first meiotic division, during which it is called the primary spermatocyte.
Where does the oocyte grow during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
the follicle
3 parts of the fallopian tubes:
the isthmus, the ampulla, and the fimbria
labia majora-
the larger outer folds of the vulva.
FSH is responsible for:
the maturation of the ovarian follicle. As the follicle matures, it secretes increasing amounts of estrogen, which enhance the development of the follicle. (this estrogen is also responsible for the rebuilding/proliferation phase of the endometrium after it is shed during menstruation)
What is the upper fourth of the vagina and the rectum separated by?
the pouch of Douglas
Gametogenesis-
the process by which germ cells, or gametes (ovum and sperm), are produced.
Spermatogenesis-
the process by which mature spermatozoa are formed, during which the number of chromosomes is halved.
Oogenesis-
the process that produces the female gamete, called an ovum (egg).
What are the two cells called that are produced by the first meiotic division of the mature primary oocyte?
the secondary oocyte and a minute polar body. They both contain 22 double structured autosomal chromosomes and one double structured sex chromosome (X).
During the first meiotic division, the spermatogonium replicates and forms two cells called:
the secondary spermatocytes. Each of which contains 22 double structured autosomal chromosomes and either a double structured X sex chromosome or a double structured Y sex chromosome
What happens when the corpus luteum degenerates?
there is a decrease in estrogen and progesterone. This allows for an increase in FSH and LH, which triggers the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to restart the follicular phase.
What happens during the second meiotic division of spermatogenesis?
they divide to form 2 spermatids, each with the haploid number of chromosomes. The spermatids undergo a series of changes during which they lose most of their cytoplasm and become sperm (spermatozoa). The nucleus becomes compacted into the head of the sperm, which is covered by a cap called an acrosome that is, in turn, covered by a plasma membrane. A long tail is produced from one of the centrioles.
Hymen-
thin, elastic collar or semicollar of tissue that surrounds the vaginal opening.
How can the hymen be torn?
through sex, strenuous physical activity, masturbation, menstruation, and/or the use of tampons.
The first meiotic division of the mature primary oocyte produces:
two cells of unequal size with different amounts of cytoplasm but with the same number of chromosomes.
Introitus-
vaginal opening
What is the upper part of the vagina called?
vaginal vault
When is the start of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
when the ovum leaves its follicle
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?
within a week after ovulation it begins to degenerate, eventually becoming a connective tissue scar called corpus albicans
What is progesterone often called and why?
"the hormone of pregnancy" because its effects on the uterus allow pregnancy to be maintained
Function of estrogens in the female?
-control the development of the female secondary sex characteristics (breast development, growth of body hair, widening of the hips, and deposits of fatty tissue in the buttocks and mons pubis. -assists with the maturation of the ovarian follicles and cause the endometrial mucosa to proliferate following menstruation -cause the uterus to increase in size and weight because of increased glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes and water -causes an increase in myometrial contractility in the uterus and fallopian tubes -increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin -inhibits FSH production and stimulates LH production -increases the amount of protein bound iodine in pregnant women and women who use oral contraceptives -decreases excitability of the hypothalamus which may cause an increase in sexual desire
Femal external genitalia (vulva) includes:
-mons pubis -labia majora -labia minora -clitoris -urethral meatus and opening of the paraurethral (Skene) glands -vaginal vestibule (vaginal orifice, vulvovaginal [Bartholin] glands, hymen, and fossa navicularis) -perineal body
Function of female breasts:
-provide nourishment and protective maternal antibodies to newborns and infants through the lactation process -be a source of pleasurable sexual sensation
LH is responsible for:
-the final maturation of the follicle -"luteinizing" the increase in production of progesterone by the granulosa cells of the follicle. As a result, estrogen production is reduced and progesterone secretion continues. Thus estrogen levels fall a day before ovulation; tiny amounts of inhibitin and progesterone are in evidence
3 Functions of the cervical mucus:
-to lubricate the vaginal canal -to act as a bacteriostatic agent -to provide an alkaline environment to shelter deposited sperm from the acidic vaginal secretions
3 functions of fallopian tubes:
-to provide transport for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus (transport time through the fallopian tubes varies from 3-4 days). -to provide a site for fertilization -to serve as a warm, moist, nourishing environment for the ovum or zygote (fertilized egg)
3 functions of the vagina:
-to serve as the passage for sperm during coitus and for the fetus during birth. - to provide passage for the menstrual products from the uterine cavity to the outside of the body -to protect against trauma from sex and infection of the uterus, ovaries, and pelvis from pathogenic organisms.
2 functions of the female bony pelvis:
-to support and protect the pelvic contents -to form the relatively fixed axis of the birth passage.
Internal female reproductive organs include:
-vagina -uterus -fallopian tubes -and ovaries
What usually occurs to the female under the influence of progesterone:
-vaginal epithelium proliferates -cervix secretes thick, viscous mucus -breast glandular tissue increases in size and complexity -breasts prepare for lactation -temp. rise of about .5-1.0 F accompanies ovulation and persists throughout the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
Where is the urethral meatus located?
1-2.5 cm beneath the clitoris in the midline of the vestibule
Menstruation begins how long after ovulation?
14 days
How many chromosomes does a germ cell have? and why?
23 chromosomes so that when the female gamete (egg or ovum) and the male gamete (sperm or spermatozoon) unite to form the zygote (fertilized ovum), the normal human diploid number of chromosomes (46) is reestablished.
Two main parts of the uterus:
Corpus (body) and cervix
Fallopian tube Ampulla-
Curved portion of the fallopian tube which comprises the outer 2/3 of the tube.
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle what matures the follicle?
FSH
Mitosis-
Process of cell division whereby both daughter cells have the same number and pattern of chromosomes as the original.
Labia minora-
Smaller pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening. They converge near the anus, forming the fourchette.
Fallopian tube isthmus-
Straight and narrow portion just lateral to uterus.
What happens in the 2nd cell division of meiosis?
The chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of each of the daughter cells. Cell division occurs, resulting in the formation of four cells, each containing 23 single chromosomes (the haploid number of chromosomes). These daughter cells contain only 1/2 the DNA of a normal somatic cell.