Nurs 235 Midterm
Which of the following are among the top three conditions that cause disability? A) Low back pain and migraine B) Skin Conditions C) Anxiety disorders D) COPD
A) Low back pain and migraine
Which of the following health conditions is most associated with behavioral risk factors? A) Lung cancer B) Pneumonia C) Diarrhea D) Skin disease
A) Lung cancer
Which of the following is an example of a public health approach? A) A large-scale program to help a community to stay active B) A physician counselling an individual patient on the need to exercise C) A physician encouraging a family to vaccinate their children D) A community health worker treating individual cases of a disease
A) A large-scale program to help a community to stay active
The health system of Germany can best be described as: A) A social health insurance scheme B) A national health service C) Pluralistic D) Fragmented
A) A social health insurance scheme
Environmental determinants of health would include: A) Access to safe drinking water B) Tobacco consumption C) Genetic inheritance D) Level of education
A) Access to safe drinking water
An institutional review board is: A) An independent committee that reviews proposed human subjects research to be sure it will be carried out in ethical ways B) A university committee that reviews research C) A global group that sets guidelines for human subject research D) None of these are correc
A) An independent committee that reviews proposed human subjects research to be sure it will be carried out in ethical ways
Some of the important non-governmental organizations involved in global health across a range of countries include: A) BRAC, Save the Children B) Roll Back Malaria, Stop TB C) AusAID, DANIDA D) The World Bank, The Asian Development Bank
A) BRAC, Save the Children
In low-income countries the largest risk factor for DALYs among all age groups and both sexes is: A) Child growth failure B) Ambient particulate matter C) High fasting plasma glucose D) High sodium intake
A) Child growth failure
A number of countries have well defined indigenous systems of medicine including: A) China B) Russia C) Denmark D) Netherlands
A) China
Taking an "ecological perspective" to behavior change requires you to: A) Consider multiple levels of influence on behavior and the social environment B)Consider having people follow a change agent C) Consider people's perceptions of how likely they are to get an illness. D) None of these are correct
A) Consider multiple levels of influence on behavior and the social environment
Which of the following is false? A) Countries need to be rich to enjoy good health B) Countries can enjoy good health, even when they are not high-income C) Studying countries that have achieved relatively high levels of health before they were high-income can be instructive D) Costa Rica, China, and Cuba have enjoyed better health than one might predict, given their income per capita
A) Countries need to be rich to enjoy good health
"Health disparities" best refers to: A) Differences in health that are linked to social disadvantage B) All differences in health C) Differences in the distribution of health costs D) Differences in the financing of health
A) Differences in health that are linked to social disadvantage
Financial protection is: A) Financing health care in a way that does not deny access to health services because of financial constraints on the part of the patient B) Insurance C) Limits on out-of-pocket expenditures D) Ensuring that there are no co-payments for services
A) Financing health care in a way that does not deny access to health services because of financial constraints on the part of the patient
Task shifting is: A) Having people with relatively less training take on tasks that have been done by people with relatively more training B) Having people trained in one field do work in another field C) Having health workers take on new tasks D) None of these are correct
A) Having people with relatively less training take on tasks that have been done by people with relatively more training
The Sustainable Development Goals A) Include a range of goals and targets that relate to health B) Focus on a healthy environment C) Are all to be achieved by 2020 D) Say little about global health
A) Include a range of goals and targets that relate to health
Health expenditure per capita generally varies in what way with increasing country income per capita? A) It goes up B) It goes down C) It stays about the same D) It varies widely
A) It goes up
Which statement is the most important when taking an equity lens to health: A) It is important to consider health disparities across countries and within countries B) It is important to consider health disparities across countries C) It is important to consider health disparities within countries D) It is important to consider health disparities among selected groups
A) It is important to consider health disparities across countries and within countries
Which of the following would raise the most challenging human rights issue related to HIV? A) Mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV B) Voluntary and confidential testing for HIV C) Antiretroviral therapy for HIV D) Both Mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV and Antiretroviral therapy for HIV
A) Mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV
Generally, people who are healthier earn: A) More money than those in less good health B) Less money than those in less good health C) About the same as those in less good health D) About the same as those with minor disabilities
A) More money than those in less good health
The leading causes of death of children under one year of age globally are? A) Neonatal conditions B) Malaria C) Measles D) HIV
A) Neonatal conditions
One form of public-private partnerships involved in the development of new diagnostics and drugs is the: A) Product Development Partnership B) Private pharmaceutical companies C) The US National Institute of Health D) The Welcome Trust
A) Product Development Partnership
Which example of a health issue would require the most intersectoral collaboration to address? A) Reduction of tobacco consumption B) Childhood vaccination C) Essential Surgery D) Improving maternal care
A) Reduction of tobacco consumption
The major principle(s) of the Belmont Commission Report include: A) Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice B) Fairness, Beneficence C) Justice, Respect D) Fairness
A) Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice
Which of the following burden of deaths globally is relatively more important for 10-19 year old's than for 0-5 year old's? A) Self-harm B) Road traffic injuries C) Pneumonia D) Both self-harm and pneumonia
A) Self-harm
Which region has the second worst health indicators: A) South Asia B) Sub-Saharan Africa C) The Middle East and North Africa D) Latin America and the Caribbean
A) South Asia
Your goal as the health minister should be to: A) Spend as small a share of national income as you can, while enabling high levels of health status for your population B) Spend a lot on health as a share of national income and enable high levels of health for your people C) Spend a modest amount on health and accept modest returns in terms of health status D) Spend little on health and accept small returns in terms of health status
A) Spend as small a share of national income as you can, while enabling high levels of health status for your population
Your goal as a minister of finance should be to: A) Spend little on health and get a lot in return B) Spend much on health and get a lot in return C) Spend little on health and get little in return D) Spend a modest amount on health and get pretty good outcomes as a result
A) Spend little on health and get a lot in return
The Nazi Medical Experiments were instrumental in encouraging the development after World war II of: A) The Nuremberg Code B) The Belmont Report C) The Declaration of Helsinki D) The Declaration of Human Rights
A) The Nuremberg Code
The burden of disease in the United States most closely resembles which of the following? A) The United Kingdom B) Argentina C) Brazil D) India
A) The United Kingdom
Which group generally has the most access to health resources: A) The best-off group economically B) The most urban group C) The most rural group D) The predominant ethnic group
A) The best-off group economically
Some factors "outside the health sector" that relate to healthy fetal and young child development include: A) The mother's nutrition and education B) The vaccination of the mother C) Prenatal care for the mother D) Access to medical care
A) The mother's nutrition and education
Pharmaceutical companies have been donating drugs for many years to global programs to help address: A) The neglected tropical diseases B) Cancer C) TB D) Hepatitis
A) The neglected tropical diseases
An example of "Western" biomedicine is: A) The use of antibiotics for treating a health condition B) The use of herbs for treating a health condition C) The use of indigenous medicine to treat a health condition D) The work of a local healer
A) The use of antibiotics for treating a health condition
Some of the UN Agencies involved in health include: A) UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS B) USAID, DFID C) Gavi, The Global Fund D) AusAID, DANIDA
A) UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS
You would expect the rate of coverage of the measles vaccine to be highest among which population: A) Urban B) Rural C) Highland dwellers D) Ethnic minorities
A) Urban
An example of primary prevention is: A) Vaccination B) Treating hypertension with drug therapy C) Mammography to screen for breast cancer D) Prostate screening
A) Vaccination
The approach to addressing smallpox was based on: A) Vaccination B) Drug treatment C) Taking drugs for prevention D) Mass drug administration
A) Vaccination
The UN Agency with broad responsibility for health is: A) WHO B) UNICEF C) UNFPA D) UNDP
A) WHO
Injuries generally make up what percentage of the burden of disease by region? A) 5 to 7 B) 8-11 C) 20-23 D) 30-35
B) 8-11
Disease refers to: A) The perception of being sick B) A biological and psychophysiological condition C) A biological condition D) All of these are correct
B) A biological and psychophysiological condition
The best definition of a communicable disease is: A) A disease that cannot spread from animals to humans B) A disease caused by an infectious agent that can spread from people to people, people to animals, and animals to people C) A disease that can spread from humans to humans D) None of these are correct
B) A disease caused by an infectious agent that can spread from people to people, people to animals, and animals to people
The best definition of a noncommunicable disease is: A) A disease that is spread by a virus B) A disease that is not caused by an infectious agent C) A disease that can spread from person to person D) A disease that cannot spread from animals to humans
B) A disease that is not caused by an infectious agent
A society is: A) A group of people who live in a specific locality B) A group of people who share a set of beliefs and occupy a specific locality C) A group of people who share some common beliefs D) None of these are correct
B) A group of people who share a set of beliefs and occupy a specific locality
The health system of England can best be described as: A) Pluralistic B) A national health service C) A social health insurance scheme D) A fragmented system
B) A national health service
The U.S. health system can best be described as: A) A national health service B) A pluralistic system C) A social insurance scheme D) None of these are correct
B) A pluralistic system
WHO defines health as: A) A state of well-being B) A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of infirmity or disease C) The absence of infirmity D) None of these are correct
B) A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of infirmity or disease
The Declaration of Helsinki says that human subject research must be approved by: A) A research ethics committee of the firm carrying out the research B) An independent research ethics committee C) A research ethics committee organized by the researcher D) Both An independent research ethics committee and A research ethics committee organized by the researcher
B) An independent research ethics committee
Cultural relativism refers to: A) Assessing a culture through one's own beliefs B) Assessing a culture through its own belief system C) Assessing a culture to determine what is good about it D) Assessing a culture to determine what about it is harmful
B) Assessing a culture through its own belief system
The costs of health care for individuals, especially in places lacking universal health coverage: A) Does not usually have much of an impact on people's incomes B) Can be immiserating C) Are not important, except for the direct costs D) Are not important, except for the indirect costs
B) Can be immiserating
Non-intrinsic determinants of health include A) Sex B) Cultural practices C) Neither sex nor cultural practices D) Both sex and cultural practices
B) Cultural practices
Some of the most important bilateral agencies involved in global health include: A) UNICEF, UNAIDS B) DFID, USAID C) Gavi, The Global Fund D) The World Bank, The Asian Development Bank
B) DFID, USAID
Globally over the last two decades, the number of children dying annually, under five years of age, has: A) Increased B) Decreased C) Stayed about the same D) Decreased only for those below 28 days of life
B) Decreased
The years of life lost due to premature death from which of the following has increased over the last decade? A) Malaria B) Diabetes C) Childhood pneumonia D) Childhood diarrhea
B) Diabetes
Improvements in health globally have been: A) Distributed fairly equally B) Distributed more to some groups than to others C) Very minimal D) Extensive and fairly distributed
B) Distributed more to some groups than to others
Which of the following are likely to have the worst health? A) Rural but educated people B) Ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities C) Urban people D) Both Ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities and Urban people
B) Ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that: A) Everyone has the right to a job B) Everyone has the right to a standard of living that provides for adequate health and well-being C) Mothers are the only group deserving special attention D) None of these are correct
B) Everyone has the right to a standard of living that provides for adequate health and well-being
For the most part, WHO is not a: A) Technical agency B) Financing agency C) Advocacy agency
B) Financing agency
The global partnership which leads work on child vaccination is: A) The Global Fund B) Gavi C) Save the Children D) UNICEF
B) Gavi
Primary care is: A) Health services at the level of the regional hospital B) Health services at the first point of contact, intended to provide basic and referral care C)Community-based health services D) Basic care
B) Health services at the first point of contact, intended to provide basic and referral care
Health impact assessments are meant to: A) Identify health issues B) Identify health issues that might arise from investments across sectors and measures that can be taken to mitigate them C) Identify investments that can be made without negative consequences for health D)Identify the negative health consequences of road investments
B) Identify health issues that might arise from investments across sectors and measures that can be taken to mitigate them
Which two conditions are among the top three causes of death globally? A) Diabetes and ischemic heart disease B) Ischemic heart disease and stroke C) Chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) Diabetes and COPD
B) Ischemic heart disease and stroke
Cultural competence refers to: A) One's ability to work effectively with people in one's own culture B) One's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures C)One's ability to work effectively with a specific group D) None of these are correct
B) One's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures
When conducting subject selection in human subject research: A) Privileged people can be preferred in the selection on participants B) Participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably C) Vulnerable people can be preferred in the selection D) Children should be included
B) Participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably
Prisons can often be: A) Places to get excellent health services B) Places which are excellent breeding grounds for diseases such as TB C) Places which are excellent breeding grounds for noncommunicable diseases broadly D) Places which are excellent breeding grounds for cardiovascular disease
B) Places which are excellent breeding grounds for diseases such as TB
The health system of India can best be described as: A) A national health service B) Pluralistic C) A social insurance scheme D) A coherent system
B) Pluralistic
Which factor is expected to have the greatest impact in the next two decades on the burden of disease? A) Urbanization B) Population aging C) Population growth D) Both Population aging and population growth
B) Population aging
One Health refers to: A) Public health efforts that cut across national boundaries B) Public health efforts that focus on the connections between animal and human health C) Public health efforts that focus on the connections between the health of the environment, animal health, and human health D) Holistic efforts at promoting better health
B) Public health efforts that focus on the connections between animal and human health
In a low-income country, the first level at which one could receive emergency obstetric care would generally be: A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) National Hospitals
B) Secondary
In the lowest-income countries, the first level at which one might encounter a trained physician would generally be: A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) National Hospitals
B) Secondary
The only human disease ever eradicated was: A) Rinderpest B) Smallpox C) Guinea worm D) Hookworm
B) Smallpox
When looking at the links between culture and health, it is likely that: A) All practices of a culture are health enabling B) Some practices of a culture are health enabling, while some other cultural practices are not good for health C) Many cultural practices are bad D) Most cultural practices have only a modest influence on health
B) Some practices of a culture are health enabling, while some other cultural practices are not good for health
The burden of disease is primarily communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional in: A) South Asia B) Sub-Saharan Africa C) The Middle East and North Africa D) East Asia
B) Sub-Saharan Africa
Disability refers to: A) Death B) Temporary or long-term reduction in a person's ability to function C) Short illness D) Illness
B) Temporary or long-term reduction in a person's ability to function
The foundation with the largest portfolio in global health is: A) The Rockefeller Foundation B) The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation C) The Ford Foundation D) The Buffett Foundation
B) The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
An important global initiative underway now is: A) The Global Program to Eradicate Measles B) The Global Polio Eradication Initiative C) The Global Program to Eradicate Hookworm D) The Global Program to Eradicate TB
B) The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
The cornerstone of human rights is the: A) International Declaration on the Rights of Children B) The International Bill of Human Rights C) The International Declaration on the Right of Women D) The Belmont Report
B) The International Bill of Human Rights
In most countries, which agency is responsible for implementing safe water supplies: A) The Ministry of Health B) The Ministry of Civil Works/Infrastructure C) The Ministry of Finance D) The Ministry of Environment
B) The Ministry of Civil Works/Infrastructure
The most involved in health of the multilateral development Banks is: A) The Asian Development Bank B) The World Bank C) The African Development Bank D) The Inter-American Development Bank
B) The World Bank
The annual meeting of WHO that is most involved in setting policy is: A) The WHO Annual Meeting B) The World Health Assembly C) The Global Health Meeting D) The WHO Donors Meeting
B) The World Health Assembly
Health literacy is: A) The ability to write effectively about health B) The ability to get, process, and make use of basic information about health and health services C) The ability to provide certain health services D) The ability to know where to find information about health
B) The ability to get, process, and make use of basic information about health and health services
Which statement least reflects a global health concern? A) The application of public health to issues that transcend national boundaries B) The achievement of greater health equity in an individual country C) Cooperative efforts needed to solve a critical public health problem affecting many countries D) Global standard setting on diagnostics and drugs
B) The achievement of greater health equity in an individual country
Which of the following is false? A) The burden of disease globally has shifted increasingly toward noncommunicable diseases B) The burden of disease globally has shifted increasingly toward communicable diseases C) The years of life lost due to diabetes has been increasing D) The years of life lost due to premature death of children has been decreasing
B) The burden of disease globally has shifted increasingly toward communicable diseases
The best example of a global health issue requiring cooperative action is: A) A local maternal and child health program B) The development of new vaccines for TB C) Health system reform in a specific country D) The financing of health care in Europe
B) The development of new vaccines for TB
Children are likely to be healthier in a country in which: A) The government invests modestly in education B) The government makes education, including for girls, a national priority C) The government invests in education, but most students are boys D) The government invests in hospitals in urban areas
B) The government makes education, including for girls, a national priority
In a whole of government approach: A) The health ministry is responsible for implementing all measures to improve health B) The government works across agencies in a coordinated way to identify and address health issues C) A few government agencies work on health D) None of these are correct
B) The government works across agencies in a coordinated way to identify and address health issues
The Declaration of Alma Ata referred to: A) The manner in which health systems should be organized B) The manner in which universally accessible first level care should be organized and linked with the community, the determinants of health, and development needs C) The manner in which tertiary care should be organized D) The manner in which primary care should be organized
B) The manner in which universally accessible first level care should be organized and linked with the community, the determinants of health, and development needs
The neonatal mortality rate is: A) The number of children under age 1 who die in a year B) The number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 1,000 live births C) The number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 5,000 live births D) The number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 10,000 live births
B) The number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 1,000 live births
What is a determinant of health? A) The range of conditions that determine the health status of an individual B) The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations C) The personal factors that determine the health status of an individual D) The personal factors that determine the health status of a community
B) The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations
Human capital refers to: A) The amount of money people have B) The skills and knowledge people have that allows them to be productive C) The amount of people's assets D) None of these are correct
B) The skills and knowledge people have that allows them to be productive
The phrase "being born female is dangerous to your health" refers best to: A) Specific health conditions females face that men do not B) The social disadvantage that women face in many societies and the impact of that on health C) The importance of violence against women D) The importance of maternal deaths
B) The social disadvantage that women face in many societies and the impact of that on health
A health system is: A) Health providers and health services B) The sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health C) Health financing, health providers, and health services D) Health services
B) The sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health
A DALY measures: A)The sum of years spent in illness B) The sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability, calculated on a weighted basis C) The sum of years lost to premature death and years spent in illness D) The sum of years spent in disability
B) The sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability, calculated on a weighted basis
In more than 100 countries, the "right to health" is guaranteed within: A) Their laws B) Their constitution C) Their proclamations D) Their health laws
B) Their constitution
A behavior-related determinant of health would be A) Genetic inheritance B) Tobacco consumption C) Exposure to outdoor air pollution D) Social status
B) Tobacco consumption
Which of these is the most important risk factor for deaths globally? A) High blood pressure B) Unsafe water C) Alcohol use D) High sodium
B) Unsafe water
"Social marketing" refers to: A) Using traditional pathways to encourage behavior change B) Using the tools of commercial marketing to try to encourage behavior change C) Using social media to encourage behavior change D) Using face to face contacts to encourage behavior change
B) Using the tools of commercial marketing to try to encourage behavior change
Ethnocentrism refers to: A) Judging a society by its own beliefs B) Viewing a society through own's own beliefs C) Judging a society D) All of these are correct
B) Viewing a society through own's own beliefs
The Declaration of Helsinki says that anyone participating in human subject research must provide the following: A) A waiver of liability B) Voluntary, informed consent C) Informed consent D) Both A waiver of liability and Voluntary, informed consent
B) Voluntary, informed consent
Which of the following is true, on average globally? A) Men live longer than women B) Women live longer than men C) Women and men have about the same life expectancy D) Men spend more years living with disability than women do
B) Women live longer than men
YLD refers to: A) Years of life lost to premature death B) Years of life lived with disability, calculated on a weighted basis C) Years of live lived with disability D) None of these are correct
B) Years of life lived with disability, calculated on a weighted basis
The maternal mortality ratio is measured per how many live births: A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 100,000 D) 500,000
C) 100,000
A conditional cash transfer is: A) A cash payment to someone to help their income B)A cash payment to a mother to help support her children C)A cash payment to someone, provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors D) A cash payment to someone, whether not they have engaged in certain desirable health behaviors
C) A cash payment to someone, provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors
Some of the latest estimates suggest that what proportion of global deaths are associated with behavioral and environmental risk factors: A) About 5% B) About 10% C) About 25% D)About 50%
C) About 25%
UNITAID is largely financed by: A) Gifts from rich countries B) Selling bonds C) An airline tax in participating countries D) Private Donations
C) An airline tax in participating countries
The Alma Ata Declaration refers to: A) An approach to humanitarian relief B) An approach to the health of women C) An approach to primary health care D) An approach to the health of children
C) An approach to primary health care
Planetary health refers to: A) An approach to public health that concerns animal health B) An approach to public health that focuses on zoonotic disease C) An approach to public health that focuses on the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment D) An approach to public health that focuses on the environment
C) An approach to public health that focuses on the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment
Which disease has another disease as a risk factor: A) Measles B) Hepatitis C) Cervical cancer D) Helminthic infection
C) Cervical cancer
An example of the recent geographic spread of a communicable disease includes: A) Smallpox B) Cervical cancer C) Chikungunya D) Polio
C) Chikungunya
Examples of countries that in the last 50 years achieved substantially better levels of population health than one might have predicted by their income level, include: A) Norway, Denmark and The Netherlands B) The US C) Cuba, Costa Rica, and China D) Liberia and Sierra Leone
C) Cuba, Costa Rica, and China
Which agency of government generally "controls" the allocation of funds: A) Health B) Planning C) Finance D) The Central Bank
C) Finance
Intrinsic determinants of health include: A) Government policy B) The environment C) Genetics D) All of these are correct
C) Genetics
The best way to reduce excess alcohol consumption is: A) Have the health ministry engage in health education B) Have the education ministry teach young people not to drink C) Have the Ministry of Finance tax alcohol at high rates D)Have the health ministry ban sales to minors
C) Have the Ministry of Finance tax alcohol at high rates
The best way to reduce tobacco consumption is: A) Have the health sector engage in anti-smoking campaigns B) Have the agriculture ministry reduce tobacco production C) Have the Ministry of Finance tax cigarettes at high rates D) Have the health ministry ban smoking among minors
C) Have the Ministry of Finance tax cigarettes at high rates
Reducing antibiotic use in animal production would probably require the cooperation of which ministries: A) Health and finance B) Finance and agriculture C) Health and agriculture D) Health and commerce
C) Health and agriculture
The key principles for making ethical choices about distributing scarce resources for health include: A) First come, first served B) Health maximization and personal responsibility C) Health maximization, equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility D) Personal responsibility
C) Health maximization, equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility
Stewardship of the health system refers to: A) How it is financed B) Who pays for it C) How it is governed D) The amount of external support a system receives
C) How it is governed
Life expectancy at birth is: A) How long a person will live B) How long the population will live C) How long people born today are expected to live, given continuation of existing mortality trends D) How long people born today are expected to live
C) How long people born today are expected to live, given continuation of existing mortality trends
Incidence rate refers to: A) How many people in a given period die B) How many people in a given period are disabled C) How many people get a disease over a certain period, compared to a specified number of people at risk D) How many people get a disease in a certain time period
C) How many people get a disease over a certain period, compared to a specified number of people at risk
The leading cause of death globally for females of all ages is: A) Diabetes B) Injuries C) Ischemic heart disease D) Maternal death
C) Ischemic heart disease
What generally happens to private expenditure on health as countries move to universal health coverage? A) It stays about the same B) It goes up C) It goes down D) It varies widely
C) It goes down
A HALE measures: A) Life expectancy B) How many more year's people have to live C) Life expectancy, taking account of present rates of disability and mortality D) How many years people live with a disability
C) Life expectancy, taking account of present rates of disability and mortality
Which of the following is the only communicable disease in the top ten causes of death in high-income countries? A) HIV B) Hepatitis C) Lower respiratory infections D) HPV
C) Lower respiratory infections
Which of the following comments about malnutrition is false: A) Malnutrition can reduce cognitive development B) Malnutrition can reduce physical development C) Malnutrition has no connection to infection D) Malnutrition can have deleterious impacts on health
C) Malnutrition has no connection to infection
The leading cause of deaths for neonates globally is: A) HIV B) Diarrhea C) Neonatal disorders D) Sexually transmitted infections
C) Neonatal disorders
Population aging will cause a substantial increase in the burden of: A) Nutritional conditions B) Communicable diseases C) Noncommunicable diseases D) Communicable and noncommunicable diseases
C) Noncommunicable diseases
Can minors give informed consent? A) Yes, on their own B) No, never C) Parents and legal guardians can give consent for them D) Sometimes
C) Parents and legal guardians can give consent for them
The best description below of the focus of public health is: A) Achieving medical care for all B) Reducing road traffic injuries C) Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health through organized community effort D) Extending life expectancy
C) Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health through organized community effort
Universal health coverage refers to: A) A health system B) Providing universal access to a health system C) Providing universal access to a health system, linked with a program for financial protection D) Fairness in financing health services
C) Providing universal access to a health system, linked with a program for financial protection
Human subject research should satisfy the following conditions if it is to be carried out in ethical ways: A) Social value, informed consent, scientific validity B) Scientific validity, fair subject selection, informed consent C) Social value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, acceptable benefit/risk ratio, informed consent, respect for enrolled subjects D) Scientific validity and fairness
C) Social value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, acceptable benefit/risk ratio, informed consent, respect for enrolled subjects
The Onchocerciasis Control Project shifted approaches from: A) Mass drug administration to treatment B) Treatment to spraying C) Spraying to mass drug administration D) None of these are correct
C) Spraying to mass drug administration
Which region has a burden of disease that is predominantly communicable, neonatal, nutritional, and maternal? A) South Asia B) The Middle East and North Africa C) Sub-Saharan Africa D) Latin America and the Caribbean
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
Which region has the worst health indicators: A) South Asia B) The Middle East and North Africa C) Sub-Saharan Africa D) Latin America and the Caribbean
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
In most countries, direct action to reduce outdoor air pollution from manufacturing would be led by: A) The Ministry of Health B) The Ministry of Finance C) The Ministry of Industry D) None of these are correct
C) The Ministry of Industry
In general, clinical trials of a drug on human subjects require that the "control group" for the trial receive at least: A) A drug related to the drug being tested B) A placebo C) The best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted D) A drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted
C) The best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted
What is the best definition of a social determinant of health? A) The conditions of an individual's work B) The conditions under which an individual lives C) The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age D) The conditions in which a community lives
C) The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age
Culture refers to: A) The language and music of a particular group B) The behavior patterns of a particular group C) The entire set of beliefs, art, law, music and customs shared by members of a society D) The way people of a certain group behave
C) The entire set of beliefs, art, law, music and customs shared by members of a society
"Financial fairness" in the financing of health refers to: A) The costs of health services B) The benefits of health services C) The extent to which services are financed in a manner that reflects who benefits and the ability of people to pay for such services D) None of these are correct
C) The extent to which services are financed in a manner that reflects who benefits and the ability of people to pay for such services
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights says that people are entitled to: A) A job B) The highest possible standard of living C) The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being D) The highest standard of physical well being
C) The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being
The "diffusion of innovations model" of behavior change highlights: A) The stages individuals go through before deciding to change their behavior B) People's perception that they might get an illness and the likelihood, therefore, that they will change their behavior C) The steps from understanding a problem, to studying it, commercializing the innovation and then encouraging its diffusion D) The importance of information through social media
C) The steps from understanding a problem, to studying it, commercializing the innovation and then encouraging its diffusion
When most people feel that they are "getting sick", their first actions for improving their health are: A) To visit an allopathic doctor B) To seek the help of a pharmacy C) To take home remedies D) To wait it out
C) To take home remedies
The UN agency primarily responsible for children is: A) UNHCR B) UNDP C) UNICEF D) UNFPA
C) UNICEF
One of the keys to smallpox eradication was: A) Vaccinating everyone in each affected country B) Vaccinating only the children in each country C) Vaccinating in selected areas of countries after cases were identified in those areas D) All of these are correct
C) Vaccinating in selected areas of countries after cases were identified in those areas
Which of the following is false? A) "Access to health services" refers to geographic access B) "Access to health services" refers to being able to get services of appropriate quality C) "Access to health services" refers to being able to afford health services D) "Access to health services" refers to everyone being about the same distance to health services
D) "Access to health services" refers to everyone being about the same distance to health services
An infant is: A) A child under 28 days of age B) A child over 28 days but less than 1 year of age C) A child between 28 days and 6 months of age D) A child under 1 year of age
D) A child under 1 year of age
"The rights-based approach to health" suggests that: A) Health policies, programs, and practices should be considered in terms of their impact on human rights B) The health impacts of human rights violations should be considered C) The fulfillment of human rights should be central to health efforts D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
A health system is supposed to promote: A) Good health B) Fairness of financial contribution C) Responsiveness to people's need D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Culture is an important determinant of health because it: A) Links closely with what people eat B) It is an important determinant of people's perceptions of illness C) It is an important determinant of people's health seeking behavior D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Differences in health across social groups often reflect: A) Social disadvantage B) Problems of governance C) Variations in family income D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Disabilities can: A) Harm people's ability to work B) Have a range of direct costs C) Have a range of indirect costs D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Education of women can be a powerful enabler of: A) Child survival B) Child health C) Child growth and development D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Environmental risk factors include: A) Unsafe water and sanitation B) Household air pollution C) Ambient particulate matter pollution D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Health providers include: A) Doctors and nurses B) Dentists and herbalists C) Bone setters and shamans D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Human rights related to health may have limits such as: A) Restrictions on movement, related to a disease outbreak B) Quarantine, related to a disease outbreak C) Making vaccines mandatory D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Important human rights issues arise in global health, including: A) The stigmatization of people with some health conditions B) Quarantine C) Making vaccines mandatory D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Important progress in health has resulted from: A) Improvements in hygiene, access to safe water, and access to safe sanitation B) Improvements in technology, such as the dissemination of childhood vaccines C) Increases in people's level of education D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
In many traditional societies, people seek initial health care from: A) Practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine B) A range of unlicensed medical practitioners C) Pharmacists D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
In some traditional cultures, people might believe that disease is caused by: A) Mixing "hot" and "cold" foods B) A curse C)Too much or not enough sexual activity D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
In traditional societies, who often needs to be "brought on board" if behavior change for better health is to occur? A) Traditional leaders of the community B) Religious leaders of the community C) People with important local positions, such as teachers D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
It is important in human subject research to allow participants to: A) Withdraw from the research B) Preserve their confidentiality C) Be treated respectfully D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Medicine is more focused than public health on: A) Individual curative care B) The treatment of illness C) The well-being of individual patients D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Socio-economic determinants of health include: A) Income level B) Level of education C) Ethnicity D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Some of the important reasons for actors to cooperate in addressing global health issues are: A) The need for standards, based on the best available evidence gathered globally B) The fact that many health issues cross international boundaries C) The fact that many countries cannot afford themselves to finance the need actions D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Some of the indirect determinants of health include: A) Income B) Education C) Socio-economic standing D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Some of the main focuses of UNICEF historically have been: A) Child nutrition, vaccination B) Child rights C) Children in conflict zones D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Strengthening a young woman's ability to negotiate safe sex may require measures such as: A) Keeping young women in school longer B) Ensuring young women have enough income to avoid engaging in transactional sex C) Ensuring greater empowerment of young women D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
The Ministry of Agriculture and Industry can help to improve health by: A) Promoting the farming and sale of "healthy foods" B) Discouraging the production of "unhealthy foods", such as high fructose corn syrup C) Enabling better distribution of "healthy foods" D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
The health status of a young child is linked with: A) Physical growth of the child B) Performance in school C) Cognitive development of the child D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
When taking an equity lens to health, we should consider: A) Social and economic status, location, ethnicity B) Religion, sex, age C) The quality of care in different places D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Which of the following are ways that health and education are connected? A) Education is health enabling B) Health enables more education C) Education enables better nutrition D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Which of the following cases raise important issues in human subject research? A) The Nazi Medical Experiments B) The Tuskegee Study C) Short- course AZT trials D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
Which of these is a reason to enhance your knowledge of global health? A) Communicable diseases do not respect boundaries B) Many low- and middle-income countries face a set of similar challenges to improving their health system C) Some health issues are greater than any individual country can address D) All of these are correct
D) All of these are correct
An example of a "global public good" is: A) Clean air B) The development of a drug against cancer C) A new vaccine against TB D) Both clean air and a new vaccine against TB
D) Both clean air and a new vaccine against TB
Some inborn determinants of health include: A) Genetic make-up B) Age C) Social status D) Both genetic make-up and age
D) Both genetic make-up and age
Behavioral risk factors include: A) Tobacco smoking B) Unsafe water and sanitation C) High sodium intake D) Both tobacco smoking and high sodium intake
D) Both tobacco smoking and high sodium intake
Which country income group would you expect to have the best health indicators: A) Low-income B) Lower middle-income C) Upper middle-income D) High-income
D) High-income
You would expect infant mortality rates to be lowest in: A) Liberia B) Nigeria C) Paraguay D) Ireland
D) Ireland
The "social determinants of health" include: A) Age B) Sex C) The way people love D) The way people live and work and the wider systems shaping the conditions of daily life
D) The way people live and work and the wider systems shaping the conditions of daily life
Total expenditure on health as a share of GDP is highest in: A) Cuba B) United Kingdom C) Germany D) United States
D) United States
In many respects today, what is the "organizing principle" for global health? A) Reduce deaths B) Reduce morbidity C) Reduce disability D) Universal Health Coverage
D) Universal Health Coverage
The fundamental question(s) for universal health coverage is/are: A) Who to cover B) What to cover C) Who to cover and what to cover D) Who to cover, what to cover, and what share of costs should be covered
D) Who to cover, what to cover, and what share of costs should be covered