Nursing 212 Fluids and Electrolytes

describe the rating scale for edema

+1: 2mm +2: 4mm +3: 6mm +4: 8mm

Function of water in the body

-A medium for transporting nutrients/wastes to/from cells -A medium for transporting WBC/RBCs, PLT's, hormones -Acts as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes -Acts as a tissue lubricant -Helps maintain normal body temperature -Facilitates digestion and promotes elimination

what is hypervolemia related to

-CKD/ARF/CHF -Excess Na+ intake -Excessive IVF

what are some assessment indications of hypervolemia

-Fatigue -Edema -↓ urine output -↑ abd girth -Weight gain -MS changes -↑BP -↑ RR w/ or w/o dyspnea -SOB/Crackles

what are some nursing interventions for hypovolemia

-Monitor VS, I/O, labs -Daily weight -Palpate pedal pulse -Monitor capillary refill -Skin/mouth care -IVF per MD order -Safety precautions -Offer fluid options, clean cups, straws, pitcher at bedside -Promote independence -Tube feeds = free water flush

what are some interventions for hypervolemia

-Monitor VS, I/O, labs -Fluid Restriction -Sign, swabs, chapstick, no candy/gum, small cups -Daily weight -Auscultate lungs/heart -Encourage cough/deep breath *semi-fowler's -Skin care -Safety precautions -Administer diuretics per MD order

what can hypovolemia result from

-excessive loss of body fluids -decreased PO intake -Systemic infections, fever -Intestinal obstruction or fistulas -Kidney disease, Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

what are some assessment signs of hypovolemia

-increased HR but decreased BP -increased RR with rapid/shallow breathing -decreased urine output -Flattened neck veins -Tingling of extremities -Dry mucus membranes

What are the 3 components of ECF

-intravascular -interstitial -trancellular

what is the average adult intake of ingested food per day

1,00 mL per day

what is the average adult intake of ingested water

1,300 mL per day

1. A nurse is caring for an older patient with type II diabetes who is living in a long-term care facility. The nurse determines that the patient's fluid intake and output is approximately 1200 mL daily. What patient teaching would the nurse provide for this patient? Select all that apply. A."Try to drink at least six to eight glasses of water each day." B."Try to limit your fluid intake to one quart of water daily." C."Limit sugar, salt, and alcohol in your diet." D."Report side effects of medications you are taking, especially diarrhea." E."Temporarily increase foods containing caffeine for their diuretic effect." F."Weigh yourself daily and report any changes in your weight."

1. a, c, d, f. Generally, fluid intake and output averages 2,600 mL per day. This patient is experiencing dehydration and should be encouraged to drink more water, maintain normal body weight, avoid consuming excess amounts of products high in salt, sugar, and caffeine, limit alcohol intake, and monitor side effects of medications, especially diarrhea and water loss from diuretics.

how much urine do the kidneys produce daily

1.5 L

interstitial fluid makes up ___ percent of body weight

10-15

10. A nurse is monitoring a patient who is diagnosed with hypokalemia. Which nursing intervention would be appropriate for this patient? A.Encourage foods and fluids with high sodium content. B.Administer oral K supplements as ordered. C.Caution the patient about eating foods high in potassium content. D.Discuss calcium-losing aspects of nicotine and alcohol use.

10. b. Nursing interventions for a patient with hypokalemia include encouraging foods high in potassium and administering oral K as ordered. Encouraging foods with high sodium content is appropriate for a patient with hyponatremia. Cautioning the patient about foods high in potassium is appropriate for a patient with hyperkalemia, and discussing the calcium-losing aspects of nicotine and alcohol use is appropriate for a patient with hypocalcemia.

11. A nurse is administering 500 mL of saline solution to a patient over 10 hours. The administration set delivers 60 gtts/min. Determine the infusion rate to administer via gravity infusion.

11. Ans: 50 gtts/min. When administering 500 mL of solution over 10 hours, and the set delivers 60 gtts/mL, the nurse would use the following formula: Refer to pg 1546

12. A nurse is initiating a peripheral venous access IV infusion for a patient. Following the procedure, the nurse observes that the fluid does not flow easily into the vein and the skin around the insertion site is edematous and cool to the touch. What would be the nurse's next action related to these findings? A.Reposition the extremity and raise the height of the IV pole. B.Apply pressure to the dressing on the IV. C.Pull the catheter out slightly and reinsert it. D.Put on gloves; remove the catheter; apply pressure with a sterile pad.

12. d. This IV has been infiltrated. The nurse should put on gloves and remove the catheter. The nurse should also apply pressure with a sterile gauze pad, secure the gauze with tape over the insertion site, and restart the IV in a new location.

13. When monitoring an IV site and infusion, a nurse notes pain at the access site with erythema and edema. What grade of phlebitis would the nurse document? A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4

13. b. Grade 2 phlebitis presents with pain at access site with erythema and/or edema. Grade 1 presents as erythema at access site with or without pain. Grade 3 presents as grade 2 with a streak formation and palpable venous cord. Grade 4 presents as grade 3 with a palpable venous cord >1 inch and with purulent drainage.

14. A nurse is administering a blood transfusion for a patient following surgery. During the transfusion, the patient displays signs of dyspnea, dry cough, and pulmonary edema. What would be the nurse's priority actions related to these symptoms? A.Slow or stop the infusion; monitor vital signs, notify the physician, place the patient in upright position with feet dependent. B.Stop the transfusion immediately and keep the vein open with normal saline, notify the physician stat, administer antihistamine parenterally as needed. C.Stop the transfusion immediately and keep the vein open with normal saline, notify the physician, and treat symptoms. D.Stop the infusion immediately, obtain a culture of the patient's blood, monitor vital signs, notify the physician, administer antibiotics stat.

14. a. The patient is displaying signs and symptoms of circulatory overload: too much blood administered. In answer (b) the nurse is providing interventions for an allergic reaction. In answer (c) the nurse is responding to a febrile reaction, and in answer (d) the nurse is providing interventions for a bacterial reaction.

extracellular fluid makes up ___ percent of body weight

15-20

15. A nurse is flushing a patient's implanted port after administering medications. The nurse observes that the port flushes, but does not have a blood return. What would be the nurse's next action based on these findings? A.Gently push down on the needle and flush it a second time. B.Stop flushing and remove the needle; notify the primary care provider. C.Ask the patient to perform a Valsalva maneuver; change the patient position. D.Close the clamp; wait 3 minutes, try flushing the port again. Answers With Rationales

15. c. If a port flushes but does not have a blood return, the nurse should ask the patient to perform a Valsalva maneuver, have the patient change position or place the affected arm over the head, or raise or lower the head of the bed. If these measures do not work, the nurse should remove the needle and reaccess the device with a new needle.

how much plasma does the kidney filter daily

180L

what is the average adult fluid intake total?

2,600 mL per day

2. A nurse is performing a physical assessment of a patient who is experiencing fluid volume excess. Upon examination of the patient's legs, the nurse documents: "Pitting edema; 6 mm pit; pit remains several seconds after pressing with obvious skin swelling." What grade of edema has this nurse documented? A.1+ pitting edema B.2+ pitting edema C.3+ pitting edema D.4+ pitting edema

2. c. 3+ pitting edema is represented by a deep pit (6 mm) that remains seconds after pressing with skin swelling obvious by general inspection. 1+ is a slight indentation (2 mm) with normal contours associated with interstitial fluid volume 30% above normal. 2+ is a 4-mm pit that lasts longer than 1+ with fairly normal contour. +4 is a deep pit (8 mm) that remains for a prolonged time after pressing with frank swelling.

how much fluid is lost through the GI track daily

200 mL

3. A nurse is preparing an IV solution for a patient who has hypernatremia. Which solutions are the best choices for this condition? Select all that apply. A.5% dextrose in water (D5W) B.0.9% NaCl (normal saline) C.Lactated Ringer's solution D.0.33% NaCl (¹∕³-strength normal saline) E.0.45% NaCl (½-strength normal saline) D.10% dextrose in water (D10W)

3. a, d, e. 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.33% NaCl (¹∕³-strength normal saline), and 0.45% NaCl (½-strength normal saline) are used to treat hypernatremia. 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) is used to treat hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, and hypochloremia. Lactated Ringer's solution is used in the treatment of hypovolemia, burns, and fluid lost from gastrointestinal sources. 10% dextrose in water (D10W) is used in peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN).

how much insensible water is lost through the lungs

300 mL

what is the average metabolic oxidation for an average adult

300 mL per day

cell fluid makes up _____ percent of body weight

35-40

6. A patient has been encouraged to increase fluid intake. Which measure would be most effective for the nurse to implement? A.Explaining the mechanisms involved in transporting fluids to and from intracellular compartments B.Keeping fluids readily available for the patient C.Emphasizing the long-term outcome of increasing fluids when the patient returns home D.Planning to offer most daily fluids in the evening

6. b. Having fluids readily available helps promote intake. Explanation of the fluid transportation mechanisms (a) is inappropriate and does not focus on the immediate problem of increasing fluid intake. Meeting short-term outcomes rather than long-term ones (c) provides further reinforcement, and additional fluids should be taken earlier in the day.

how much insensible water is lost through the skin

600 mL

4. A nurse is assessing infants in the NICU for fluid balance status. Which nursing action would the nurse depend on as the most reliable indicator of a patient's fluid balance status? A.Recording intake and output B.Testing skin turgor C.Reviewing the complete blood count D.Measuring weight daily

4. d. Daily weight is the most reliable indicator of a person's fluid balance status. Intake and output are not always as accurate and may involve a subjective component. Measurement of skin turgor is subjective, and the complete blood count does not necessarily reflect fluid balance.

plasma makes up ____ percent of body weight

5

5. Which acid-base imbalance would the nurse suspect after assessing the following arterial blood gas values: pH, 7.30; PaCO2, 36 mm Hg; HCO3−, 14 mEq/L? A.Respiratory acidosis B.Respiratory alkalosis C.Metabolic acidosis D.Metabolic alkalosis

5. c. A low pH indicates acidosis. This, coupled with a low bicarbonate, indicates metabolic acidosis. The pH and bicarbonate would be elevated with metabolic alkalosis. Decreased PaCO2 in conjunction with a low pH indicates respiratory acidosis; increased PaCO2 in conjunction with an elevated pH indicates respiratory alkalosis.

what is a healthy persons total body water weight

50-60% of weight

7. A nurse is caring for a patient who has fluid imbalance related to the development of ascites. Which imbalances would the nurse monitor for in this patient? Select all that apply. A.Extracellular fluid volume deficit B.Protein deficit C.Metabolic alkalosis D.Sodium deficit E.Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift F.Metabolic acidosis

7. a, b, d, e. Patients with fluid loss due to ascites are at risk for extracellular fluid volume deficit, protein deficit, sodium deficit, and plasma-interstitial fluid shift.

8. A nurse is monitoring a patient who is receiving an IV infusion of normal saline. The patient is apprehensive and presents with a pounding headache, rapid pulse rate, chills, and dyspnea. What would be the nurse's priority intervention related to these symptoms? A.Discontinue the infusion immediately, monitor vital signs, and report findings to primary care provider immediately. B.Slow the rate of infusion, notify the primary care provider immediately and monitor vital signs. C.Pinch off the catheter or secure the system to prevent entry of air, place the patient in the Trendelenburg position, and call for assistance. D.Discontinue the infusion immediately, apply warm, moist compresses to the site, and restart the IV at another site.

8. a. The nurse is observing the signs and symptoms of speed shock: the body's reaction to a substance that is injected into the circulatory system too rapidly. The nursing interventions for this condition are: discontinue the infusion immediately, report symptoms of speed shock to primary care provider immediately, and monitor vital signs once signs develop. Answer (b) is interventions for fluid overload, answer (c) is interventions for air embolus, and answer (d) is interventions for phlebitis

9. A nurse carefully assesses the acid-base balance of a patient who is unable to effectively control his carbonic acid supply. This is most likely a patient with damage to which of the following? A.Kidneys B.Lungs C.Adrenal glands D.Blood vessels

9. b. The lungs are the primary controller of the body's carbonic acid supply and thus, if damaged, can affect acid-base balance. The kidneys are the primary controller of the body's bicarbonate supply. The adrenal glands secrete catecholamines and steroid hormones. The blood vessels act only as a transport system.

A nurse is collecting data from a client who has hypercalcemia as a result of a long-term use of glucocorticoids. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) A. Hyperreflexia B. confusion C. Positive Chvostek's sign D. Bone pain E. Nausea and vomiting

B. Confusion D. Bone Pain E. nausea and vomiting

A nurse on a medical-surgical unit is caring for a group of clients. The nurse should identify that which of the following clients is at risk for hypovolemia? A. A client who has nasogastric suctioning B. A client who has chronic constipation. C. A client who has syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone D. A client who took an overdose of sodium bicarbonate antacids

A. A client who has nasogastric suctioning -The nurse should identify that client who has nasogastric suctioning is at risk for hypovolemia due to excessive gastrointestinal losses.

A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has hypocalcemia. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as risk factors for the development of this electrolyte imbalance? A. Crohn's disease B. Postoperative following appendectomy C. History of bone cancer D. Hyperthyroidism

A. Crohn's disease -Crohn's disease is a risk factor for hypocalcemia. This malabsorption disorder places the client at risk for hypocalcemia due to inadequate calcium absorption.

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory test results for a client who has an elevated temperature. The nurse should recognize which of the following findings is a manifestation of dehydration? (Select all that apply.) A. Hct 55% B. Serum osmolarity 260 mOsm/kg C. Serum sodium 150 mEq/L D. Urine specific gravity 1.035 E. Serum creatinine 0.6 mg/dL

A. Hct 55%, this Hct is greater than the expected reference range of 42-52% for men and 37-47% for women and is an indication of dehydration due to hemoconcentration. C. Serum sodium 150 mEq/L. This serum sodium level is greater than the expected reference range of 136-145 mEq/L and is an indication of dehydration due to hemoconcentration. D. Urine specific gravity 1.035. This urine specific gravity is greater than the expected reference range of 1.005-1.030. An increased urine specific gravity is an indication of dehydration.

A nurse is planning care for a client who has hypernatremia. Which of the following actions should the nurse anticipate including in the plan of care? A. Infuse hypotonic IV fluids B. Implement a fluid restriction C. Increase sodium intake D. Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

A. Infuse hypotonic IV fluids -Hypotonic IV fluids, such as 0.225% sodium chloride, are indicated for the treatment of hypernatremia related to fluid loss to expand the ECF volume and rehydrate the cells

define atp and its function

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

Plasma, the liquid constitute of blood, is correctly identified as which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Intravascular fluid C. Intracellular fluid D. 40% of total body fluid

Answer B (intravascular fluid) is correct Intravascular fluid or plasma is ECF and composes 5% of total body fluid

A patient has been encouraged to increase her fluid intake. Which measure would be most effective for the nurse to implement? A. Explaining the mechanisms involved in transporting fluids to and from ICF compartments B. Keeping fluids readily available for the patient C. Emphasizing the long-term outcome of increasing fluids when she returns home D. Planning to offer most daily fluids in the evening

Answer B (keeping fluids readily available) is correct Having fluids readily available helps promote intake. Explanation of fluid transportation mechanisms (a) is inappropriate and does not focus on the immediate problem of increasing fluid intake. Meeting short term outcomes rather than long-term ones (c) provide reinforcement, and additional fluids should be taken earlier in the day to avoid disruption in rest

A nurse on a medical-surgical unit is caring for a group of clients. For which of the following clients should the nurse anticipate a prescription for fluid restriction. A. A client who has a new diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency B. A client who has heart failure C. A client who is receiving treatment for diabetic ketoaacidoses D. A client who has abdominal ascites.

B. A client who has heart failure -The nurse should anticipate a client who has heart failure to require fluid and sodium restriction to reduce the workload on the heart.

A nurse is planning care for a client who has dehydration. Which of the following actions should the nurse include? A. Administer antihypertensive on schedule. B. Check the client's weight each morning. C. Notify the provider of a urine output greater than 30 ml/hr. D. Encourage independent ambulation four times a day.

B. Check the client's weight each morning. -the nurse should include obtaining the client's weight each day in the plan of care. To ensure accuracy of the client's weight should be obtained at the same time each day using the same scale. By determining the client's weight gain or loss each day the nurse can evaluate the client's response to treatment.

A nurse receives a laboratory report for a client indicating a potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L. When notifying the provider, the nurse should anticipate which of the following actions? A. Starting an IV infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride B. Consulting with a dietitian to increase intake of potassium C. Initiating continuous cardiac monitoring D. Preparing the client for gastric lavage

C. Initiating continuous cardiac monitoring -A potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L indicates hyperkalemia. The nurse should anticipate the initiation of continuous cardiac monitoring due to the client's risk for dysrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation.

A nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client who has hypovolemia due to vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse should expect which of the following findings? (Select all that apply.) A. Distended neck veins B. Hyperthermia C. Tachycardia D. Syncope E. Decreased skin turgor

C. Tachycardia D. syncope E. Decreased skin turgor

give examples of anions

Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate

A nurse is providing education for a client who has severe hypomagnesemia due to alcohol use disorder. The client is to receive magnesium sulfate. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. "You will receive magnesium in a series of intramuscular injections." B. "You should receive a prescription for a thiazide diuretic to take with the magnesium." C. "You should eliminate whole grains from your diet until your magnesium level increases." D. "You will have your deep-tendon reflexes monitored while you are receiving magnesium."

D. "You will have your deep-tendon reflexes monitored while you are receiving magnesium." -The nurse should instruct the client on the need to monitor deep-tendon reflexes during administration of magnesium. This assessment helps identify hypermagnesemia that can occur during IV administration of magnesium sulfate.

define solutes and give an example

Dissolved in a solution ELECTROLYTES and NON-ELECTROLYTES

what fluid compartments is found outside of cells and is 30% of total body water

ECF

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids

third spacing

Fluid is trapped in pleural, peritoneal (ascities), or pericardial areas and unavailable for use

give an example of filtration

Force of blood pushing against the walls of the capillaries Known as hydrostatic pressure

where is edema found

Found around eyes, fingers, ankles, sacral space, around body organs

what fluid compartment is found inside cells and is 70% of total body water

ICF

what organs aid in the loss of water

Kidneys Skin Lungs GI tract

define solvents and give an example

Liquids that hold a substance in solution WATER

what is responsible for regulating fluid homeostasis

Osmosis Diffusion Active transport Filtration

filtration

Passage of fluids through a permeable membrane

give examples of cations

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Hydrogen, Magnesium

hypertonic

hypertonic: having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared

hypervolemia

hypervolemia: excess of plasma, retention of sodium and water in ECF

hypocalcemia

hypocalcemia: insufficient amount of calcium in the extracellular fluid

hypokalemia

hypokalemia: insufficient amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid

hypomagnesemia

hypomagnesemia: insufficient amount of magnesium in the extracellular fluid

describe the flow of water in osmosis

Water (solvent) moves from areas of lesser solute (electrolytes) concentration to areas of greater solute concentration until a balance is established

when does Hypovolemia occur?

When excess fluid is lost

hyponatremia

hyponatremia: insufficient amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid

hypophosphatemia

hypophosphatemia: below-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus

hypotonic

hypotonic: having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared

hypovolemia

hypovolemia: deficiency of blood plasma

acidosis

acidosis: condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35

active transport

active transport: movement of ions or molecules (solutes) across cell membranes, from low concentration to high concentration and with the expenditure of metabolic energy(ATP)

agglutinin

agglutinin: an antibody that causes a clumping of specific antigens

alkalosis

alkalosis: condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45

alterations in fluid balance activity

alterations in fluid balance activity

what is active transport used by

amino acids, glucose (in kidneys, intestines)

anions

anions: ion that carries a negative electric charge

antibody

antibody: immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

antigen

antigen: foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

what are ions

atom or molecule carrying an electrical charge in fluid. necessary for metabolism

autologous transfusion

autologous transfusion: occurs when a patient donates one's own blood for a transfusion

when does insensible water loss increase

in response to changes in RR and depth and oxygen administration

base

base: substance that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali

blood typing

blood typing: the laboratory examination to determine a person's blood type

where is intravascular fluid found

blood vessels ex:plasma

what do electrolytes break down into

break into particles called ions

buffer

buffer: substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid or alkaline

capillary filtration

capillary filtration: passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary; results from the force of blood "pushing" against the walls of the capillaries

cation

cation: ion that carries a positive electric charge

what are the two different types on ions

cations(+) anions(-)

colloid osmotic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure: pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure

cross-matching

cross-matching: act of determining the compatibility of two blood specimens

dehydration

dehydration: decreased water volume in body tissue

diffusion

diffusion: tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

do fluid and electrolytes matching activity

do fluid and electrolytes matching activity

edema

edema: accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces

electrolytes

electrolytes: substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when dissolved in solution

true or false: fluid loss can be measured in third spacing

false it cannot be measured

true or false: non-electrolytes carry a charge

false: they do not

how do the fluids in filtration move

from areas of high to low pressure

hydrostatic pressure

hydrostatic pressure: force exerted by a fluid against the container wall

hypercalcemia

hypercalcemia: excess of calcium in the extracellular fluid

hyperkalemia

hyperkalemia: excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid

hypermagnesemia

hypermagnesemia: excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid

hypernatremia

hypernatremia: excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid

hyperphosphatemia

hyperphosphatemia: above-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus

intracellular fluid (ICF)

intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid within the cell; synonym for cellular fluid

what are the two fluid compartments

intracellular fluid(ICF) extracellular fluid (ECF)

ion

ion: atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in solution

isotonic

isotonic: having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared

what is the major regulatory organ of fluid balance

kidney

15% of volume loss is considered

life threatening

what is the Major method of transporting body fluids

omosis

osmolarity

osmolarity: concentration of particles in a solution, or a solution's pulling power

osmosis

osmosis: passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established

pH

pH: expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of a substance

5% of volume loss is considered

pronouned

8% of volume loss is considered

severe

describe the movement of diffusion

solutes (electrolytes) move freely through a solvent (water) from a higher concentration to a lower concentration ex:Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lung's occurs by diffusion

solutes

solutes: substance dissolved in a solution

solvents

solvents: liquid holding a substance in solution

acid

substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released

where is interstitial fluid found

surrounds tissue cells ex:lymph

where is the thirst control center located

the hypothalamus

what is third spacing related to

to low albumin levels, excess IVF replacement, renal dysfunction, heart failure, hyponatriema, tissue trauma (burns), bowel obstruction

true or false: salt increases serum osmolarity

true

true or false:Women and obese people have less body water

true because gender and the amount of fat cells affects body water

true or false:An infant has considerably more body fluid and ECF than an adult

true making infants more prone to fluid volume deficites

what is insensible fluid output

unmeasurable or unseen ex: evaporation through skin, lungs during respirations

give examples of non-electrolytes

urea glucose

what are sensible fluid outputs

urination defication wounds

what causes a stimulation of the hypothalamus resulting in a thirst sentsation

when osmolarity increases (blood becomes more concentrated)

where do you find transcellular fluid

you found it enclosed by a membrane ex:cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, pleural fluids

who are at a greater risk for hypovolemia

young children and elderly