Nursing Informatics- Chapter 5

Four cardinal virtues:

Wisdom Courage Self-control Justice

Principle

broad guidelines that provide direction but leave room for judgement

Two types of beneficience

positive and negative

Privacy

- Relates to personal information and rules that restrict access to this personal information

Casuistry

A case-based ethical reasoning method Analyzes the facts of a case in a sound, logical, and ordered or structured manner Grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas The facts are compared to the decisions arising out of consensus in previous paradigmatic or model cases.

Ethics

A process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong dialectical, goal-oriented approach to answering questions that have the potential of multiple acceptable answers. Refers to the well-based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do

Ethical Dilemmas

Arise when moral issues raise questions that cannot be answered with a simple, clearly defined rule, fact, or authoritative view. A difficult choice or issue that requires the application of standards or principles to solve.

Principlism

Arose as societies became more heterogeneous and members began experiencing a diversity of incompatible beliefs and values a foundation for ethical decision making

Bioethical Decision Making based off of six standards

Autonomy Freedom Veracity Privacy Beneficence Fidelity

Principlism is based on

Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice

virtue

Characteristic or disposition desired in others or oneself Based on high moral standards Socrates believed that virtue is knowledge and therefore can be taught

Fidelity

Faithfulness to what has been promised

Moral dilemmas

Moral dilemmas occur when some evidence indicates that an act is morally right and some evidence indicates the act is morally wrong; yet the evidence on both sides is inconclusive; or an individual believes that on moral grounds, he or she cannot commit an act Often arise with uncertainty There is no clear evidence that one of several alternatives is morally right or wrong

Antiprinciplism

Prompted by expansive technological changes and associated ethical dilemmas

values

Relative worth of an object or action

Care Ethics

Responsiveness to the needs of others Dictates providing care, preventing harm, and maintaining relationships. Care ethicists are less guided by rules. Focus is on the needs of others and one's responsibility to meet those needs.

Veracity

Right to truth/ truthfulness

Ethical Decision Making

The process of making informed choices about ethical dilemmas based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong

Bioethics

The study and formulation of healthcare ethics Bioethics takes on ethical problems experienced by healthcare providers. Technology advances require recognition and acknowledgment of rights and needs of individuals and groups receiving this high-tech care.

Virtue Ethics

The virtue ethics approach emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals who make the choices. Suggests that individuals use power to bring about human benefit

Nonmaleficence

desire not to harm

Beneficence

desire to do good

autonomy

desire to do good

Justice

social distribution of benefits and burdens