NUT 10V - Chapter 2

What did Magendie learn from his experiment involving the dogs and nitrogen?

nitrogen is essential in the diet

The _______ from the dietary protein can be recycled to make ______.

nitrogen; NEAA *nitrogen from dietary protein can be used to make any of the 11 nonessential amino acids

The _______ in excess dietary protein is stripped off and excreted in the _______.

nitrogen; urine Nitrogen in itself is a toxic compound, so to safely excrete excess nitrogen, the nitrogen is made into urea before being excreted in the urine.

Would you expect salmon protein to have the same amino acid profile as peanut protein?

no

A 60 kg female eats 1 cup of vegetarian chili that provides 15 grams of protein. What is the percent of DV for protein from the 1 cup of chili? Begin by identifying the DV for protein, which is _____(1)_____. Then, divide _____(2)_____ by the DV for protein. After, multiply this value by 100 to get % DV for protein = _____(3)_____

(1) 50 g (2) 15 g (3) 30%

Which of these individuals has the highest relative protein requirement? (a) a 4-year old child (b) a 4-month old newborn (c) a 24-year old adult (d) they have the same protein requirement

(b) a 4-month old newborn Newborns are rapidly growing, so for every kg the baby weighs, the greater the baby's need for protein is. The RDA for a baby is 2.2 g/kg of a bw/day as compared to an adult's protein requirement of 0.8 g/kg of bw/day.

Check all that apply. Protein is dietarily essential because we need: (a) all 20 amino acids (b) essential amino acids (c) nitrogen (d) peptide bonds

(b) essential amino acids (c) nitrogen

Which of the following is true about protein structure? Check all that apply. (a) all proteins are made up of the exact same amount of amino acids (b) the R-group determines how the protein folds, thus creating its structure (c) the structure of the protein determines its function (d) the sequence of amino acids in the R-group determines how the protein is shaped (e) proteins all have the same shape

(b) the R-group determines how the protein folds, thus creating its structure (c) the structure of the protein determines its function (d) the sequence of amino acids in the R-group determines how the protein is shaped

Why would it be impractical or impossible to feed a 9-month old almond milk as an exclusive protein source? Check all that apply. (a) almond milk is a complete protein, so it would actually be fine for it to be the sole source of protein for a 9-month old (b) the child is growing and requires more protein than can be provided by almond milk (c) almond milk is an incomplete protein, so it's low in one or more essential amino acids in relation to our need (d) it would be physically impossible for the child to consume enough almond milk to meet his or her protein needs (e) it would be fine for almond milk ton be the exclusive protein source for a child. the child would easily be able to meet his or her protein need from almond milk.

(b) the child is growing and requires more protein than can be provided by almond milk (c) almond milk is an incomplete protein, so it's low in one or more essential amino acids in relation to our need (d) it would be physically impossible for the child to consume enough almond milk to meet his or her protein needs *the child is growing and making new proteins every day, so he or she requires more protein per kg of bw than an adult due to rapid growth

Check all that apply. Which of the following food sources are a protein with a high PER: (a) whole-wheat bread (b) olive oil (c) cow's milk (d) egg (e) beans (f) soy (g) beef (h) oats (i) fish (j) rice (k) tofu (l) nut butters (m) nuts (n) barley (o) chicken (p) coconut milk (q) yogurt

(c) cow's milk (d) egg (f) soy (g) beef (i) fish (k) tofu (o) chicken (q) yogurt

Check all that apply. Which of the following food sources are an incomplete protein: (a) tofu (b) beef (c) nuts (d) fish (e) nut butters (f) barley (g) soy (h) coconut milk (i) rice (j) oats (k) beans (l) chicken (m) yogurt (n) egg (o) whole-wheat bread (p) cow's milk

(c) nuts (e) nut butters (f) barley (h) coconut milk (i) rice (j) oats (k) beans (o) whole-wheat bread

Which of the following food proteins have a limiting amino acid? Check all that apply. (a) salmon (b) tofu (c) beef (d) wheat bread (e) peanut butter (f) refried beans

(d) wheat bread (e) peanut butter (f) refried beans These are all incomplete proteins, and all incomplete proteins are low in one or more EAA relative to our need. In incomplete proteins, the EAA present in the lowest amount represents the limiting amino acid. Foods such as beef, salmon, and tofu are complete proteins, and all complete proteins contain all 9 EAA in proportion to our need and are digestible.

What are the basic functions of protein?

- regulation - energy - structure

There are ____ essential amino acids that we need to get from the diet.

9

There are _______ essential amino acids that we need to get from the diet.

9

What are the turnover rates for the following proteins? Intestine Brain Muscle Protein in Stool Red Blood Cell Immune System Top Layer of Skin Hair Central Nervous System Toe Nails Skin

Intestine - fast Brain - slow Muscle - medium Protein in Stool - dead-end problem Red Blood Cell - medium Immune System - dead-end problem Top Layer of Skin - medium Hair - fast Central Nervous System - dead-end problem Toe Nails - dead-end problem Skin - slow

Match each food source to the correct category: Salmon (complete/incomplete) Whole-wheat bread (complete/incomplete) Walnuts (high per/low per) Chicken (high per/low per) Tofu/edamame (low chemical score/high chemical score) Peanut Butter (low chemical score/high chemical score)

Salmon = complete Whole-wheat bread = incomplete Walnuts = low per Chicken = high per Tofu/edamame = high chemical score Peanut Butter = low chemical score

What is the basic unit of protein?

amino acid

The end product of protein digestion is _________.

amino acids

What type of protein is in a piece of sushi containing fish and vegetables?

both incomplete and complete - rice = incomplete protein source - fish and tofu = complete protein source

Fluid balance proteins are important because they help prevent _______.

edema Without fluid balance proteins, the water wouldn't know where to go, causing retention of fluid. The fluid then leaves the inside of the cells to go to the extracellular space, which leads to swollen appearance, causing the condition of edema.

True or False: As long as a protein contains the same amount of each specific amino acid, the order/sequence of these amino acids does not impact the structure of the protein, hence its function.

false

True or False: The protein in black beans would meet your need for protein just as well as beef protein.

false Food sources differ in quality of protein present b/c proteins have varying amounts of each EAA they provide. The type/amount of EAA in black beans will be different that the type/amount of EAA in beef, especially since beef protein is a complete protein and black beans are an incomplete protein.

True or False: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein represents the average amount of "perfect" protein needed by most of the healthy population.

false In the human diet, protein is consumed as both complete and incomplete proteins, so the RDA represents the amount of protein from a mix of food sources that should meet the needs of nearly all healthy people in the population.

True or False: Protein quality is primarily determined by the amount of each of the 20 amino acids a protein contains.

false Protein quality is based on the amount of Essential Amino Acids (EAA) a protein contains. While there are 20 amino acids in total, only 9 of those are EAA.

True or False: Slow turnover proteins are most affected by protein deficiency.

false Slow turnover proteins do not turn over often and can even take years to refurbish, since once they're made, they live for a long time. Due to this, slow turnover proteins do not require a constant influx of amino acids, so they will be least affected by a protein deficiency. On the other hand, fast turnover proteins turn over often, so they need a constant flow of amino acids to sustain the protein turnover process. This means fast turnover proteins will be most affected by a protein deficiency.

The _______ of amino acids determines the protein's structure, which then determines _________.

order/sequence; its function

_______ occurs when someone is not getting enough calories and protein in their diet. This condition is characterized by severe wasting of muscle and fat due to the body breaking itself down for fuel.

protein-calorie malnutrition