nut207 sb 3
Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system. 10 2 5
10
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups. 40-50% 5-10% 10-15% 20-35%
20-35%
Individuals with these mental health conditions tend to use alcohol to self-medicate their conditions. Claustrophobia Anorexia Depression Generalized anxiety disorder
Depression Generalized anxiety disorder
Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems? Increased HDL levels Obesity Type 2 diabetes Decreased abdominal fat
Obesity Type 2 diabetes
Growth and development in the offspring of alcoholics may be delayed because of the reduced delivery of nutrients and which of the following? Minerals Alcohol Vitamins Oxygen
Oxygen
Which foods are good sources of phospholipids? Peanuts Wheat germ Green vegetables Egg yolks
Peanuts Wheat germ Egg yolks
A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components? Phospholipids Proteins Saturated fats Cholesterol
Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol
What are the three types of lipids? Electrolytes Lactose Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols
Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols
Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat? Processed snack foods Yeast breads Dairy desserts Fruits and vegetables
Processed snack foods Dairy desserts
What is the best way to consume amino acids? Whole food Supplement form
Whole food
__________ to be adversely affected by alcohol, showing higher rates of liver disease, heart muscle damage, cancer, and brain injury. Men are more likely than women Men and women are just as likely Women are more likely than men
Women are more likely than men
About 25% of college students report ________ from their drinking. improved driving academic problems improved performance safer sex
academic problems
In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______. acetaldehyde NADH GTP acetyl-CoA
acetaldehyde
Choline functions as a part of ______. gastrin acetylcholine serotonin phospholipids
acetylcholine phospholipids
Denaturation is the process of protein synthesis during translation. forming the 3-dimensional structure of a protein. altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein. protein synthesis during transcription.
altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein.
A(n) _________ _________ is composed of four elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.
amino acid
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ________ _________
amino acids
A mental health disorder often seen in individuals with alcohol use disorder. depression claustrophobia bulimia anorexia
depression
Diets containing excessive amounts of protein ____ provide additional health benefits. may do not do
do not
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids. trans saturated monounsaturated essential
essential
Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs? delta system beta system omega system alpha system
omega system
The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the urine. blood. feces.
urine
Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein. 560 grams 56 grams 8.75 grams
56 70 x 0.8 = 56
Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks. 7% 15% 35% 25%
7%
If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh? 70 15.4 339 142
70 154 / 2.2 = 70
During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function? 60% 40% 90% 10%
90%
What is a triglyceride? A fatty acid molecule containing three carbon-carbon double bonds Three-carbon alcohol molecule A waxy lipid found in all body cells A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
Which pathway is capable of metabolizing 10 to 30% of alcohol via the cells in the stomach lining? Catalase pathway ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase
What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body? glycogen protein glucose ATP
ATP
What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism? Urea cycle Alcohol dehydrogenase Cori cycle Acetaldehyde conversion path
Alcohol dehydrogenase
What are some of the key functions of the liver? Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage Production of ketone bodies
Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage Production of ketone bodies
Which individuals experience uncomfortable effects after consuming alcohol, likely leading to the low alcohol use in this population? Caucasians African Americans Asians Hispanics
Asians
Which vitamin is required in both transamination and deamination reactions? biotin B-1 B-6 pantothenic Acid
B-6
What is another name for fatty acid oxidation? Cori cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Beta-oxidation
Beta-oxidation
Which statements are true about sterols? They contain phosphorus. They contain one single ring structure. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cholesterol is a common example.
They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cholesterol is a common example.
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body To provide building blocks for enzymes
To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body
_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy. Carbohydrates Proteins Fiber Triglycerides
Triglycerides
What vitamin is needed by nearly all amino acids for metabolism? Vitamin C Riboflavin Vitamin B-6 Thiamin
Vitamin B-6
Which structural proteins make up more than a third of body protein? actin collagen fibrin myosin
actin collagen myosin
______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies. Trans Saturated Added Dietary
added
What can cause denaturation? agitation exposure to acid solutions cold exposure to alkaline solutions
agitation exposure to acid solutions exposure to alkaline solutions
Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they _______. aid in the function of activating enzymes permanently attach to enzymes in order to be effective
aid in the function of activating enzymes
The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance. gastrin trypsin albumin globulin
albumin globulin
Which calorie source is absorbed rapidly throughout the digestive tract via simple diffusion? alcohol protein vegetable oils whole-grain carbohydrates
alcohol
An alcoholic is likely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies because _____. alcohol is nutrient dense alcohol contains few nutrients alcohol increases absorption of nutrients alcohol may replace food in the diet
alcohol contains few nutrients alcohol may replace food in the diet
Alcohol use disorders include ______. alcohol dependence alcohol metabolism alcohol abuse alcohol abstinence
alcohol dependence alcohol abuse
What is the structure of a glycerol molecule? a fatty acid molecule that contains one carbon-carbon double bond a fatty acid molecule that contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds a fat-related substance containing phosphorous, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing base an alcohol containing three carbons
an alcohol containing three carbons
A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome. HDL cholesterol proteins whole grains antioxidants
antioxidants
Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______. change their structure get converted to another macronutrient remain attached are unattached
are unattached
Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids? because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the ninth carbon, counting from the omega end because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the fourth carbon, counting from the omega end because we must eat them from food
because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must eat them from food
Food sources of choline include ____. alcohol legumes beef and chicken milk
beef and chicken milk
________ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.
bile
Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism. both affect do not rarely affect
both affect
Quinoa, soy, and ______ protein are examples of plant-based proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids. tomato buckwheat lima bean green pea
buckwheat
Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies reduction in exercise. weight gain. calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.
calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______. carbons nitrogens lipids calories
calories
transferrin
carries iron
retinol-binding protein
carries vitamin a
Food allergy
causes an immune response
_______ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.
cholesterol
Lecithins added to food during processing is a dietary source of ____. choline vitamin B-12 sulfur iodine
choline
The essential nutrient that helps prevent fat from accumulating in the liver and has a role in the transport of carnitine into tissues is _____. choline molybdenum vitamin B-12 manganese
choline
Which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells? chylomicron LDL VLDL HDL
chylomicron
Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed? High-density lipoprotein triglyceride very low-density lipoprotein chylomicron
chylomicron
All B-vitamins form ________, which are small organic molecules that activate enzymes. provitamins antioxidants haloenzymes coenzymes
coenzymes
Protein synthesis takes place in the _____. cytosol of the cell nucleus mitochondria cell membrane
cytosol of the cell
Alcohol may reduce the risk of heart disease via which of the following mechanisms? decreased platelet aggregation lower HDL levels lower LDL levels increased HDL levels
decreased platelet aggregation lower LDL levels increased HDL levels
When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______. does not change decreases increases
decreases
Which of the following act as emulsifiers? sugar egg yolk flour mustard
egg yolk mustard
Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients. emulsifier sterol cholesterol phospholipid
emulsifier
Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is ______ the amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails. equal to greater than less than
equal to
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all ________ amino acids.
essential
Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs are a good source of all nine _________, or indispensable, amino acids.
essential
Quinoa and soy protein are both plant-based proteins that meet ________ amino acid needs. nonessential dispensable essential
essential
The alcohol content of ______ is related to the amount of alcohol in the blood. exhaled air skin cells feces saliva
exhaled air
The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______. water muscle fat ketones
fat
Which yields the most ATP? Fatty acid Glucose Protein
fatty acid
Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins. hyaluronic acids fatty acids glycolic acids amino acids
fatty acids
Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure. hydrochloric acid fatty acids amino acids sulfur
fatty acids
Which micronutrients play a role in amino acid metabolism? folate phosphorus vitamin B-12 manganese
folate vitamin B-12 manganese
Whenever Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stomach. Suzy is most likely experiencing a food intolerance. food allergy.
food intolerance.
The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? form cell membranes regulate glucose absorption make bile make sex hormones
form cell membranes make bile make sex hormones
A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule. hydrogen glycerol cholesterol diglyceride
glycerol
Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon. hormones proteins enzymes buffers
hormones
What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients? collagen estrogen lipoproteins transferrin
lipoproteins transferrin
After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______. kidneys large intestine liver colon
liver
Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids? Small intestine Liver Pancreas Stomach
liver
Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat can be achieved by eating a diet composed of ______. refined grains low-fat dairy products fruit vegetables
low-fat dairy products fruit vegetables
Blood alcohol concentration can be readily determined by measuring the amount of alcohol excreted through the _______, feces sweat urine lungs
lungs
Select foods that are low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. macaroni with marinara sauce broth-based soup plant-based burger macaroni and cheese
macaroni with marinara sauce broth-based soup plant-based burger
Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet? moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains high consumption of trans fats olive oil as the main fat
moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat
Almost all of the enzymatic reactions that vitamin B-6 participates in involve ______-containing compounds. selenium nitrogen chromium phosphorus
nitrogen
Alcohol requires _____ digestion. some significant no
no
Vitamin B-6 coenzymes participate in ______ metabolic reactions. only a few numerous
numerous
People with alcoholism are at risk for developing nutrient deficiencies because alcohol is a poor source of ___________. calories nutrients
nutrients
One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____. proteins carbohydrates oils fats
oils fats
Good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids are _____. olive oil coconut oil peanut oil canola oil
olive oil peanut oil canola oil
An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis. trans omega-3 saturated omega-6
omega 3 omega 6
In addition to cold-water fish, chia seeds and soybean oil are all good sources of ______. omega-3 fatty acids omega-6 fatty acids saturated fat trans fat
omega-3 fatty acids
The cells lining the stomach metabolize _____ of alcohol consumed. about 50% 0% only 10 to 30% the majority
only 10 to 30%
What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome? HDL antioxidant-rich diet oxidized LDL
oxidized LDL
Hemoglobin
oxygen carrier
The absorption of vitamin B-6 is by ______ diffusion. passive active facilitated
passive
The bond that links amino acids together to form a protein is called a ____ bond amino peptide carboxyl proteo
peptide
What are the different names of fatty acids based on? number of glycerol bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton
position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton
Obtaining amino acids from whole proteins rather than from consuming supplements prevents amino acid toxicity. prevents amino acids deficiencies. assures a supply of amino acids in proportions needed for body functions.
prevents amino acids deficiencies. assures a supply of amino acids in proportions needed for body functions.
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are common mental health disorders that provide serious risks to individuals, such as _______. problematic personal relationships frequent absences financial burdens improved academic performance
problematic personal relationships frequent absences financial burdens
Which is an example of a catabolic process? production of ATP from fatty acids linking of sugars together to make glycogen use of amino acids to make a protein
production of ATP from fatty acids
Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______. carbohydrates protein vitamins fat
protein
HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein. sterols triglycerides cholesterol protein
protein
The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______. fat protein water carbohydrate
protein
A(n)_______ usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients. genetic disease protein deficiency increased amount of digestive activity state of dehydration
protein deficiency
The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form lipids. carbohydrates. proteins.
proteins
Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues? Proteins Lipids Vitamins Carbohydrates
proteins
______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood. Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates
proteins
What are the three compounds that make up the vitamin B-6 family? pyridoxal pyridoxamine pyridoxine pyridoxylase
pyridoxal pyridoxamine pyridoxine
The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by glycogen breakdown. recycling of body protein. recycling of body lipids. the diet.
recycling of body protein. the diet.
Of the following alcohol sources, which one is associated with health benefits because of the phytochemical, resveratrol, that it contains? Light beer Tequila Vodka Red wine
red wine
Which dietary strategies can help to lower both blood and LDL cholesterol? replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with protein replace saturated fat with carbohydrates
replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with carbohydrates
Protein synthesis takes place in the __________, which are located in the cytosol of the cell.
ribosome
During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the mRNA translation phase of protein synthesis? cytosomes ribosomes mitochondria peroxisomes
ribosomes
Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the ______ where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein. mitochondria nuclear membrane ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase? Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Salivary glands Stomach
salivary glands pancreas stomach
In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain. saturated cis trans
saturated
Which of the following are possible consequences of binge drinking on college campuses? sexual abuse alcohol poisoning legal problems higher grades
sexual abuse alcohol poisoning legal problems
The carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain. shape density weight
shape
What are some examples of added fats? chicken shortening butter beef
shortening butter
Individuals participating in activities requiring skill, coordination, and alertness ______ consume alcohol. should not are required to should
should not
In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed? Large intestine Stomach Small intestine Gallbladder
small intestine
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except carbon. sodium. hydrogen. oxygen.
sodium
Where does the digestion of protein begin? Pancreas Stomach Large intestine Small intestine
stomach
The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______. subcutaneous visceral
subcutaneous
Good food sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are ____. sunflower oil safflower oil corn oil shortening
sunflower oil safflower oil corn oil
Which shape of the protein determines its overall shape and physiological function? Tertiary Quaternary Primary
tertiary
Identify ways that the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ. the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen the amount of kcal they provide to the body the ease at which they can be converted to glucose
the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen
As cirrhosis of the liver progresses, ______. liver bleeding occurs the synthesis of nutrient transport proteins increases the synthesis of blood clotting proteins decreases ascites develop
the synthesis of blood clotting proteins decreases ascites develop
Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____. their short carbon chains the presence of nitrogen their multi-ringed structure the presence of phosphorus
their multi-ringed structure
A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s). one four two three
three
ATP consists of _____. three phosphates glycogen adenosine
three phosphates adenosine
Which hormone is made only from one amino acid? chymotrypsin thyroid hormone insulin trypsin
thyroid hormone
A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain. cis trans
trans
_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol. Essential Polyunsaturated Trans Monounsaturated
trans
_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol. Trans Essential Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
trans
Choline is absorbed from the small intestine by way of ______ proteins. nonessential transport essential
transport
Once a person moves from problem drinking to the advanced stages of alcoholism _________. treatment success seldom exceeds 50% treatment is typically 100%. treatment is usually 0%.
treatment success seldom exceeds 50%
Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. trans fats carbohydrates proteins triglycerides
triglycerides
Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________. uncontrolled type I diabetes diarrhea and inadequate fluid intake fasting
uncontrolled type I diabetes
The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________. intermediate-density lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins very-low-density lipoproteins
very-low-density lipoproteins
The FDA has approved a medication containing ____ for treatment of mild to moderate nausea during pregnancy. thiamin riboflavin vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12
vitamin B-6
Select foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. whole milk avocado toast on whole grain bread bacon and egg sandwich donut
whole milk bacon and egg sandwich donut
lipoproteins
transports lipids
What does the abbreviation HDL stand for? High-density lipoprotein Hard-density lipid Huge-density lipoprotein High-density lipid
High-density lipoprotein
The following amino acids are essential and must be supplied by our diet. Histidine Methionine Phenylalanine Glutamic acid
Histidine Methionine Phenylalanine
Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order. Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.
Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.
The salivary, gastric, and pancreatic enzyme _______ plays an important role in triglyceride digestion.
lipase
Recent surveys have shown that about ________% of high school students report currently consuming alcohol. 15 35 50 5
35
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that protein intake does not exceed ___% of energy intake. 10 5 35 20
35
Children of alcoholics have a _____ times greater risk of developing alcoholism. 4 2 3 5
4
Men are _______ times as likely as women to have alcohol dependency. 4 5 3 2
4
Proteins supply the body with about ______ kilocalories per gram.
4
Genetic factors account for approximately _________ to 50% of a person's risk for alcoholism. 10% 40% 20% 30%
40%
What is the percentage of alcohol in 80-proof vodka? 60% 10% 20% 40%
40%
Alcohol is a source of calories that constitutes what percentage of total calories when averaged across the North American diet? 8% 5% 10% 3%
5%
Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits. 3 6
3
A standard drink is equal to a _____. 3-ounce pour of 80-proof hard liquor 12-ounce beer 8-ounce glass of wine
12-ounce beer
How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink? 8 14 12 24
14
What percentage of alcohol is in a 40-proof alcoholic beverage? 80% 30% 20% 10%
20%
Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats. Bile slows the process of lipid digestion.
Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats.
Which of these foods contain little or no fat? Steaks Breakfast cereals Bakery items Yeast breads
Breakfast cereals Yeast breads
How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation? By making the process go faster so the system can be more efficient Carbohydrate adds oxygen to the mixture By providing additional oxaloacetate
By providing additional oxaloacetate
Which of these foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids? Canola oil Walnuts Flaxseeds Coconut oil
Canola oil Walnuts Flaxseeds
The largest drinking population in North America consists of young, ______ college students. Hispanic Caucasian African American Asian American
Caucasian
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin. Polyunsaturated fatty acid Glycerol Monounsaturated fatty acid Cholesterol
Cholesterol
______ is characterized by a loss of functioning hepatocytes. Fatty liver disease Jaundice Cirrhosis of the liver
Cirrhosis of the liver
What happens to excess choline in the body? Excreted in feces Converted to betaine Excreted in the urine
Converted to betaine Excreted in the urine
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol? Peanuts Eggs Chicken Ice cream
Eggs Chicken Ice cream
These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Amino acids Triglycerides Carbohydrates Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids
These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Triglycerides Carbohydrates Eicosanoids Amino acids
Eicosanoids
Which of the following is a potential cause of denaturation? Cold Enzymes Water
Enzymes
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin B-6? Fruits and vegetables Fish Poultry Meat
Fish Poultry Meat
______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone. Diglycerides Free fatty acids Esterified fatty acids Monoglycerides
Free fatty acids
What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids? Gluconeogenesis Glycogenic Lipolysis Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule? A 6-carbon ring Glycerol backbone Three fatty acids Phosphorus-containing molecule
Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecule
Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids? Help to maintain body fluid Have nothing to do with body fluid
Help to maintain body fluid
What is the key role of HDL? Carries lipids both taken up and made by the liver to cells Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body
Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism? Small intestine Kidneys Liver Stomach
Liver
Which of the following organs are involved in fat digestion? Liver Esophagus Large intestine Small intestine Pancreas
Liver Small intestine Pancreas
Where can gluconeogenesis occur? Liver cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Kidney cells
Liver cells Kidney cells
Which pathway is the main one responsible for metabolizing excessive amounts of alcohol? MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system Catalase pathway ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase
MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides? Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Chylomicrons are formed. Chylomicrons pass into the lacteal. Triglycerides are reformed inside intestinal cells.
Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
What percent of women of childbearing age drink alcohol? More than 75% Fewer than 25% More than 50%
More than 50%
Where is the main storage site for vitamin B-6? Muscle Adipose tissue Liver Blood
Muscle
Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized? Muscles Spleen Liver Heart
Muscles
Which of the following individuals tend to have the highest alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders? Native American Indians Asian Indians Asians Non-Hispanic whites
Native American Indians Non-Hispanic whites
Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD? Heredity Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking
Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking
Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true. The gallbladder produces sufficient amounts of phospholipids. Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body. Phospholipids can only be supplied by the diet. Foods high in sodium are good sources of phospholipids.
Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.
Proteins serve which of the following functions? Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate blood cholesterol. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.
Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.
Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish. Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.
Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood? Increase excretion of CO2 by the lungs Enhance formation of bicarbonate Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism? Carbohydrate metabolism will slow the citric acid cycle due to a lack of oxaloacetate. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.
Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.
In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role? Decreasing hormone production Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function
Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.
Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.
Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.
Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation? Water Stomach acid Heat
Stomach acid Heat
Which of the following is true about ATP? The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy. It is impossible to regenerate ATP from ADP and AMP. The bonds between the phosphate groups are called low-energy phosphate bonds.
The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.
What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs? The type of macronutrient used to generate energy remains constant. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy remains constant. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.
The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.
What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake? impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease low levels of HDLs and LDLs
impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Food intolerance
inability to digest certain food components
Identify the consequences of feasting. increased burning of glucose for energy fat accumulation increased insulin production decreased glycogen synthesis
increased burning of glucose for energy fat accumulation increased insulin production
Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies. carbohydrates insulin oxygen energy ATP glucose
insulin
In a state of semistarvation or fasting, a decrease in the hormone __________ causes fatty acids to flood into the bloodstream and eventually form __________ bodies in the liver.
insulin, ketone
Vitamin B-6 is lost in the refining of a grain but _____ added back during enrichment. is not is
is not
Subcutaneous fat is located ______. deep within the belly just beneath the skin surrounding some organs
just beneath the skin
Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include keeping trans fat intake low. keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories. keeping saturated fat intake to less than 20% of total calories. keeping polyunsaturated fat under 25% of total calories.
keeping trans fat intake low. keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories.
During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______. fatty acids glucose ketone bodies
ketone bodies
