nut207 sb 3

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Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system. 10 2 5

10

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups. 40-50% 5-10% 10-15% 20-35%

20-35%

Individuals with these mental health conditions tend to use alcohol to self-medicate their conditions. Claustrophobia Anorexia Depression Generalized anxiety disorder

Depression Generalized anxiety disorder

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems? Increased HDL levels Obesity Type 2 diabetes Decreased abdominal fat

Obesity Type 2 diabetes

Growth and development in the offspring of alcoholics may be delayed because of the reduced delivery of nutrients and which of the following? Minerals Alcohol Vitamins Oxygen

Oxygen

Which foods are good sources of phospholipids? Peanuts Wheat germ Green vegetables Egg yolks

Peanuts Wheat germ Egg yolks

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components? Phospholipids Proteins Saturated fats Cholesterol

Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol

What are the three types of lipids? Electrolytes Lactose Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat? Processed snack foods Yeast breads Dairy desserts Fruits and vegetables

Processed snack foods Dairy desserts

What is the best way to consume amino acids? Whole food Supplement form

Whole food

__________ to be adversely affected by alcohol, showing higher rates of liver disease, heart muscle damage, cancer, and brain injury. Men are more likely than women Men and women are just as likely Women are more likely than men

Women are more likely than men

About 25% of college students report ________ from their drinking. improved driving academic problems improved performance safer sex

academic problems

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______. acetaldehyde NADH GTP acetyl-CoA

acetaldehyde

Choline functions as a part of ______. gastrin acetylcholine serotonin phospholipids

acetylcholine phospholipids

Denaturation is the process of protein synthesis during translation. forming the 3-dimensional structure of a protein. altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein. protein synthesis during transcription.

altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein.

A(n) _________ _________ is composed of four elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.

amino acid

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ________ _________

amino acids

A mental health disorder often seen in individuals with alcohol use disorder. depression claustrophobia bulimia anorexia

depression

Diets containing excessive amounts of protein ____ provide additional health benefits. may do not do

do not

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids. trans saturated monounsaturated essential

essential

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs? delta system beta system omega system alpha system

omega system

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the urine. blood. feces.

urine

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein. 560 grams 56 grams 8.75 grams

56 70 x 0.8 = 56

Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks. 7% 15% 35% 25%

7%

If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh? 70 15.4 339 142

70 154 / 2.2 = 70

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function? 60% 40% 90% 10%

90%

What is a triglyceride? A fatty acid molecule containing three carbon-carbon double bonds Three-carbon alcohol molecule A waxy lipid found in all body cells A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

Which pathway is capable of metabolizing 10 to 30% of alcohol via the cells in the stomach lining? Catalase pathway ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body? glycogen protein glucose ATP

ATP

What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism? Urea cycle Alcohol dehydrogenase Cori cycle Acetaldehyde conversion path

Alcohol dehydrogenase

What are some of the key functions of the liver? Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage Production of ketone bodies

Alcohol metabolism Nutrient storage Production of ketone bodies

Which individuals experience uncomfortable effects after consuming alcohol, likely leading to the low alcohol use in this population? Caucasians African Americans Asians Hispanics

Asians

Which vitamin is required in both transamination and deamination reactions? biotin B-1 B-6 pantothenic Acid

B-6

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation? Cori cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Beta-oxidation

Beta-oxidation

Which statements are true about sterols? They contain phosphorus. They contain one single ring structure. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cholesterol is a common example.

They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cholesterol is a common example.

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body To provide building blocks for enzymes

To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy. Carbohydrates Proteins Fiber Triglycerides

Triglycerides

What vitamin is needed by nearly all amino acids for metabolism? Vitamin C Riboflavin Vitamin B-6 Thiamin

Vitamin B-6

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of body protein? actin collagen fibrin myosin

actin collagen myosin

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies. Trans Saturated Added Dietary

added

What can cause denaturation? agitation exposure to acid solutions cold exposure to alkaline solutions

agitation exposure to acid solutions exposure to alkaline solutions

Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they _______. aid in the function of activating enzymes permanently attach to enzymes in order to be effective

aid in the function of activating enzymes

The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance. gastrin trypsin albumin globulin

albumin globulin

Which calorie source is absorbed rapidly throughout the digestive tract via simple diffusion? alcohol protein vegetable oils whole-grain carbohydrates

alcohol

An alcoholic is likely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies because _____. alcohol is nutrient dense alcohol contains few nutrients alcohol increases absorption of nutrients alcohol may replace food in the diet

alcohol contains few nutrients alcohol may replace food in the diet

Alcohol use disorders include ______. alcohol dependence alcohol metabolism alcohol abuse alcohol abstinence

alcohol dependence alcohol abuse

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule? a fatty acid molecule that contains one carbon-carbon double bond a fatty acid molecule that contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds a fat-related substance containing phosphorous, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing base an alcohol containing three carbons

an alcohol containing three carbons

A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome. HDL cholesterol proteins whole grains antioxidants

antioxidants

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______. change their structure get converted to another macronutrient remain attached are unattached

are unattached

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids? because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the ninth carbon, counting from the omega end because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the fourth carbon, counting from the omega end because we must eat them from food

because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must eat them from food

Food sources of choline include ____. alcohol legumes beef and chicken milk

beef and chicken milk

________ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.

bile

Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism. both affect do not rarely affect

both affect

Quinoa, soy, and ______ protein are examples of plant-based proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids. tomato buckwheat lima bean green pea

buckwheat

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies reduction in exercise. weight gain. calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.

calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______. carbons nitrogens lipids calories

calories

transferrin

carries iron

retinol-binding protein

carries vitamin a

Food allergy

causes an immune response

_______ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.

cholesterol

Lecithins added to food during processing is a dietary source of ____. choline vitamin B-12 sulfur iodine

choline

The essential nutrient that helps prevent fat from accumulating in the liver and has a role in the transport of carnitine into tissues is _____. choline molybdenum vitamin B-12 manganese

choline

Which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells? chylomicron LDL VLDL HDL

chylomicron

Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed? High-density lipoprotein triglyceride very low-density lipoprotein chylomicron

chylomicron

All B-vitamins form ________, which are small organic molecules that activate enzymes. provitamins antioxidants haloenzymes coenzymes

coenzymes

Protein synthesis takes place in the _____. cytosol of the cell nucleus mitochondria cell membrane

cytosol of the cell

Alcohol may reduce the risk of heart disease via which of the following mechanisms? decreased platelet aggregation lower HDL levels lower LDL levels increased HDL levels

decreased platelet aggregation lower LDL levels increased HDL levels

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______. does not change decreases increases

decreases

Which of the following act as emulsifiers? sugar egg yolk flour mustard

egg yolk mustard

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients. emulsifier sterol cholesterol phospholipid

emulsifier

Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is ______ the amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails. equal to greater than less than

equal to

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all ________ amino acids.

essential

Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs are a good source of all nine _________, or indispensable, amino acids.

essential

Quinoa and soy protein are both plant-based proteins that meet ________ amino acid needs. nonessential dispensable essential

essential

The alcohol content of ______ is related to the amount of alcohol in the blood. exhaled air skin cells feces saliva

exhaled air

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______. water muscle fat ketones

fat

Which yields the most ATP? Fatty acid Glucose Protein

fatty acid

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins. hyaluronic acids fatty acids glycolic acids amino acids

fatty acids

Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure. hydrochloric acid fatty acids amino acids sulfur

fatty acids

Which micronutrients play a role in amino acid metabolism? folate phosphorus vitamin B-12 manganese

folate vitamin B-12 manganese

Whenever Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stomach. Suzy is most likely experiencing a food intolerance. food allergy.

food intolerance.

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? form cell membranes regulate glucose absorption make bile make sex hormones

form cell membranes make bile make sex hormones

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule. hydrogen glycerol cholesterol diglyceride

glycerol

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon. hormones proteins enzymes buffers

hormones

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients? collagen estrogen lipoproteins transferrin

lipoproteins transferrin

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______. kidneys large intestine liver colon

liver

Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids? Small intestine Liver Pancreas Stomach

liver

Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat can be achieved by eating a diet composed of ______. refined grains low-fat dairy products fruit vegetables

low-fat dairy products fruit vegetables

Blood alcohol concentration can be readily determined by measuring the amount of alcohol excreted through the _______, feces sweat urine lungs

lungs

Select foods that are low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. macaroni with marinara sauce broth-based soup plant-based burger macaroni and cheese

macaroni with marinara sauce broth-based soup plant-based burger

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet? moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains high consumption of trans fats olive oil as the main fat

moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat

Almost all of the enzymatic reactions that vitamin B-6 participates in involve ______-containing compounds. selenium nitrogen chromium phosphorus

nitrogen

Alcohol requires _____ digestion. some significant no

no

Vitamin B-6 coenzymes participate in ______ metabolic reactions. only a few numerous

numerous

People with alcoholism are at risk for developing nutrient deficiencies because alcohol is a poor source of ___________. calories nutrients

nutrients

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____. proteins carbohydrates oils fats

oils fats

Good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids are _____. olive oil coconut oil peanut oil canola oil

olive oil peanut oil canola oil

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis. trans omega-3 saturated omega-6

omega 3 omega 6

In addition to cold-water fish, chia seeds and soybean oil are all good sources of ______. omega-3 fatty acids omega-6 fatty acids saturated fat trans fat

omega-3 fatty acids

The cells lining the stomach metabolize _____ of alcohol consumed. about 50% 0% only 10 to 30% the majority

only 10 to 30%

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome? HDL antioxidant-rich diet oxidized LDL

oxidized LDL

Hemoglobin

oxygen carrier

The absorption of vitamin B-6 is by ______ diffusion. passive active facilitated

passive

The bond that links amino acids together to form a protein is called a ____ bond amino peptide carboxyl proteo

peptide

What are the different names of fatty acids based on? number of glycerol bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton

position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton

Obtaining amino acids from whole proteins rather than from consuming supplements prevents amino acid toxicity. prevents amino acids deficiencies. assures a supply of amino acids in proportions needed for body functions.

prevents amino acids deficiencies. assures a supply of amino acids in proportions needed for body functions.

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are common mental health disorders that provide serious risks to individuals, such as _______. problematic personal relationships frequent absences financial burdens improved academic performance

problematic personal relationships frequent absences financial burdens

Which is an example of a catabolic process? production of ATP from fatty acids linking of sugars together to make glycogen use of amino acids to make a protein

production of ATP from fatty acids

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______. carbohydrates protein vitamins fat

protein

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein. sterols triglycerides cholesterol protein

protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______. fat protein water carbohydrate

protein

A(n)_______ usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients. genetic disease protein deficiency increased amount of digestive activity state of dehydration

protein deficiency

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form lipids. carbohydrates. proteins.

proteins

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues? Proteins Lipids Vitamins Carbohydrates

proteins

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood. Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates

proteins

What are the three compounds that make up the vitamin B-6 family? pyridoxal pyridoxamine pyridoxine pyridoxylase

pyridoxal pyridoxamine pyridoxine

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by glycogen breakdown. recycling of body protein. recycling of body lipids. the diet.

recycling of body protein. the diet.

Of the following alcohol sources, which one is associated with health benefits because of the phytochemical, resveratrol, that it contains? Light beer Tequila Vodka Red wine

red wine

Which dietary strategies can help to lower both blood and LDL cholesterol? replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with protein replace saturated fat with carbohydrates

replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with carbohydrates

Protein synthesis takes place in the __________, which are located in the cytosol of the cell.

ribosome

During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the mRNA translation phase of protein synthesis? cytosomes ribosomes mitochondria peroxisomes

ribosomes

Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the ______ where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein. mitochondria nuclear membrane ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase? Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Salivary glands Stomach

salivary glands pancreas stomach

In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain. saturated cis trans

saturated

Which of the following are possible consequences of binge drinking on college campuses? sexual abuse alcohol poisoning legal problems higher grades

sexual abuse alcohol poisoning legal problems

The carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain. shape density weight

shape

What are some examples of added fats? chicken shortening butter beef

shortening butter

Individuals participating in activities requiring skill, coordination, and alertness ______ consume alcohol. should not are required to should

should not

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed? Large intestine Stomach Small intestine Gallbladder

small intestine

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except carbon. sodium. hydrogen. oxygen.

sodium

Where does the digestion of protein begin? Pancreas Stomach Large intestine Small intestine

stomach

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______. subcutaneous visceral

subcutaneous

Good food sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are ____. sunflower oil safflower oil corn oil shortening

sunflower oil safflower oil corn oil

Which shape of the protein determines its overall shape and physiological function? Tertiary Quaternary Primary

tertiary

Identify ways that the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ. the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen the amount of kcal they provide to the body the ease at which they can be converted to glucose

the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen

As cirrhosis of the liver progresses, ______. liver bleeding occurs the synthesis of nutrient transport proteins increases the synthesis of blood clotting proteins decreases ascites develop

the synthesis of blood clotting proteins decreases ascites develop

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____. their short carbon chains the presence of nitrogen their multi-ringed structure the presence of phosphorus

their multi-ringed structure

A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s). one four two three

three

ATP consists of _____. three phosphates glycogen adenosine

three phosphates adenosine

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid? chymotrypsin thyroid hormone insulin trypsin

thyroid hormone

A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain. cis trans

trans

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol. Essential Polyunsaturated Trans Monounsaturated

trans

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol. Trans Essential Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated

trans

Choline is absorbed from the small intestine by way of ______ proteins. nonessential transport essential

transport

Once a person moves from problem drinking to the advanced stages of alcoholism _________. treatment success seldom exceeds 50% treatment is typically 100%. treatment is usually 0%.

treatment success seldom exceeds 50%

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. trans fats carbohydrates proteins triglycerides

triglycerides

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________. uncontrolled type I diabetes diarrhea and inadequate fluid intake fasting

uncontrolled type I diabetes

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________. intermediate-density lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins very-low-density lipoproteins

very-low-density lipoproteins

The FDA has approved a medication containing ____ for treatment of mild to moderate nausea during pregnancy. thiamin riboflavin vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12

vitamin B-6

Select foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. whole milk avocado toast on whole grain bread bacon and egg sandwich donut

whole milk bacon and egg sandwich donut

lipoproteins

transports lipids

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for? High-density lipoprotein Hard-density lipid Huge-density lipoprotein High-density lipid

High-density lipoprotein

The following amino acids are essential and must be supplied by our diet. Histidine Methionine Phenylalanine Glutamic acid

Histidine Methionine Phenylalanine

Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order. Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.

Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.

The salivary, gastric, and pancreatic enzyme _______ plays an important role in triglyceride digestion.

lipase

Recent surveys have shown that about ________% of high school students report currently consuming alcohol. 15 35 50 5

35

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that protein intake does not exceed ___% of energy intake. 10 5 35 20

35

Children of alcoholics have a _____ times greater risk of developing alcoholism. 4 2 3 5

4

Men are _______ times as likely as women to have alcohol dependency. 4 5 3 2

4

Proteins supply the body with about ______ kilocalories per gram.

4

Genetic factors account for approximately _________ to 50% of a person's risk for alcoholism. 10% 40% 20% 30%

40%

What is the percentage of alcohol in 80-proof vodka? 60% 10% 20% 40%

40%

Alcohol is a source of calories that constitutes what percentage of total calories when averaged across the North American diet? 8% 5% 10% 3%

5%

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits. 3 6

3

A standard drink is equal to a _____. 3-ounce pour of 80-proof hard liquor 12-ounce beer 8-ounce glass of wine

12-ounce beer

How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink? 8 14 12 24

14

What percentage of alcohol is in a 40-proof alcoholic beverage? 80% 30% 20% 10%

20%

Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats. Bile slows the process of lipid digestion.

Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats.

Which of these foods contain little or no fat? Steaks Breakfast cereals Bakery items Yeast breads

Breakfast cereals Yeast breads

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation? By making the process go faster so the system can be more efficient Carbohydrate adds oxygen to the mixture By providing additional oxaloacetate

By providing additional oxaloacetate

Which of these foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids? Canola oil Walnuts Flaxseeds Coconut oil

Canola oil Walnuts Flaxseeds

The largest drinking population in North America consists of young, ______ college students. Hispanic Caucasian African American Asian American

Caucasian

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin. Polyunsaturated fatty acid Glycerol Monounsaturated fatty acid Cholesterol

Cholesterol

______ is characterized by a loss of functioning hepatocytes. Fatty liver disease Jaundice Cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis of the liver

What happens to excess choline in the body? Excreted in feces Converted to betaine Excreted in the urine

Converted to betaine Excreted in the urine

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol? Peanuts Eggs Chicken Ice cream

Eggs Chicken Ice cream

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Amino acids Triglycerides Carbohydrates Eicosanoids

Eicosanoids

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Triglycerides Carbohydrates Eicosanoids Amino acids

Eicosanoids

Which of the following is a potential cause of denaturation? Cold Enzymes Water

Enzymes

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin B-6? Fruits and vegetables Fish Poultry Meat

Fish Poultry Meat

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone. Diglycerides Free fatty acids Esterified fatty acids Monoglycerides

Free fatty acids

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids? Gluconeogenesis Glycogenic Lipolysis Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule? A 6-carbon ring Glycerol backbone Three fatty acids Phosphorus-containing molecule

Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecule

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids? Help to maintain body fluid Have nothing to do with body fluid

Help to maintain body fluid

What is the key role of HDL? Carries lipids both taken up and made by the liver to cells Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism? Small intestine Kidneys Liver Stomach

Liver

Which of the following organs are involved in fat digestion? Liver Esophagus Large intestine Small intestine Pancreas

Liver Small intestine Pancreas

Where can gluconeogenesis occur? Liver cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Kidney cells

Liver cells Kidney cells

Which pathway is the main one responsible for metabolizing excessive amounts of alcohol? MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system Catalase pathway ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase

MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides? Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Chylomicrons are formed. Chylomicrons pass into the lacteal. Triglycerides are reformed inside intestinal cells.

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

What percent of women of childbearing age drink alcohol? More than 75% Fewer than 25% More than 50%

More than 50%

Where is the main storage site for vitamin B-6? Muscle Adipose tissue Liver Blood

Muscle

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized? Muscles Spleen Liver Heart

Muscles

Which of the following individuals tend to have the highest alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders? Native American Indians Asian Indians Asians Non-Hispanic whites

Native American Indians Non-Hispanic whites

Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD? Heredity Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking

Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking

Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true. The gallbladder produces sufficient amounts of phospholipids. Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body. Phospholipids can only be supplied by the diet. Foods high in sodium are good sources of phospholipids.

Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.

Proteins serve which of the following functions? Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate blood cholesterol. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish. Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.

Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood? Increase excretion of CO2 by the lungs Enhance formation of bicarbonate Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism? Carbohydrate metabolism will slow the citric acid cycle due to a lack of oxaloacetate. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.

Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role? Decreasing hormone production Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation? Water Stomach acid Heat

Stomach acid Heat

Which of the following is true about ATP? The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy. It is impossible to regenerate ATP from ADP and AMP. The bonds between the phosphate groups are called low-energy phosphate bonds.

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs? The type of macronutrient used to generate energy remains constant. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy remains constant. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake? impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease low levels of HDLs and LDLs

impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Food intolerance

inability to digest certain food components

Identify the consequences of feasting. increased burning of glucose for energy fat accumulation increased insulin production decreased glycogen synthesis

increased burning of glucose for energy fat accumulation increased insulin production

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies. carbohydrates insulin oxygen energy ATP glucose

insulin

In a state of semistarvation or fasting, a decrease in the hormone __________ causes fatty acids to flood into the bloodstream and eventually form __________ bodies in the liver.

insulin, ketone

Vitamin B-6 is lost in the refining of a grain but _____ added back during enrichment. is not is

is not

Subcutaneous fat is located ______. deep within the belly just beneath the skin surrounding some organs

just beneath the skin

Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include keeping trans fat intake low. keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories. keeping saturated fat intake to less than 20% of total calories. keeping polyunsaturated fat under 25% of total calories.

keeping trans fat intake low. keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories.

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______. fatty acids glucose ketone bodies

ketone bodies


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