NUTR Chapter 4 Semester 1

What is the standard serving of a soft drink?

8 ounces

Hormones that lower blood glucose levels.

Insulin

________________ is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels after a meal.

Insulin

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by __________.

Insulin resistance

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

A claim such as "high fiber" is an example of what kind of claim?

Nutrient claim

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of ________.

Strach

______________ is a type of simple carbohydrate composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

Sucrose

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and in ____________.

Muscles

1. Carbohydrates are a ___________________ whose primary function it to provide energy to the body. All digestible forms of carbohydrates provide 4 calories/g of energy. Fiber, starch, and ________________ are complex carbohydrates, while glucose, fructose, and sucrose are simple carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, like glucose and ____________________ or disaccharides, like lactose and ________________. Complex carbohydrates include polysaccharides. Starch consists of chains of glucose molecules. Some starch chains are _______________ and harder to digest. Other starch is much easier to digest and has ____________________ chains. Dietary ________________ consists of soluble and insoluble types, which both possess important benefits like reducing the risk of constipation, heart disease, and obesity. Soluble fiber also helps reduce the risk of diabetes. Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide created by a process called ____________________ and is stored in the liver and muscles for later use. Carbohydrates in the diet are said to spare __________________ from being used to provide for fuel for cells.

- macronutrient - glycogen - galactose - maltose - straight - branching - fiber - glycogenesis - protein

What percentage of an individual's total daily energy intake should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and ends with the elimination of dietary fiber that the colon bacteria cannot ferment through the large intestine. Review the steps of carbohydrate digestion in the focus figure. Trace the digestion of carbohydrates through the gastrointestinal tract by labeling the steps that follow after you take your first bite of a piece of bread. Organize steps 1-5 - Salivary amylase enzymes are inactivated by stomach acid. - Some dietary fiber in the bread is fermented by bacteria; other passes through the large intestine to be eliminated. -Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into the disaccharide maltose. - Enzymes of the small intestine brush border digest disaccharides into monosaccharides. - Salivary amylase breaks down the starch in the bread into smaller chains and the disaccharide and the disaccharide maltose.

1. Salivary amylase breaks down the starch in the bread into smaller chains and the disaccharide and the disaccharide maltose. 2. Salivary amylase enzymes are inactivated by stomach acid. 3. Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into the disaccharide maltose. 4. Enzymes of the small intestine brush border digest disaccharides into monosaccharides. 5. Some dietary fiber in the bread is fermented by bacteria; other passes through the large intestine to be eliminated.

A 20-ounce bottle of cola will provide __________ of added sugar.

15 teaspoons

Americans are consuming _____ teaspoons of added sugar daily.

17

For an item to be called "low fat," it must have fewer than __________ grams of fat per serving.

3

If a cereal says it contains vitamin A, which can help with your vision, which of the following statements is true?

All food products with vitamin A can help with vision

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate? -high fructose corn syrup -fructose -starch -All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

___________________ __________________ are a category of nutrient compounds consisting of long chains of sugar molecules.

Complex carbohydrates

___________________ consist of two molecules of sugar joined together.

Disaccharides

T or F Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

False

Most dietary ____________ passes through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed.

Fiber

One of the monosaccharides is _____.

Fructose

Joaquin needs a quick pick-me-up one afternoon because he feels hungry and a bit sluggish. Which of the following would be the best choice because it does not contain added sugars?

Glass of low-fat milk

___________________ is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels during times of fasting.

Glucagon

Hormones that rise blood glucose levels.

Glucagon and epinephrine

__________________ is the most abundant sugar molecule, and the preferred source of energy for the brain.

Glucose

As part of the response to increased blood glucose after a meal, insulin triggers the number of _________________ _____________________ on the cell membranes in the body to be increased.

Glucose transporters

These are absorbed by the small intestine and enter into the bloodstream.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Animals store glucose polysaccharides in the form of __________________.

Glycogen

The body can either use glucose for energy, convert it to _______________, or store it as fat.

Glycogen

______________________ occurs when blood glucose level drops below 70 mg/dl.

Hypoglycemia

Joaquin is interested in changing his carbohydrate intake to decrease his risk of developing diabetes. Which change would you suggest he make?

Increasing consumption of high-fiber foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (all of which contain carbohydrates) will help reduce his risk of diabetes

A health claim has two parts: a listing of the nutrient and __________.

Its potential benefit to your health

After polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides and disaccharides and are absorbed, they are converted into glucose in the _____.

Liver

In response to insulin or glucagon, either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis (respectively) will take place in the _________________.

Liver

What should Joaquin do to reduce his risk of developing diabetes?

Lose weight

What enzymes are responsible for breakdown of disaccharides?

Maltase, Sucrase, and lactase

An advantage of eating a high-fiber diet is that __________.

Meals high in fiber help to normalize blood sugar levelsit's not as filling as a regular diet

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

Milk

______________________ are a category of single sugar molecules that are absorbed easily in the small intestine.

Monosaccharides

Insulin is produced in and released from the ______________.

Pancreas

What enzymes are responsible for breakdown of starches?

Pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar? - enriched white flour - milk powder - rolled oats, cracked oats, steal-cut oats - fruit filling

Rolled oats, cracked oats, steal-cut oats

Hormones that have no effect on blood glucose levels

Secretin and cholecystokinin

_____________ ________________ are a category of sugars that contain either one or two molecules.

Simple carbohydrates

What agency determines the kind of claims food companies can make on their packaging?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Glucose is converted to _______________ for storage in fat tissue.

Triglycerides