NUTR Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Individuals with Type II Diabetes or those poor with glucose regulation are at an increased risk of?

- blindess - kidney disease - Parkinson's disease

Type 2 diabetes can be managed moderately through?

- diet - physical activity - moderate weight loss

In metabolic syndrome, what can be elevated?

- fasting glucose - triglycerides - blood pressure

Rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest (3)

1. Soyburger - whole wheat English muffin with tomato and pickle, romaine lettuce & hummus 2. Tuna salad - whole wheat crackers, carrots, onions, mayonnaise, sprouts, & cucumber slices 3. Hot dog - on white bun with relish, mustard & ketchup

Milk and dairy produced are major food sources ____________.

Lactose

_________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, diet and obesity.

Type 2

Diet, exercise and oral medications are typical treatments for?

Type 2 diabetes

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ____________ is more rapidly digested than ___________.

amylopectin; amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are all a common from of?

amylose

Glycemic Index x Grams of _________) / 100 = Gyclemic Load

carbohydrates

Which of the following carbohydrates is not digested by humans?

cellulose

Hemicelluloses, pectin, cellulose and gums are examples of

dietary fiber

Which of the following is a good source of soluble fiber?

flesh of an apple

what sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

high-fructose corn syrup

Aspartame ________ heat stable, so it __________ appropriate use in cooking.

is not, is not

Which of the following contain the highest percentage of simple carbohydrates

jelly

Hypoglycemia is a ________ blood glucose level.

low

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?

maltose

Alternative sweetener that is not heat stable and can be used as a table top sweetener in cooking applications. 7,000 to 13,000 times sweater than table sugar.

neotame

2 broad classes of sweetness?

nutritive & non-nutritive

_______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

pre-diabetes

pectins, gums, mucilages, some hemicelluloses are classified as _________ fibers.

soluble

excessive consumption of this sugar has a laxative effect

sugar alchohol

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

amylose

What is the digestible straight-chain type of starch that is composed go glucose units?

amylose

Which non-nutritive sweetener is sold under the brand name Nutrasweet & Equal?

aspartame

Because of its chemical structure, cellulose...?

does not dissolve in water

Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body because

of its branched structure that can be broken down that quickly

Which of the following are solvable fibers?

pectins, gums, mucilages

Foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrates that include peas, dried beans & dairy. In these foods the carbohydrate is diluted with?

protein & fat

Two forms of starch digested by humans are?

Amylose & amylopectin

Which USA agency regulates the approval & usage of artificial sweeteners?

FDA

Which complex carbohydrate has 3-10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body digestive system?

Oligosaccharides

____________ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe in typical amounts.

Saccharin

Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are NOT currently available in the food supply in the USA?

cyclamate (due to cancer risk)

Insulin __________ blood glucose levels, while glucagon ____________.

decreases; increases

Characteristics of sugar alcohol.

does not cause dental decay absorbs/metabolizes more slowly than sugars contribute fewer calories than sugars

What monosaccharide is found in fruits?

fructose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

fructose and glucose

Which of the following contain the highest percentage of calories of carbohydrates?

fruit, jam, table sugar

The most abundant monosaccharide found in the body?

glucose

The liver and muscles are major storage sites for

glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrates in human and animals is called

glycogen

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners

- sweeten foods while providing few to no calories - include saccharin, aspartame & sucralose

How many cans of diet soft drinks can an adult consume and not exceed the exceptional daily intake of aspartame?

18 cans

Dietary fiber includes indigestible _________ materials.

plant

What form does glucose present itself in plants?

starches

The carbohydrate that is considered to be the benchmark of all sweeteners that are measured in?

sucrose

Which of the following is a sugar in alcohol?

xylitol

What is the approximate carbohydrate percentage of eggs, chicken and butter?

zero

Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?

Glucose levels are high but not enough to indicate diabetes

Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar?

200 times

________ is different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

Fiber

A complex carbohydrate that can be starch or fiber and that often contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules is called a _________?

Polysaccharide

Difference between sugar alcohols and sugar in regular foods.

Sugar alcohols contain fewer calories than regular sugars.

What occurs when two molecules form a bond larger than a molecule released by water?

condensation reaction

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

- fiber - amylose - amylopectin

Which of the following are true about cellulose?

- linked by beta bonds - made glucose molecules - insoluble fiber

Patients who experience a lack of hypoglycemia may benefit from eating?

- meals with a mixture of macronutrients - carbohydrates throughout the day

What are some other names for complex carbohydrates?

- starch - polysaccharides

Which statements are true following the labels of foods containing sugar alcohols?

- sugar alcohols must be on nutrition labels - if only 1 sugar alcohol is issued, than it is individually listed - if 2 or more alcohols are used, they are grouped together under one heading

The polysaccharide, ____________, is used for many frozen foods because it maintains stable over a wide temperature range.

amylopectin

Which of the following non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?

aspartame

Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?

maltose