NUTR Chapter 5: Carbohydrates
Individuals with Type II Diabetes or those poor with glucose regulation are at an increased risk of?
- blindess - kidney disease - Parkinson's disease
Type 2 diabetes can be managed moderately through?
- diet - physical activity - moderate weight loss
In metabolic syndrome, what can be elevated?
- fasting glucose - triglycerides - blood pressure
Rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest (3)
1. Soyburger - whole wheat English muffin with tomato and pickle, romaine lettuce & hummus 2. Tuna salad - whole wheat crackers, carrots, onions, mayonnaise, sprouts, & cucumber slices 3. Hot dog - on white bun with relish, mustard & ketchup
Milk and dairy produced are major food sources ____________.
Lactose
_________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, diet and obesity.
Type 2
Diet, exercise and oral medications are typical treatments for?
Type 2 diabetes
Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ____________ is more rapidly digested than ___________.
amylopectin; amylose
Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are all a common from of?
amylose
Glycemic Index x Grams of _________) / 100 = Gyclemic Load
carbohydrates
Which of the following carbohydrates is not digested by humans?
cellulose
Hemicelluloses, pectin, cellulose and gums are examples of
dietary fiber
Which of the following is a good source of soluble fiber?
flesh of an apple
what sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?
high-fructose corn syrup
Aspartame ________ heat stable, so it __________ appropriate use in cooking.
is not, is not
Which of the following contain the highest percentage of simple carbohydrates
jelly
Hypoglycemia is a ________ blood glucose level.
low
What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?
maltose
Alternative sweetener that is not heat stable and can be used as a table top sweetener in cooking applications. 7,000 to 13,000 times sweater than table sugar.
neotame
2 broad classes of sweetness?
nutritive & non-nutritive
_______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.
pre-diabetes
pectins, gums, mucilages, some hemicelluloses are classified as _________ fibers.
soluble
excessive consumption of this sugar has a laxative effect
sugar alchohol
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.
amylose
What is the digestible straight-chain type of starch that is composed go glucose units?
amylose
Which non-nutritive sweetener is sold under the brand name Nutrasweet & Equal?
aspartame
Because of its chemical structure, cellulose...?
does not dissolve in water
Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body because
of its branched structure that can be broken down that quickly
Which of the following are solvable fibers?
pectins, gums, mucilages
Foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrates that include peas, dried beans & dairy. In these foods the carbohydrate is diluted with?
protein & fat
Two forms of starch digested by humans are?
Amylose & amylopectin
Which USA agency regulates the approval & usage of artificial sweeteners?
FDA
Which complex carbohydrate has 3-10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body digestive system?
Oligosaccharides
____________ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe in typical amounts.
Saccharin
Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are NOT currently available in the food supply in the USA?
cyclamate (due to cancer risk)
Insulin __________ blood glucose levels, while glucagon ____________.
decreases; increases
Characteristics of sugar alcohol.
does not cause dental decay absorbs/metabolizes more slowly than sugars contribute fewer calories than sugars
What monosaccharide is found in fruits?
fructose
Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?
fructose and glucose
Which of the following contain the highest percentage of calories of carbohydrates?
fruit, jam, table sugar
The most abundant monosaccharide found in the body?
glucose
The liver and muscles are major storage sites for
glycogen
The storage form of carbohydrates in human and animals is called
glycogen
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners
- sweeten foods while providing few to no calories - include saccharin, aspartame & sucralose
How many cans of diet soft drinks can an adult consume and not exceed the exceptional daily intake of aspartame?
18 cans
Dietary fiber includes indigestible _________ materials.
plant
What form does glucose present itself in plants?
starches
The carbohydrate that is considered to be the benchmark of all sweeteners that are measured in?
sucrose
Which of the following is a sugar in alcohol?
xylitol
What is the approximate carbohydrate percentage of eggs, chicken and butter?
zero
Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?
Glucose levels are high but not enough to indicate diabetes
Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar?
200 times
________ is different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.
Fiber
A complex carbohydrate that can be starch or fiber and that often contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules is called a _________?
Polysaccharide
Difference between sugar alcohols and sugar in regular foods.
Sugar alcohols contain fewer calories than regular sugars.
What occurs when two molecules form a bond larger than a molecule released by water?
condensation reaction
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
- fiber - amylose - amylopectin
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
- linked by beta bonds - made glucose molecules - insoluble fiber
Patients who experience a lack of hypoglycemia may benefit from eating?
- meals with a mixture of macronutrients - carbohydrates throughout the day
What are some other names for complex carbohydrates?
- starch - polysaccharides
Which statements are true following the labels of foods containing sugar alcohols?
- sugar alcohols must be on nutrition labels - if only 1 sugar alcohol is issued, than it is individually listed - if 2 or more alcohols are used, they are grouped together under one heading
The polysaccharide, ____________, is used for many frozen foods because it maintains stable over a wide temperature range.
amylopectin
Which of the following non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?
aspartame
Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?
maltose