nutrigenomics & nutrigenetics

1. Understand how the genetic makeup of an individual coordinates their response to diet, and thus considers underlying genetic polymorphisms. 2. Examine the effects of genetic variations on the interaction between diet and disease.

aim of Nutrigenetics

1. Provide a molecular understanding for how diets affect mammalian metabolism and health by altering gene/protein expression. 2. Study of how different foods may interact with specific genes to increase the risk of common chronic diseases.

aim of Nutrigenomics

more

the more a gene is transcribed, the _____ protein that will be made.

independent degree of carbon chain saturation of the FA.

up regulation occur by:

retinoic acid receptor

vitamin A interacts with _______

its receptor

vitamin D interact with___

1- Improving the state of health. 2-Preventing the appearance of nutritional diseases.

what are the main objectives of nutrigenomics & nutrigenetics?

1- vitamin A. 2- Fatty acids . 3- vitamin D. 4- Calcium. 5- Zinc.

what are the nutrients that act as Transcription factors?

proteome

what is The second product of genome expression?

the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. include: 1. endgenous metabolites (that are naturally produced by an organism) 2. exogenous chemicals (that are not naturally produced by an organism)

what is metabolome?

is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism at a certain time, which specifies the nature of the biochemical reactions that the cell is able to carry out.

what is proteome?

transcriptome

what is the initial product of genome expression?

is the set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA transcribed in one cell or a group of cells.

what is transcriptome?

nutrigenomics: examines how nutrients influence the activities of genes. includes: Gene mutation Gene expression Gene programming nutrigenetics: Examines how genes influence the activities of nutrients. includes: Nutrient absorption Nutrient use and metabolism Nutrient requirements Food and nutrient tolerances

whats the difference between Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics

In response to metabolic signals that the nucleus receives from: 1. Internal factors, such as hormones & enzymes. 2. External / environmental factors, such as diet.

why Genes are turned on & off?

transcription factor 1 interaction

zinc interact with_____

transcription activation or inhibition, in the case of attaching to a certain level of gene promoter region.

resulted complex of vitamin A & retinoid acid receptor causes:

A protein that works with transcription factors to increase the rate of gene transcription

Coactivator

A protein that works with transcription factors to decrease the rate of gene transcription

Corepressor

1. direct interaction: 2. epigenetic interaction: 3. genetic variations:

Describe the Nutrient - gene interactions

1. Substances contained in the food (micro- and macro-nutrients) can directly or indirectly affect the human genome 2. diet can be an important risk factor for the development of the number of diseases. 3. Some genes regulated by active substances in the diet probably play a critical role in the onset, incidence, progression and severity of the disease. 4. The degree to which diet influences the balance between health and disease may depend on individual's genetic makeup. 5. Nutritional intervention is based on the knowledge of individual's nutritional status and needs as well as genotype (individualized nutrition) and can be used for prevention, mitigation or healing the chronic diseases.

Describe the basic principles of nutrigenomics

Repression, or suppression - decrease the rate of gene transcription

Downregulation

Nutrients can alter the structure of DNA so that gene expression is altered

Epigenetic interactions:

The area of study that examines how environmental factors influence gene expression.

Epigenetics

1. its The process of turning genes on & off. 2. occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription

Explain the regulation of genes

is when a gene in DNA is "turned on," that is, used to make the protein it specifies.

Gene expression

collection of all genetic information of an organisms encoded in the DNA of the nucleus.

Genome

activators: Some transcription factors activate transcription. they may help the general transcription factors and/or RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. repressors: This repression can work in the way of the basal transcription factors or RNA polymerase, making it so they can't bind to the promoter or begin transcription.

How do transcription factors work?

1. Nutrients and phytochemicals can interact ; directly with genetic signals thus activating or silencing gene expression ,or indirectly by way of substances generated during metabolism. 2. Activating or silencing a gene leads to an increase or decrease in the synthesis of specific protein. 3. These processes ultimately affect a person's health

How does diet affect gene expression ?

1. Gene expression (activated or silenced) 2. Protein synthesis (starts or stops) 3. Disease (prevention or progression)

Nutrients and phytochemicals Substances generated during metabolism:

study the effect of genetic variations on the interaction between diet and health.

Nutrigenetics

study the effect of nutrients on health through altering genome, proteome , metabolome and the resulting changes in physiology.

Nutrigenomics

is a science studying the relationship between human genome , nutrition and health .

Nutritional genomics

genotype

Personalized nutrition based on ______.

1. predictive 2. preemptive preventive 3. personalized 4. participatory

THE 4PS OF PERSONALIZED HEALTH CARE:

translation of the individual RNA molecules present in the transcriptome.

The proteins that make up the proteome are synthesized by ________________

Methods and treatments to avoid, reduce and monitor the risk of developing certain disease

preemptive/preventive

A protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription

Transcription factor

that the right genes are expressed in the right cells of the body, at the right time.

Transcription factors help ensure________

Controlling the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA

Transcriptional regulation

Activation, or promotion - increase the rate of gene transcription

Upregulation

a calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, regulates transcription and possibly apoptosis.

What is calcineurin?

calcineurin

calcium interact with___

Nutrients after interacting with a receptor, behave as transcription factors that can bind to DNA and induce gene expression.

direct interaction:

FA having more than 18 carbons and at least two double bonds.

down regulation occurs by:

PPAR

fatty acids interact with___

Common genetic variations such as single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can alter the expression or functionality of genes.

genetic variation:

bioactive components in food can bind to transcription factors and thereby influence gene expression.

how does nutrients modify genes expression?

1. If a gene is not transcribed in a cell, it can't be used to make a protein in that cell. 2. If a gene does get transcribed, it is likely going to be used to make a protein.

how is transcription the key on/off control point?

Citizens are fully engaged in personal health management

participatory

Clinical interventions based on the unique genetic, medical and environmental characteristics of each patient-citizen, and genomic profile of his/her diseases

personalized

Identification of individual risks of developing certain diseases based on the person's genetic profile and other personal information

predictive