nutriion 210 exam
What might be the connection between the observation that vegetarians tend to maintain a lower and healthier body weight than non- vegertarians?
A higher intake of dietary fiber among vegetarians
What might be the connection between the observation that vegetarians tend to maintain a lower and healthier body weight than non-vegetarians?
A higher intake of dietary fiber among vegetarians
note: which of the following describes vitamins A, D, E and K? answer: potentially toxic
...
note: which of the following is NOT an antioxidant used in the processing of food: answer: propionic acid
...
note: which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the proper refrigeration and freezing of food? answer: thaw frozen meat and poultry on the kitchen counter
...
note: which of the following is a good food safety practice to employ when consuming or cooking eggs? answer: casseroles made with eggs should reach an internal temperature of 160º F before being eaten
...
BMR: ___ kcal/kg/hr for women
0.9
Carbohydrates _________ kcal/gm
4
DASH diet: Servings of nuts, seeds, and legumes per day
4-5 serv/week
temperature danger zone for bacterial growth?
40-140
FAD
A coenzyme form of riboflavin
ATP
A common high-energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
Osteoporosis
A disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals
disaccharides
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis., Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Pepsin
A gastric enzyme that hydrolyzes protein
Hemochromatosis
A genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage
Direct calorimetry
A means of estimating energy expenditure by measuring the amount of heat released
Glycemic index
A method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose. Low= legumes and milk products. Moderate= whole grains and fruits High= processed foods made from refined flour such as snack foods, breads and ready-to-eat cereals
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and sensory perception, among other roles. Synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan with the help of vitamin B6
MFP factor
A peptide released during the digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances non-heme iron absorption
Never consuming less than 1200 calories
A safe, reasonable rate of weight loss
20-30%
AMDR for total fat intake
Iron
Absorption of this mineral is enhanced by vitamin C
Hydroxyapatite
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
Active diffusion
Energy (ATP) & carrier needed Regardless of concentration
Central obesity
Excess fat around the trunk of the body. Also called abdominal fat or upper body fat.
Hypercalcemia
High blod calcium that may develop from a variety of disorders, including vitamin D toxicity. Does NOT develop from a high calcium intake
Passive diffusion
Higher to lower concentration No energy is needed, no carrier is needed
LDL
Lipoprotein containing the highest percentage of cholesterol
Basal metabolic rate
Longest component of energy output
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water are considered what?
Macronutrients
Neural tube defects
Malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often result in lifelong disability or death
Which of the following highlights the significance of water in the human body?
Medium for nearly all body activities
Absorption of lipids
Micelles formed by bile salts allow for absorption at apical border of all products (glycerol doesn't need micelles), re-esterify within intestinal cells and form chylomicron with ApoB then absorbed to lymph system
What is absorbed in the small intestine?
Minerals, glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, 70-90% of total water, the other 80% of alcohol, and bile acids.
End products of small intestine lipid digestion via pancreatic lipases
Monoglycerides, FA, Lysolecithin, free cholesterol
Age and gender
Non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis
Marasmus
Not enough food (starvation); insufficient amounts of protein and kcals
Anaerobic
Not requiring oxygen
Products of protein digestion in stomach
Oligopeptides and AA
Types of diffusion in the small intestine?
Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active diffusion
Which digestive substance aids in the digestion of protein?
Protease
Minor fuel source
Protein
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Protein deficiency, energy deficiency, or both.
Enzymes
Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions
A very reliable site which can be accessed through internet and is maintained National Library of Medicine is known as:
PubMed(www.pubmed.gov)
A very reliable site which can be accessed through the internet and is maintained by the National Library of Medicine is known as
PubMed(www.pubmed.gov)
What sphincter controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
.8 grams
RDA for protein
Catabolic
Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones
Anabolic
Reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. They require energy
This ELECTROLYTE is a CATION that assists in : 1. NERVE IMPULSES 2. MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS 3. ABSORPTION of GLUCOSE into INTESTINAL CELLS
Sodium
Deficiency symptoms associated with this electrolyte include irregular heartbeat and loss of appetite; toxicity symptoms include slowing of the heartbeat
Sodium 40%
Type 1 Diabetes
Sometimes described as insulin dependent because little or no insulin is secreted from the gallbladder.
Heme
The iron in foods that is bound to the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins. Found only in meat, fish and poultry
Non-heme iron
The iron in foods that is not bound to proteins. Found in both plant and animal-derived foods
Trabecular bone
The lacy inner structure of calcium crystals that supports the bone's structure and provides a calcium storage bank
What factors determine the hardness of fat at room temperature
The length of the carbon chain and the degree of unsaturation
Rickets
The vitamin D deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone (manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees, outward-bowed chest and knobs on knees)
Energy body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients consumed in the diet.
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
accounts for 5-10% of E intake
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
a fourth use of Energy
Thermogenesis/ thermoregulation
increases body temp through shivering or fidgeting
Thermogenesis/ thermoregulation
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
This hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys
Hemoglobin
This protein is responsible for the storage of oxygen in the muscle cells
Blood clotting, nerve impulse transition, muscle contraction
Three major functions of the calcium in the blood
Fat
When carbs are consumed in excess of the body's needs, it will replace this macronutrient in the body's fuel mix.
Whey protein
a by-product of cheese production; falsely promoted as increasing muscle mass. Watery part of milk that separates from the curds.
what item best represents, in terms of size, a single serving a meat?
a deck of cards
Bile
a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, a substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles
Direct calorimetry
accurate, expensive and complex
Food that has been chewed and swallowed is known as a
bolus
What term is used to express the amount of energy in foods?
calorie
the group oven a specific treatment or intervention during an experiment is called the ____ group
experimental
Which of the following carbohydrates is a monosaccharide?
fructose
What does the DASH diet emphasize?
fruits vegetables fat-free or low-fat dairy products whole grains fish poultry nuts
The ________ provide the instruction for all of the structural components cells need to survive.
genes
mycotoxins are most commonly found in:
grains and peanuts
pernicious anemia is associated with
large rbcs deficiency of b12
The blood carries nutrients from the intestine to the ________, which releases them to the heart, which pumps them to the waiting body tissues.
liver
Resting metabolism (RMR): ________ measurement
non fasting
the US Department of Agriculture regulates ____ farming standards in the US
organic
What then circular and longitudinal muscles of the digestive tract work together to move food forward, this process is called:
peristalsis
When the circular and longitudinal muscles of the digestove tract work together to move food forward, this process is called:
peristalsis
Lecithin is an example of a very common type of which lipid found in foods:
phospholipid
Environmental factors that can generate free radicals in the body
pollution, chemicals, smoking, radiation
gastrin
polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach, hormone produced in the stomach wall that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice
Most common electrolyte imbalance
potassium
A hormone causes the kidneys to retain sodium , which helps maintain water balance in the body
Aldoesterone
This hormone causes the kidneys to retain sodium which helps maintain water balance in the body
Aldosterone
Consuming adequate amounts of which of the following nutrients may pose a problem for a vegetarian due to their lack of meat intake?
All of the above may be problems
"predigested proteins" are ..
Amino Acids
Which digestive substance aids in the digestion of starch?
Amylase
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally low blood glucose concentration
Plaque
An accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue that develops in the artery walls in atherosclerosis
Alcohol dehydrogenase
An enzyme active in the stomach and the liver that convert ethanol to acetaldehyde
Lipoprotein lipase
An enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells where they can be metabolized for energy or reassembled for storage
Lipoprotein lipase
An enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells where they can be metabolized for energy or reassembled for storage.
Thermic effect of food
An estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
An index of a person's weight in relation to height. Determined by weight (kg) divided by height (m)^2
Body Mass Index (BMI)
An index of a person's weight in relation to height. Weight classifications such as overweight and obese
Acetaldehyde
An intermediate in alcohol metabolism
Iron
Animal protein foods, fortified cereals and chocolate are good sources of this blood health nutrient
What are the ABCDE's of assessing nutritional status?
Anthropometric Biochemical Clinical Dietary Environmental
ABCDE A
Anthropometric Measuring various aspects of the body, including height, weight, body circumference, skinfold thickness
A chemical that can stop the destructive chain reactions of free radicals
Antioxidant
A product advertised on the internet may be questionable if:
Any of the above appear on the advertisement
In normal, disease- free people, diarrhea may be a result of which of the following:
Any of the above could result in diarrhea
In normal, disease-free people, diarrhea may be a result of which of the following:
Any of the above could result in diarrhea
How is iron absorbed
As free or heme iron, binds to apoferritin w/in intestinal cells and is moved to the blood where it binds to transferrin and travels to the liver
large intestine
As the material moves through water is absorbed into the blood stream and the remaining material is readied for elimination from the body.
Folic acid
Deficiency of this nutrient can cause megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects
Protein turnover
Describes the amount of protein synthesized and degraded
ABCDE D
Dietary Examines how often a person eats certain types of foods, types of foods eaten over a long period of time, or a certain period of time (last 24 hours)
How is B12 absorbed
Dietary B12 released in stomach by pepsin, binds to R protein from salivary juices, moves to duodenum and binds to intrinsic factor as R protein is digested, absorbed in ileum
Term used to encompass nutrient recommendations, which include RDAs, EARs, AIs, EERs, and ULs.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
What does DASH stand for in the DASH diet?
Dietary approaches to Stop HTN
Typical food sources for bacteria caused Shigella species.
Fecal/oral transmission; WATER supplies, produce, and other foods contaminated by infected food handlers with poor hygeine.
Intestinal bacteria (flora)
Ferment fiber Synthesize vitamins Flatulence
Increases BMR
Fever, stress, pregnancy, and increase in lean body tissue all affect BMR in this way
This type of phytochemical acts as an antioxidant and can be found in chocolate, black tea and apples
Flabanoids
Deficiency of this nutrient can cause MEGALOBASTIC ANEMIA and NEURAL TUBE BIRTH DEFECTS
Folate
Vitamins used for DNA and RNA
Folate and colabmin - b vitamins
Phosphorus
Food additives are a source of this bone health nutrient
High-quality foods
Food that contains ample amounts of all the essential amino acids
Low fat
Food that provides 3 grams or less fat per serving
A sickness caused by the ingestion of food containing pathogenic microorganisms or toxins made by these pathogens.
Foodborne illness
Beef, poultry, shellfish
Foods that are good sources of heme iron
These substances attack PUFA, DNA and proteins in the body
Free Radicals
Unstable and highly reactive molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons in the outer orbital
Free Radicals
Saturated fatty acids
Fully loaded with hydrogens. Recommended intake= 0-10% of total kcals/day
Magnesium
Functions of this nutrient include bone mineralization, normal muscle contraction, building of protein, and functioning of the immune system
Zinc
Functions of this nutrient include wound healing and maintaining sense of taste and smell
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
Hormone secreted by cells
Gastrin
Macrophage
Giant protein molecules manufactured by the body to combat invading foreign molecules
How are monosaccharides absorbed
Glucose/Galactose - Na+ cotransport (apical), facilitated diffusion GLUT 2(basolateral) Fructose - Facilitated diffusion (apical GLUT 5 and basolateral GLUT 2)
Magnesium
Green leafy vegetables are a good source of this nutrient because it is a part of the chlorophyll molecule
removes cholesterol from tissues, highest percentage of protein of lipoproteins
HDL
Facilitated diffusion
Higher to lower concentration No energy, carrier protein needed
Flaxseed oil
Highest in omega-3 fatty acids
Glucagon
Hormone made in the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by causing the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.
CCK
Hormone that stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine during fat digestion
Catabolic reaction
Hydrolysis is an example of:
Age, Obesity and salt sensitivity are risk factors for this chronic medical condition
Hypertension
Aging, obesity, and salt sensitivity are risk factors for this chronic medical condition
Hypertension
What are the modifiable risk factors to CV disease?
Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Obesity Physical inactivity Diabetes mellitus Alcohol intake Cigarette smoking
Break down proteins to obtain it
If an essential amino acid that is needed to make a protein is not available, the cells must:
Digestion of carbs begins
In mouth with alpha-amylase
Doubly Labeled Water Technique: Type of Measuring Energy Expenditure
Indirect Calorimetry
Collect expired air
Indirect calorimetry
Measuring Energy Expenditure: more common method
Indirect calorimetry
Predictable relationship between O2 consumed and CO2 expired
Indirect calorimetry
What are the two types of food additives?
Intentional and Incidental know a few examples
The location of extracellular water in the body
Interstitial and plasma
Fluid within the blood vessels (One of the extracellular fluid compartments)
Intrascular
A glycoprotein (protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) secreted by the STOMACH cells that binds with Vitamin B12 in the SMALL INTESTINE to aid in the ABSORPTION of Vitamin B12
Intrinsic Factor
Absorption of this mineral is enhanced by Vitamin C
Iron
Essential amino acids
Isoluceine, leucine & lysine are:
This phytochemical may inhibit cancer development and can be found in cruciferous
Isothlocyanotes
Principles of Energy Balance
It takes a specific number of kcal to gain or lose a pound The body stores energy and uses stored energy in a highly specified manner
stomach
J-shaped, muscular pouch in the abdomen
Where is most of the Na+ absorbed
Jejunum
Difference between Jejunum and Ileum electrolyte absorption
Jejunum - NaHCO3 Ileum - NaCl (has HCO3/Cl exchanger on apical membrane, allows HCO3 to be secreted)
Excess B Vitamins passed through into the ____ and are _____
KIDNEYS and are NOT ABSORBED by the body
Absorption of protein end products
L-AA absorbed via Na+ cotransporters (apical) and facilitated diffusion (basolateral) Di/Tripeptides absorbed via H+ cotransport (apical) then hydrolyzed to AA via cytosolic peptidases and absorbed as AA via facilitated diffusion
Brings cholesterol to tissues, highest percentage of cholesterol of lipoproteins
LDL
Low-quality proteins
Lacking or low in one or more essential amino acids (limiting amino acids). Examples: legumes, nuts & vegetables
Making new fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Probiotics
Live microorganisms that when ingested in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.
Where is bile made?
Liver
the antibiotic-resistant bacteria that is thought to result from the use of antibiotics in animals is:
MRSA (methacillen-resistent staphylococcus aureus)
Carbohydrate
Macronutrient that is especially easy for the body to store as fat when excess kcals are consumed
Calcium
Most abundant mineral in the human body
Type 2 Diabetes
Most common type of diabetes
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Most fat-soluble vitamins
Coconut oil
Most saturated oil
Digestion starts where?
Mouth
This protein is responsible for the storage of oxygen in the muscle cells
Myoglobin
stores oxygen in muscle cells
Myoglobin
Ammonia
NH3 compound produced during the deamination of amino acids
Which of the following surveys attempt to sample the United States population to asses the relationship between nutritional intake/status and health?
NHANES
Which of the following surveys attempts to sample the United States population to assess the relationship between nutritional intake/status and health?
NHANES
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed
Na+ cotransporters
Cystinuria is caused by
Na+AA cotransporter deficit in small intestine and kidneys
Pepsinogen
Name of precursor of the active enzyme (pepsin) that breaks down protein in the stomach
Energy intake less than energy expenditure
Negative energy balance
Bicarbonate is responsible for what?
Neutralizing chyme, soupy acidic mixture, food and stomach acids
What element is protein composed of that is not part of carbohydrates or lipids?
Nitrogen
Urea
Nitrogen is stripped from amino acids and used to make ammonia which is used to make this substance that is excreted in urine
Chronic Pancreatitis and Cystic Fibrosis effect digestion how
No pancreatic enzymes
7 kcals/g
Number of kcals provided by one gram of alcohol
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs)
Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
Undernutrition
Nutrient intake does not meet needs
Overnutrition
Nutrient intake exceeds needs
Desirable nutrition
Nutrient intake supports body function and permits storage of nutrients to be used in times of increased need
Niacin
Nutrient part of the co-enzyme NAD. The body can make it from the amino acid tryptophan
Chromium
Nutrient that enhances insulin activity in the body. Often sold as a supplement for weight loss.
Riboflavin
Nutrient that is part of the coenzyme FAD. Source= milk
Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, fluoride and magnesium
Nutrients involved in bone health
5 oz wine, 12 oz beer, and 1 1/2 oz hard liquor are all considered one alcoholic drink. (T/F)
TRUE
Antacids can cause an increase in stomach acidity if used too frequently. (T/F)
TRUE
In the small intestine, each of the villi has its own capillary network and a lymph vessel. (T/F)
TRUE
The body has an instinctive liking for sugar, salt, and fat. (T/F)
TRUE
The small intestine is wrinkled into thousands of folds that serve to increase its absorbing surface area. (T/F)
TRUE
True or False: The DASH diet sets a certain number of servings per day for each of the 8 groups and the specific number is related to the total number of calories recommended per day.
TRUE
True or False: Weight loss can decrease body fat and lean body mass -- the greater the rate of weight loss, the more likely that lean body mass is lost.
TRUE
True or False: Preservation of lean body mass and optimal health go hand in hand
TRUE => Loss of lean body mass can contribute to health problems such as CV issues, immune problems, etc.
Low-fat, high-carb diet; eating breakfast; frequent weight-monitoring; high level of physical activity
The 4 common behaviors practiced by participants in the National Weight Control Registry
Nitrogen balance
The amount of nitrogen consumed (N in) as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted (N out) in a given period of time
12 ounces
The amount of pure ethanol in one drink
13
The amount of vitamins or minerals that can be absorbed and utilized by the body
Adequate Intake (AIs)
The average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
The average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group
Triglycerides
The body stores energy for future use in:
monosaccharides
The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars such as glucose and fructose.
Denaturation
The change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents
Behavior modification
The changing of behavior by the manipulation of antecedents (cues or environmental factors that trigger behavior). The behavior itself, and consequences (the penalties or rewards attached to behavior)
Chylomicrons
The class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body
The configuration around the double bond
The difference between cis-and trans- fatty acids is:
Iodine
The energy metabolism nutrient that is an essential component of thyroid hormones
Basal metabolism
The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest
Limiting amino acid
The essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body. Most likely nutrients are lysine, methionine, threoine and tryptophan
Satiety
The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs during a meal and halts eating. Determines how much time passes between meals
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen & captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP
Hemoglobin
The globular protein of the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body
Calcium
The homeostasis of this mineral involves a system of hormones and vitamin D
Appetite
The integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating
NAD
The main co-enzyme form of the vitamin Niacin
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (ULs) aka Upper Limits
The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects
Fatty acid oxidation
The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
Absorption
The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency
Myoglobin
The oxygen-holding protein of the muscle cells
What three terms describe nutritional health status?
Undernutrition Desirable nutrition Overnutrition
The dietary reference intakes are useful for populations in:
United States and Canada
Made in the liver, second highest of lipoproteins in percentafe triglyceride
VLDL
Of the 6 principles and guidelines given to encourage us to make good dietary choices, which one is associated primarily with consuming many different foods within a food group and consumption of the different food groups?
Variety
People who exclude all animal-derived foods from their diet are known as:
Vegans
Who needs dietary supplements?
Vegans, infants low kcal intake, medical conditions, intolerance, elderly
Vegan
Vegetarian who only consumes plant products
How much digestion occurs in the large intestine?
Very little
How much digestion occurs in the stomach
Very little
Deficiency of this vitamin is most common cause of non accidental blindness in the world
Vitamin A
Deficiency of this vitamin is the most common cause of non-accidental blindness in the world
Vitamin A
The active form of this FAT SOLUBLE nutrient can be found in liver, fortified milk and eggs
Vitamin A
The active form of this fat-soluble nutrient can be found in the liver, fortified milk and eggs
Vitamin A
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E, and K dissolve in fat
A special protein called the intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of this nutrient
Vitamin B-12
Deficiency of this nutrient can cause megaloblastic anemia and neural tube birth defects
Vitamin B-12
A special protein called the intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of this nutrient
Vitamin B12
HEAT can destroy this WATER SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANT
Vitamin C
Heat can destroy this water-soluble antioxidant
Vitamin C
The RDA for this antioxidant is higher for smokers
Vitamin C
The water-soluble antioxidant involved in the synthesis of a protein that functions as a connective tissue in the body
Vitamin C
The water soluble antioxidant involved in the synthesis of a protein that functions as a connective tissue in the body
Vitamin C (c_ for collagen)
TOCOPHEROL is the chemical name and most active for this NUTRIENT
Vitamin E
Tocopherol is the chemical name and most active form for this nutrient
Vitamin E
Eating large amounts of foods high in ______ decreases anticoagulation effect of warfarin.
Vitamin K
This FAT soluble vitamin is produced by microorganisms (bacteria) in the GI TRACT
Vitamin K
This fat-soluble vitamin is produced by microorganisms in the GI tract
Vitamin K
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins C and B vitamins
What program provides low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women, infants, and children with vouchers to purchase nutrient dense foods.
WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
vitamins, specifically vitamin C or one of the B complex ( b12, folate, thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid (b5), pyrodine) vitamins, that dissolves in water, and is not stored in the body
Water Soluble Vitamins
Enzyme
When glycogen has been depleted in the body, this metabolic pathway uses amino acids to synthesize glucose
Carbs & Fat
When nutrients from a meal are no longer available, the body draws on the stored forms of these 2 macronutrients to provide energy
Negative nitrogen balance
When protein intake is less than protein output
What is the role of Colipase
Works to keep bile salts from inhibiting work of pancreatic lipases
Functions of this nutrient include GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT and maintaining sense of SMELL and TASTE
Zinc
one serving of french fries from a fast food restaurant is packaged as: a. small b. medium c. large d. extra large
a
chylomicron
a microscopic particle of triglycerides produced in the intestines during digestion
glucose
a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms
mucus
a thick slippery substance produces by the body
AMDR
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges: percentage values of total caloric intake recommended for each energy nutrient (fat, protein, carbohydrates)
For the educational backgroumd required to be a registered dietitian, the school that their courses were taken at must be:
accredited by the ADA
Physical Activity: Choices made
active or inactive
Which of the following transport systems for absorption of nutrients is dependent upon both a carrier and energy?
active transport
monosodium glutamate, iodine added to table salt, and calcium added to orange juice are all examples of:
additives
Tooth decay is generally a result of:
breakdown of the enamel by acid produced from sugars fermented by bacteria in the mouth
bile
breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones.
Foods containing vitamin K that are recommended to only be 1 serving/day
broccoli brussel sprouts spinach turnip or other greens
thermoregulation: _____ fat
brown
Which of the following is a good example of a lipid high in saturated fat?
butter
how are foods listed on an ingredient list?
by weight used in the food from most to least
which of the following foods is exempt from standard food labeling regulations: a. grains b. processed foods c. meat d. organic foods
c
what nutrient would be lacking from your diet if you didn't eat milk, cheese, soy milk, tofu, yogurt or spinach?
calcium
thermoregulation: brown fat -> appearance from increased _____
capillaries
Intake of which macronutrients has increased for people in the United States since the 1970's
carbohydrate
what is the primary source of fuel for the brain?
carbohydrates
Major fuel for short-term, high intensity, medium-term exercise
carbs
the type of study that compares a group of individuals with a disease to another similar but healthy group is called a(n):
case control study
crops grown to be exported to other countries and not for local consumption are called ____ crops
cash
examples of insoluble fibers
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins
hemicellulose can be found in
cereal grains
which is a common type of sterol found in animal foods?
cholesterol
Largest and least dense of lipoproteins, mostly composed of diet- derived lipids
chylomicron
Food that has been swallowed and has mixed with stomach secretions is known as
chyme
Food that has been swallowed and has mixed with stomach secretions is known as:
chyme
Food that is ground and mixed with digestive chemicals in the stomach is called ____.
chyme
give an example of a neurotoxin:
clostridium botulinum
the proper steps developed for canning foods ensures that all endospores of ____ ____ are eliminated when followed carefully
clostridium botulinum
Indirect calorimetry
collect expired air
phosphorus
combines with calcium in bones\teeth , acid base balance DNA \RNA \ATP DEFICIENCY = MUSCLE WEAKNESS SOURCE : ANIMAL
carbohydrate
composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and is a major source of energy
What type of metabolic reaction is responsible for the liver's ability to take molecules of glucose and store them as glycogen?
condensation
Increasing dietary fiber to a more appropriate level may result in a decreased probability of which condition?
constipation
which natural preservation method doesn't limit spoilage by drawing water out of foods (thereby making them inhospitable to bacterial growth)?
cooling
which of the following is an inorganic nutrient? a. Vitamin A b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids d. Calcium
d
DV
daily value: percentage of the RDA provided by food item for specific nutrient
death in infants who suffer from malnutrition is usually the result of:
decreased resistance to infectious diseases
DRI
dietary reference intakes: standards set by dedicated committee of scientist from America/Canada for caloric intakes
The ADA is the organization for individuals practicing what profession in the United States?
dietetics
Thermic effect of food (TEF): Energy body uses to ______, ______, _______, _____, and ______ nutrients consumed in the diet
digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize
the USDA is responsible for the ____ of foods and surplus commodity foods during an emergency
distribution
insoluble fiber
does not disolve in water, not metabolized by bac, fiber that does not dissolve in water and is not broken down by bacteria in the large intestine
"Trans"-monounsaturated fatty acids are usually found in food:
due to hydrogeneration of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the food industry
If exercising longer than 1 hour, fluids should contain
electrolytes, carbs
In the small intestine, a lack of ____ causes the muscle to become weak from lack of exercise.
fiber
what nutrient would be lacking from your diet if you didn't eat lentils, fruits, vegetables, or whole grains?
fiber
indigestible polysaccharides
fiber (total fiber), not broken down, helps with intestinal health
This type of phytochemical acts as an antioxidant and can be found in chocolate, black tea and apples
flavonoids
Nutrient deficiencies are an inevitable consequence of alcohol abuse, but the most dramatic effect is on the nutrient ____.
folate
What is the water-soluble vitamin that *ALL* pregnant women should take?
folic acid
Thermic effect of food (TEF): influenced by ___________
food composition
These substances attack PUFA, DNA and proteins in the body
free radicals
Unstable and highly reactive molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons in the outer orbital
free radicals
About half of the total amount of added sugars in the US food supply is supplied by what sugar?
fructose
1/2 of your plate should be:
fruits and vegetables
Dietary factors that may set as anti-promoters that protect against cancer development
fruits and veggies, low fat, salty foods, physically active
A person with a lower metabolic rate burns calories slower and is at higher risk for ->
gaining weight
name a monosaccharide
galactose
Concentrations of nutrients and phytochemicals in the body fluids and tissues influence ________ to make more or less of certain proteins.
genes
Which sugar leaves the liver to circulate to the rest of the body's organs?
glucose
Which of the following lipids may leave the enterocytes and enter directly into the bloodstream
glycerol
In the simplified model of a cell membrane shown in class, which part of the phospholipid is in contact with watery fluid?
glycerol heads
The liver stores excess carbohydrate as _____.
glycogen
Which polysaccharide is generally one that is the storage form of carbohydrate energy in the human body?
glycogen
The body's energy stores are of two principal kinds: ________ in muscle and liver cells and ________ in fat cells.
glycogen, fat
Which of the following metabolic pathways involves the breakdown of glucose for energy?
glycosis
What are the 8 groups that make up the DASH diet?
grains vegetables fruits and fruit juices dairy meats (lean) nuts and seeds, legumes fats and oils sweets and added sugars
Positive energy balance: Energy intake ___________ than energy expenditure
greater
Check with MD if large increases/decreases occur with these foods that contain vitamin K
green vegetables garbanzo beans lentils green tea cranberry juice/products liver soybeans soybean/canola oils
Which of the following is one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States and is associated with dietary intake?
heart disease
Which of the following is one of thr=e 10 leading causes of death in the United States and is associated with dietary intake?
heart disease
thermoregulation: process of ______ production
heat
Direct calorimetry: continuous measurements of _______________
heat output
vitamins
helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in the body
cholecystokinin
hormone the small intestine secretes to stimulate release of pancreatic juice from pancreas and bile from gallbladder
Saturaion, when in reference to a fatty acid, refers to the fatty acid having the maximum number of:
hydrogens
Deep inside the brain, the ________ monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water.
hypothalamus
saliva
important part of the digestion process,fluid released when your mouth waters
the original objective in the development of GMOs was to:
increase crop protection from pesticides and herbicides
Physical Activity: ___________ energy expenditure beyond BM as much as ______%
increases; 25-40%
food ____ is a situation in which people are unable to obtain enough food to meet their daily physical needs
insecurity
When the pancreas detects a high concentration of the blood's sugar, glucose, it releases ____.
insulin
Which of the following hormones is produced in the pancreas and stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into various organs?
insulin
Energy equilibrium: Energy __________ equals energy ____________
intake, expenditure
the most common nutritional definition worldwide is ____
iron
a process that uses gamma rays to eliminate harmful bacteria in meat and poultry is called ____
irradiation
small intestine
is the part of the digestive process where most of the chemical digestion takes place.
This phytochemical may inhibit cancer development and can be found in cruciferous vegetables
isothocyanates
Foods to avoid that contain vitamin K
kale parsley natto swiss chard purple laver seaweed
The energy value of most energy-containing foods is usually measured in what units?
kcal/gram
The ________ regulate the fluid volume and concentrations of substances in the blood and extracellular fluid with great precision.
kidneys
The ________ remove toxins that could otherwise damage body tissues.
kidneys
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?
lactose
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharides?
lactose
polysaccharides
large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides, Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
pernicious anemia is ossociated with
large rbcs deficiency of b12
Physical Activity: BMR dec 1-2% for each decade past age 30 d/t loss of __________
lean body mass
Negative energy balance: Energy intake _________ than energy expenditure
less
Which is an example of an omega 3 fatty acid?
linolenic acid
An enzyme useful to breakdown triglycerides in the blood in order to store them in adipose tissue is
lipoprotein lipase
Hepatitis A is a food-borne virus that can result in ____ damage
liver
in the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and:
liver
the ____ is the primary site of alcohol metabolism in the body
liver
where is glycogen stored?
liver and muscles
liver
located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. It is the largest INTERNAL organ of the body
The stomach and intestine take up the task of liquefying foods through various mashing and squeezing actions called ____.
peristalsis
Which of the following is usually considered a health value for the consumption of insoluble fiber?
prevents constipation
Foods or supplements which we consume that contain microoganisms that may be useful for the health of our digestive system are known as:
probiotics
Foods or supplements which we consume that contain microorganisms(like bacteria) that may be useful for the health of our digestive system are known as:
probiotics
Cells in the stomach release gastric juice, a mixture of water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid needed to initiate digestion of ____.
protein
Minor fuel source
protein
which nutrient contains nitrogen?
protein
the type of undernutrition that affects toddlers who have recently been weaned from breast milk and oven a diet that is severely lacking in protein is:
protein deficit malnutrition
Thermic effect of food (TEF): Influenced by food composition
protein rich meal (20-30%), CHO rich meal (5-10%), fat rich meal (0-3%)
B vitamins functions
protein synthesis energy metabolism used in amino acids
amino acids
proteins that are made up of smaller units which link together chemically to form larger protein molecules
Prior to this past June, the USDA food guide was shown in the form of a
pyramid
Prior to this past June, the USDA food guide was shown in the form of a:
pyramid
germ
the small nutrient rich core that contains phytonutrients, vitamin E, B vitamins healthy fats
women who are breastfeeding should abstain from alcohol as it easily passes into the breast milk at levels equal to blood alcohol concentrations: true or false
true
worldwide, the majority of deaths seen in undernourished children are due to infection: true or false
true
After absorption, water- soluble nutrients are transported by the:
bloodstream
Ketone
"Bodies" formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat. They can replace glucose as food for the brain
Direct and Indirect Measurements: Both indicate whether a person has a _______________.
"slow" or "fast" metabolic rate
What are the classification methods for weight management?
% body fat BMI waist circumference weight
the information provided on a food label that identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your intake of nutrients based on a 2,000 calorie a day diet is called the:
% daily value
note: HIV and AIDS can be transmitted via breast milk to the infant
...
Ca2+ absorption requires
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
The amount of sodium in 4,000 mg of NaCl (tablesalt)
1,600 mg 40\100 x\4000 = 16,000
Physical Activity: BMR decreases ____% for each decade past age 30 d/t
1-2%
Enzymes break down fat, carbohydrate, and protein in forms small enough for what?
Absortion, or to pass through the GI tract
Which of the following digestive secretions is released into the mouth and moistens foods for easier passage?
saliva
adaptive thermogenesis
thermoregulation
Suzie is a stay-at-home mom who generally prepares the majority of meals for her household. even though she always prepares meals that offer enough calories and nutrients for her family of 4, she tends to make the same meals repeatedly. which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Suzie not incorporating into her meal planning?
variety
the four characteristics of a healthful diet are adequacy, balance, moderation, and ____
variety
People who exclude all animal-derived foods from their diet are known as:
vegans
cellulose can be found in
veggies fruits and legumes
The cells of the intestinal tract lining are arranged in sheets that poke out into millions of finger-shaped projections called ____.
villi
the lack of which nutrient in the diet can lead to night blindness in children?
vitamin A
which nutrient would be lacking from your diet if you don't eat vegetables such as carrots, leafy greens, sweet potatoes, and squash?
vitamin A
name an antioxidant added to food as a preservative:
vitamin C
overconsumption of ____ has the greatest potential for toxicity
vitamin D
functions as coenzyme, speeds up enzymes for reaction, and facilitates energy metabolism
vitamin b
Carbohydrate loading is not for what type of exercise
walking
Tropical Sprue is an example of what digestion abnormality
Decrease in intestinal cells
Energy Intake: Calories based on _________
bomb calorimeter
Which of the following drinks are often sweetened with liquid high- fructose corn syrup?
both of the above
The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the:
brain
What is the goal of digestion?
break down foods into nutrients for absorption
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range(AMDR) for %kcal from carbohydrate is
45-65
according to the AMDR, what % of your daily calories should be provided by carbohydrates?
45-65%
pepsinogen
Activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
To lose 1lb/week, what needs to happen (in terms of kcal)?
1 lb/week weight loss = 500 fewer kcal/day than expended by body for 7 days
Energy Intake
Alcohol, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat
What is the total number of kcal required to gain or lose one pound?
3500 kcal
A carbon atom can form how many bonds with other atoms?
4
Protein __________ kcal/gm
4
DASH diet: Servings of fruit per day
4-5 serv/day
note: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected dietary information of Americans by using a/n: answer: personal interview that collects information from a 24-hour diet recall
...
note: all of the following as symptoms/side effects of ketosis EXCEPT: answer: high blood cholesterol
...
note: challenges to healthy eating when dining out include all of the following except: limited choice
...
note: double-bind, placebo-controlled, random-selected
...
note: foods of animal origin are the most commonly associated with food-borne illnesses
...
note: pesticides are: answers: chemicals used in the field and in storage areas to decrease destruction caused by insects and fungus
...
note: safety issues associated with cooking in residence halls include all of the following except: answer: having 2 refrigerators in the same room
...
note: suggestions for healthy eating in the dining hall include all of the following except: answer: eat meals at the same time everyday
...
note: taking charge of your fast food and restaurant experiences include all of the following except: answer: not eating out
...
note: which of the following BEST describes minerals: answer: inorganic micronutrients found in a variety of foods
...
note: which statement is FALSE about fungi causing adverse food reactions? answer: many species of fungi can cause serious illness in otherwise healthy people
...
A "drink" is defined as the amount of a beverage that provides ____ fluid ounce of pure alcohol
.5
moderate alcohol intake is defined as two days/day for men and ____ drink/s per day for women
1
on average, a healthy individual can metabolize the equivalent of ____ drink/s per hour
1
If exercising longer than one hour, fluids should contain..L
1 carbs 2. electrolytes
DASH diet: Servings of vegetables per day
4-5 serv/day
for dinner, Carol consumes 250 grams of carbs, 50 grams of protein, and 30 grams of fat. in addition, Carol decides that she wants a glass of wine with her meal. if she drinks one glass of wine containing 10 grams of alcohol, how many total kilocalories does she consume in this meal?
1,540 kilocalories
How does atherosclerosis develop
1- injury to arterial wall 2- Immune response in injury, monocytes adhere and enter arterial wall 3-Formation of fatty streaks 4- Lesion become fibrous 5- Compliated lesion or plague
1. Long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes include
1. Diseases of the large blood vessels, stroke, and mild cardio infarction (heart attack). 2. Kidney failure and blindness_(diseases of the small blood vessels)
When food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine, which of the following occurs? (3)
1. Hormones signal the gallbladder to contact and squirt bile into the small intestine. 2. Hormones signal the pancreas to release pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate. 3. The food entering the small intestine is neutralized by bicarbonate.
Three main functions of calcium in blood
1. blood clotting 2. nerve impulse transitions 3. muscle contractions
MyPlate focuses on key behaviors consistent with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Name 3 key behaviors:
1. enjoy food eat less 2. avoid oversized portion 3. compare sodium 4. half your grains whole 5. low fat or fat free milk 6. water over sugary drinks
Four components of blood
1. erythrocytes- rbcs 2. leukocytes- white blood cells 3. plasma- liquid 4. platelets- cell fragments
What are food additives used for?
1. improve freshness and safety 2. alter nutritional value 3. enhance functional characteristics
What are the three electrolytes?
1. sodium 2. potassium 3. chloride
BMR: ___ kcal/kg/hr for men
1.0
in order to ensure adequate fiber intake you should make ____ your grains whole grains
1/2
There are 3 segments of the small intestion. What is their total length?
10 feet
How many total vitamins are there if you include those that are fat-soluble and the others that are water-soluble
13
How many total vitamins are there if you include those that are fat-soluble and the others that are water-soluble?
13
The adequate intake (AI) recommendation for sodium
1500 mg
The Adequate Intake recomendation for sodium
1500 mg/day
The amount of sodium in 4000mg table salt
1600mg
When energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake (Kcal deficit), what is the first source of energy? What comes after that?
1st source of energy is glycogen (limited), then adipose tissue and protein stores
many of the general nutrient recommendations that we often see are based up ____ calorie diet
2,000
DASH diet: Servings of dairy (fat-free or lowfat) per day
2-3 serv/day
DASH diet: Servings of fats and oils per day
2-3 serv/day
Acetyl-CoA
2-carbon compound to which a molecule of CoA is attached
a slice of pumpkin bread contains 5 grams of fat, 40 grams or carbohydrates, and 5 grams of protein. what % of the bread's calories are from fat?
20%
A triglyceride is a type of lipid that has how many fatty acids?
3
Glycogen stores should be repleted ______minutes after exercise
30
Glycogen stores should be repleted ____ minutes after exercise
30 minutes
for males, binge drinking is defined as consuming ____ or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion within a short period of time; for females, binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion within a short period of time
5
DASH diet: Servings of sweets and added sugars per day
5 or less serv/week
Thermic effect of food: accounts for _____% of Energy intake
5-10%
it's estimated that over ____ % of the US population has symptoms of food-borne illness without knowing or reporting it
50
the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2020, deaths due to diabetes will increase worldwide by more than ____ percent
50
all nutrients are divided into ____ classes
6
DASH diet: Servings of meat per day
6 or less serv/day
DASH diet: Servings of grains per day
6-8 serv/day
Basal Metabolism: If sedentary, accounts for _____% of total E expenditure
60-70%
Alcohol __________ kcal/gm
7
alcohol provides ____ kcalories per gram and has no appreciable nutritional value
7
Fat _______ kcal/gm
9
How many kilocalories does each gram of triglycerides provide to cells in the body after digestion and absorption?
9
___% of digestion occurs in the small intestine.
95%
Bones and teeth
99% of calcium in the body is located here
What are the dietary limitations on transfat?
<1%
What are the dietary limitations on cholesterol?
<300 mg/day
Osteomalacia
A bone disease characterized by softening of the bones. Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs. Occurs most often in adult women.
Hypothalamus
A brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature and control of appetite
Intrinsic factor
A glycoprotein (a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B12
Epinephrine
A hormone of the adrenal gland that modulates the stress response. Also known as adrenaline
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood). Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore prevents water loss in urine
Gastrin
A hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall. Target organ: glands of the stomach Response: Secretion of gastric acid
Calcitonin
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high
Glucagon
A hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration and elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores
Leptin
A protein produced by fat cells under direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure
Ghrelin
A protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure
Vitamin B12
A special protein called the intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of this nutrient
Emulsifier
A substance with both water-soluble & fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
A system of enzymes in the liver that oxidize not only alcohol but also several classes of drugs
Atherosclerosis
A type of artery disease characterized by plaques on the inner walls of the arteries
End products of intestinal protein digestion
AA, dipeptides, tripeptides
which dietary standard, expressed as percentages of total energy, defines the recommended intake range for the macronutrients?
AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution range)
Large intestine absorption and digestion
Absorbs water and minerals: passes waste( fiber, bacteria, and unabsorbed nutrients) along to the rectum.
Calcium
Absorption of this mineral is increased by estrogen, vitamin D and hydrochloric acid
7. How are fats transported through the body after they are absorbed within the Small Intestine? Be able to describe the steps from absorption to use.
Absorption: glycerol and small lipids can move straight into the blood stream from the small intestine. This includes medium and short fat chains too. The large lipid and long chain fatty acids, combine with bile which will form bicells which are water soluble and so they penetrate the water solution that surround the sm intestine and water cells. So from there they meet with the lipid mycells, then in the cells of the small intestine are packaged with small glycerides and packed with protein forming chylomicrons enter the lip system and transfers through the rest of the body.
For the educational background required to be a registered dietitian, the school that their courses were taken at must be:
Accredited by the ADA
Pepsinogen
Activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Small intestine absorption and digestion
At the beginning of the small intestien the chyme bypasses the opening from the small intestine from two organs outside the GI tract- the gallbladder and the pancreas. It travels down in three parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
What should be avoided in the diet in a person taking warfarin?
Avoid large variations in Vitamin K intake - consistent intake
Minimum amount of energy in a fasting state
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Body uses E for three main purposes
Basal Metabolism, Physical Activity, Thermic Effect
Foods that good sources of Heme (iron)
Beef, Poultry, Shellfish
Foods that are good sources of heme iron
Beef, poultry, shellfish
Acetyl-CoA
Before entering the TCA cycle, each of the energy-yielding nutrients is broken down into:
Olive oil
Best commonly used source of monounsaturated fat
Sunflower oil
Best commonly used source of polyunsaturated fat
Plant oils are good sources of this antioxidant; it may reduce the risk of heart disease by protecting LDL against oxidation
Beta Carotene
Plant oils are good sources of this antioxidant, it may reduce the risk of heart disease by protecting LDL against oxidation
Beta Carotene (oil is a good source of vitamin E)
Which digestive substance aids in the digestion of fat?
Bile, emulsifies the fat (big fat to tiny fat to be absorbed)
ABCDE B
Biochemical Measurements of the concentrations of nutrients and nutrient by-products in the blood, urine, and feces and of specific blood enzyme activities
Eicosanoids
Biologically active compounds made from omega fatty acids that help regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune response
LDL
Blood levels of this type of lipoprotein can be reduced by decreasing the amount of saturated fat & trans fat in the diet
Ectomorph
Body type associated with a tall, thin, lanky build
Who is responsible for promoting food safety?
CDC
the ____ is the leading federal agency int he US that protects human health and safety
CDC
In addition to food and drinks, this is another source of water intake
CELLULAR METABOLISM
Skinfold measurements
Calipers are used for this type of body fat estimation
Major fuel source
Carbohydrates
Colons in order
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colion, sigmoid colon
Stomach
Chemical digestion of protein begins here
Mouth Digestion and absorption
Chews and mixes food with saliva. Fluids help digest the foods and the pharynx directs food to the esophagus from the mouth.
A dietary deficiency of this electrolyte is rare because it's 60% of the composition of table salt
Chloride
Dietary DEFICIENCY of this ELECTROLYTE is RARE because it's 60% of the composition of table salt (NaCl)
Chloride
Exogenous
Cholesterol from outside the body
Endogenous
Cholesterol made in the body
Stomach begins to digest lipids by
Churning breaks fat into small pieces, Lingual and gastric lipase begin digestion to glycerol and FA
Small intestine
Chylomicrons are produced in this organ
Cl- secretion occurs due to
Cl channel opening via stimulation (ACh, VIP) that activates the cAMP pathway. Cl secretion is followed by Na+ and H2O
ABCDE C
Clinical High blood pressure, skin conditions
Lipoproteins
Clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph & blood.
Co-enzymes
Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme's activity. Many have B vitamins as part of their structures
Ketone bodies
Compound produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available
UDP glucuonyl transferase does what
Conjugates bilirubin w/ glucoronic acid to make it water soluble
Increasing dietary fiber to a more appropriate level may result in a decreased probability of which condition?
Constipation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Consumption of alcohol can decrease production of this hormone that helps the body retain fluid
This trace mineral is an important component of a protein that facilitates the proper transport of IRON and a CoENZYME in ATP production
Copper
This trace mineral is an important component of a protein that facilitates the proper transport of iron and a coenzyme in ATP production
Copper
What things can be done to reduce risk factors in CV disease?
DASH diet Watch sodium intake Reduce saturated fats and trans fats Omega 3 fatty acids Replace some proteins with soy
Ammonia and a keto acid
Deamination of an amino acid produces:
Bacterial overgrowth affects lipid digestion by
Deconjugating bile salts too quickly/early
High-quality proteins
Dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that humans require. May also contain nonessential amino acids. Found in animal products (meat, fish, cheese, milk), soy and quinoa
Why does kidney failure screw with calcium absorption
Dietary vitamin D3 is converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by 1-alpha-hydroxylase in the proximal convoluted tubules
The ADA is the organization for individuals practicing what profession in the United States?
Dietetics
Measuring Energy Expenditure: Type used rarely
Direct calorimetry
Measuring Energy Expenditure:
Direct calorimetry, Indirect calorimetry
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Disease in which the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become blocked
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Disease of the heart & blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is the main cause.
What are the parts of the small intestine in order?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Condensing acetyl-CoA
During a fast, the body produces ketone bodies by:
Amino acids
During fast, when glycogen stores have been depleted, the body begins to synthesize glucose from:
Adenosine triphosphate
During metabolism, released energy is captured and transferred by:
Brown fat -> protein creates ____ rather than ____
E; ATP
the ___ is the standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs of half of all healthy individuals
EAR (estimated average requirement)
Nutrient intake amounts to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
EARs (Estimated Average Requirements)
Which of the following is a type of omega 3 fatty acid commonly found in fish?
EPA
Who regulates public water?
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Vegetable oils
EPA, DHA & linolenic acid are found in:
1.) Cause Stress to Kidneys 2.) Dehydration 3.) Excretion of calcium (causes problem) 4.) Reduce absorption intake of vitamins and minerals
Effects of excess protein
Who is at risk for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Elderly, vegans
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose concentration
Cholesterol
Elevated levels of this amino acid in the blood may be an independent risk factor for heart disease
Energy intake equals energy expenditure
Energy Equilibrium
Iodine
Energy metabolism nutrient that is an essential component of thyroid hormones
Kwashiorkor
Enough kcals, not enough protein
ABCDE E
Environmental Provides information on the person's education and economic background
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach and liver
Four components of blood
Erythocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, Plasma
Linolenic & Linoleic
Essential fatty acids
When a nutrient removed from the diet leads to a decline in biological function, it is considered an _______________ nutrient.
Essential nutrient
Estimated Energy Requirement (EERs)
Estimate the energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage
In general, it is best to eat food such as fruit and meat separately, so that the digestive system can properly process them. (T/F)
FALSE
Out of the following, which of the following agencies recommends the lowest level of total fiber intake?
FDA
the government agency that regulates food labeling the US is the:
FDA
How are GM foods regulated by the U.S.?
FDA makes sure foods are safe for humans and animals to consume. USDA makes sure crops are safe to grow. CDC promote food safety EPA make sure pesticides are safe for consumption.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Fasting will decrease this component of energy output
Adipose tissue
Fat issue that consists of masses of triglyceride-storing cells
What system carries fat-soluble and large fats to the body?
Fat soluble and large fats are packaged into chylomicrons and sent to the lymphatic system
Subcutaneous fat
Fat stored directly under the skin
Visceral fat
Fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the interval abdominal organs
What two categories can vitamins be classified into?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble
Glucose
Fats do not contain:
Poly-unsaturated
Fatty acid that has 2 double bonds
Short & medium
Fatty acids that go directly into the bloodstream after lipid digestion
Spina bifida
One of the most common types of neural tube defects. Characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement. Caused by folate (or folic acid) deficiency
What is absorbed in the stomach?
Only water, a few forms of fat, and about 20% of any alcohol consumed can be absorbed in the stomach
The term organic refers to what?
Organic refers to the way agricultural products are produced
A process of movement of water ACROSS a MEMBRANE toward a HIGHER concentration of solutes
Osmosis
Lactose intolerance leads to
Osmotic diarrhea due to holding of fluid in the lumen
Small intestine carbohydrate digestion is performed by, end products are
Pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes alpha-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase; End products are glucose, galactose, fructose
Insulin
Pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. Controls the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the muscle and fat cells
Parasites live in or on another organism, known as what?
Parasites live in or on a host in order to absorb nutrients.
Thiamin
Part of a coenzyme to help concert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Sources: pork and whole grains.
Protein digestion begins with
Pepsin (endopeptidase) in stomach
40%
Percentage of alcohol in 80-proof liquor
The coordination of wave contractions and relaxations that move the chewed food through the GI tract.
Peristalsis
Lecithin
Phospholipid used to combine water-soluble and fat-soluble ingredients that don't ordinarily mix
A fake treatment used to describe whether a study participant is in the experimental or control group is called what?
Placebo effect
Environmental factors that can generate free radicals in the body
Pollution, radiation, chemicals, smoking
Energy intake greater than energy expenditure
Positive energy balance
Fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and milk are good sources of this ELECTROLYTE, its the MAJOR CATION in INTRACELLULAR FLUID
Potassium
Fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and milk are good sources of this electrolyte; its the major cation in intracellular fluid
Potassium
Most common ELECTROLYTE imbalance
Potassium
Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from non-carbohydrates
Vitamin K
Production of specific proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism are major functions of this nutrient
What are the recommendations for Reducing Coronary Heart Disease Risk?
Reduce LDL's, replace trans and saturated fats with MUFAs and PUFAs, including peanut oil, vegetable oils, olive oil, nuts, and seeds., - increase physical activity, lose weight, don't smoke, control BP and cholesterol levels
What helps to lose fat and maintain lean body mass?
Reduced caloric intake and exercise
What are the safe ways to thaw frozen foods?
Refrigerator Thawing Cold Water Thawing (if water is changed every 30 minutes) Microwave Thawing (if cook immediated)
Deamination
Removal of the amino (NH2) group from a compound such as amino acids.
Aerobic
Requiring oxygen
6% higher than BMR
Resting metabolism (RMR)
Non fasting measurement
Resting metabolism (RMR)
Name the program formerly known as the food stamp program.
SNAPS Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Deficiency associated with the ELECTROLYTE includes IRREGULAR HEART BEAT and LOSS OF APPETITE
SODIUM
What is the unhealthy type of fat?
Saturated fats
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and hydrogen atoms
TOXICITY associated with the ELECTROLYTE includes slowing of heart beat
Sodium
Fluoride
Sources of this nutrient include toothpaste and mouthwash.
Which organ is responsible for storing, mixing, and dissolving food?
Stomach
The presence of the microorganism H. Pylori in high levels in the digestive tract has been asscoiated with which condition?
Stomach or small intestine ulcer
Hydrochloric acid
Substance in the stomach responsible for protein denaturation
Precursors
Substances that precede others. Compounds that can be converted into active vitamins
Prebiotics
Substances that stimulate bacterial growth in the large intestine.
Hunger
The painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior. Consequence of food insecurity that, because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond the usual uneasy sensation
Satiety
The physiological drive to find and eat
What is the primary site of absorption of nutrients within the small intestine?
The primary site of absorption of nutrients is the micronuem, vili/microvili
Urea
The principal nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism formed when two ammonia fragments are combined with carbon dioxide
Saturated fat
The process of hydrogenation results in the formation of this type of fat that raises HDL and lowers HDL in the blood. Fully loaded with hydrogens.
Collagen
The protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made
Basal Metabolic Rate
The rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting. Expressed as kcalories/kg body weight/hour
Bioavailabilty
The rate/extent to which a nutrient is absorbed & used
Stomach digestion and absorption
The stomach retains the bolus for a while and little by little transfers food to its lower portion, adds juices to it and grinds it into chyme. Then through the pyloric sphincter the chyme goes into the small intestine.
Double-blind experiments refer to those research studies employing human subjects where which of the following is true?
The subject do not get to know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or they are controls, nor do the investigators know which subjects are experimental and which are controls
Edema
The swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces. Mainly caused by protein deficiency
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
The type of lipoprotein derived from very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) as VLDL triglycerides are removed and broken down. Composed primarily of cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
The type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol back to the liver from the cells. Composed primarily of protein
Cortical bone
The very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell surrounding trabecular bone and comprises the shaft of a long bone
Platelets
These cell fragments assist in the formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding
Riboflavin, niacin, thiamin & iron
These nutrients are added to refined white flour during the enrichment process
Lipoproteins
These structures are composed of triglycerides, cholesterol & fat-soluble vitamins wrapped in a coating of protein and phospholipids
Folate and Vitamin B12
These two nutrients are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine
Vitamin D
This fat soluble vitamin is important in the synthesis and maintenance of bones in the body
Vitamin B12
This fat-soluble vitamin is produced by microorganisms in the GI tract
Parathyroid hormone
This hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and ultimately lowers blood calcium levels
Phosphorus
This mineral plays a role in the transport of lipids in the body because it is a component of lipoproteins
Vitamin B6
This nutrient functions as part of a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism; also helps make red blood cells.
Liver
This organ can metabolize approximately 1/2 oz. of ethanol per hour
Liver
This organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels, stores glycogen, converts fructose to glucose, breaks down glycogen and releases glucose, and makes glucose from amino acid
Bone remodeling
This process recycles bone tissue in the body, including replacing old bone with new bone
Copper
This trace mineral is an important component of a protein that facilitates the proper transport of iron
Type 1
This type of osteoporosis is caused by the rapid loss of estrogen in women following menopause
Triglyceride
Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol acid. Most of the fat in food and in the body
How do pancreatic peptidases get activated
Trypsinogen is cleaved to trypsin by enterokinase (brush border enzyme), trypsin then activates all the rest
Complimentary proteins
Two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments compliment each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other
Iron Deficiency Anemia (Microcytic)
Type of anemia caused by a severe deficiency of iron
Upper body (android)
Type of body fat distribution pattern associated with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and hypertension
Indirect calorimetry
Type of calorimetry that measures the amount of oxygen uptake by the body
Which Dietary Reference Intake represents the intake level of a nutrient above which the nutrient is likely to be toxic?
UL
Which Dietary Reference Intake represents the intake level of a nutrirnt above which the nutrient is likely to be toxic?
UL
Which government agency published the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
USDA and HHS United States Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Jack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories a day to support his total energy needs. even though Jack likes many different foods and makes it a point to try new things, he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. which of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Jack missing?
adequacy
AI
adequate intake: minimum intake to maintain health
Fat soluble vitamin characteristics
after absorption travel via chylomicrons and lipoproteins require protein transporters in blood- often found in cells stored in liver or adipose less excretion from body more potential for toxicity more stable in food ADEK
irregular breathing, cold and clammy skin, and loss of consciousness are all signs of:
alcohol poisoning
Food choice may also be made due to emotions. Which of the following emotions is often significant in determiningfood choices?
all of the above
Food choices may also be made due to emotions. Which of the following emotions is often significant in determining food choices?
all of the above
Food labels on packaged goods generally include which of the following?
all of the above
Glycemic response to a carbohydrate food source involves:
all of the above
Nutrition is a science which has its foundation in several other sciences including
all of the above
Nutrition is a science which has its foundation inn several other sciences including:
all of the above
The USDA food guide uses primarily cups and ounces to develop serving equivalents for the five food groups identified in MyPyramid. Which of the following are included in those 5 groups?
all of the above
The native peopled from which of the folowing areas consume high amoints of omega-3 fatty acids and have a low incidence of heart disease?
all of the above
Which of the following are products of the digestion of triglycerides?
all of the above
Which of the following could be a consequence of consumption of excessive levels of dietary fiber?
all of the above
Which of the following is generally true concerning the properties of soluble fibers?
all of the above are true
Consuming adequate amounts of which of the following nutrients may pose a problem for a vegetarian due to their lack of meat intake?
all of the above may be problems
the building blocks of proteins are called:
amino acids
Which of the following is an enzyme secreted into the small intestine that digests starch?
amylase
Which of the following polysaccharides is a form of carbohydrate energy found in plants?
amylose starch
micelle
an aggregate of amphipathic molecules in water, with the nonpolar portions in the interior and the polar portions at the exterior surface, exposed to water
Alcohol consumption leads to dehydration and thirst because it depresses the production of ____ ____.
antidiuretic hormone
Vitamin C function
antioxidation, collagen formation , forms epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and carnitine
Lactose intolerance may be succesful managed by which of the following changes?
any of the above
proteins
are needed for tissue growth and repair
Significant positive or negative correlations for research findings demonstrate
association between the research findings
Significant positive or negative correlations for research findings demonstrate:
association between the research findings
Lauren's friend has recommended that she take a vitamin C supplement before undergoing oral surgery. Lauren is concerned about consuming too much of the supplement. which of the following nutrient standards would assist Lauren in determine the highest amount of the supplement that would be safe for her to consume? a. EER b. UI c. AMDR d. RDI
b
Juanita doesn't care for meat and poultry and restricts her intake of animal foods to only milk and yogurt sources. which dietary guideline is Julie failing to practice?
balance
milk is a good source of calcium but a poor source of iron; meat is a good source of iron but a poor source of calcium. individuals who eat from both of these food groups are incorporating what characteristic of a healthy diet into their meal plan?
balance
Basal Metabolism: includes
beating of heart, respiration (lung activity), and ongoing organ activity (kidneys, liver, brain)
protein digestion
begins in stomach with pepsin, completed by team of diff enzymes in the lumen of sm intestines and epithelium of sm intestines which break polypeptides into small peptides into amino acids
Pancreas contains ____ and ____.
bicarbonate and enzymes
CCK is a biologically active substance that causes the gall bladder to release:
bile
In the small intestine, the primary emulsifier of fat is:
bile
The ________ is very sensitive to malnutrition and often serves as an indicator of disorders caused by dietary deficiencies or imbalances of vitamins or minerals.
blood
Doubly Labeled Water Technique: analyze
blood and urine samples over days and weeks
After absorption, water-soluble nutrients are transported by the
bloodstream
Food that has been chewed and swallowed is known as a :
bolus
What are the risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease?
elevated apolipoprotein B, elevated homocysteine, elevated lipoprotein A, elevated C reactive protein, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, Smoking Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Physical Inactivity Overweight / Overfat
fat
energy containing nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen but twice the energy of carbohydrates
An alternative diet-planning guide to the USDA food guide is the "Exchange Lists" system. An advantage of this system over the USDA food guide is that it emphasizes:
energy control
The first principle of diet planning is that the foods we choose must provide ____, ____ ____, and ____
energy, essential nutrients, and water
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)~only ______________________ of actual BMR - can vary 25-30%
estimate
EAR
estimated average requirement: the average expected requirement based on test data
Carbohydrate loading is NOT for:
everyone
Found in the blood vessels in the form of plasma or serum. INTRAVASCULAR / INTERVICAL . Interstitial: lymph fluid, digestive secretions, sweat, Mainly responsible for the transport of nutrients and wastes.
extracellular fluid
8 ounces (1 cup) of beer is equivalent to 1 drink: true or false
false
Alzheimer's disease is strongly associated with dietary choices: true or false
false
MyPyramid recommends that all grain sources be whole grain: true or false
false
a low amount of humidity can affect the survival and reproduction of food microorganisms: true or false
false
all additives are synthetic: true or false
false
because water does not provide any calories to the body, scientists do not consider it a nutrient: true or false
false
clostridium botulinum thrives in an acidic environment: true or false
false
cryogenics is a new area of research that seeks to uncover the links between our genes, our environment and our diet: true or false
false
fats are soluble in water: true or false
false
foods of plant origin are the most common sources of food-borne illness: true or false
false
if someone passes out after a night of hard drinking, he or she should be left alone to "sleep it off"
false
in the US food insecurity is caused by the lack of enough food produced to feed all the people who live in poverty: true or false
false
individuals who live in poverty are sermon obese: true or false
false
macronutrients are nutrients that contain the element nitrogen: true or false
false
microwave cooking kills all the bacteria present in food: true or false
false
organic farmers cannot use pesticides: true or false
false
organically grown foods are more nutritious than conventionally grown foods: true or false
false
protein's primary role is to provide energy for the body: true or false
false
since 1990, food labels have been required on all fresh meat and poultry: true or false
false
sulfites have been banned by the FDA and are no longer found in the US food supply: true or false
false
the Dietary Guidelines are a set of principles designed but the WHO for all developing and developed countries: true or false
false
the Dietary Guidelines for Americans follows a standardized definition of a serving side for each food: true or false
false
the last item on an ingredient list is the predominant ingredient in that food: true or false
false
the number of people suffering from hunger worldwide is decreasing: true or false
false
the recommendations presented in USDA Food Guide separate high-fat and high-calorie food choices from low-fat and low-calorie alternatives
false
there is very little a single individual can do to solve the problem of undernutrition and hunger in the world today: true or false
false
vitamins provide 4 kilocalories per gram: true or false
false
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Minimum amount of energy in a __________ state
fasting
The fat cells of the adipose tissue pick up ________ from the circulation and store it to meet long-term energy needs.
fat
an important source of energy for muscles during times of rest and low-intesity exercise is:
fat
There are segments of the small intestine. What is their total length?
feet
Dietary factors that act an anti-promoters that protect against cancer development
lots of vegetables, low in fat\ salt, healthy weight, physical activity, diet rich in plant base foods, prepare foods and storage food saely
What does the DASH diet aim to lower?
lower fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
The hollow area defined by the walls of the digestive tract is referred to as the:
lumen
glucose
major source of energy for your body's cells
DV for vitamin c for adults
male 90 mg\day female 75 mg\day add 35 mg if you smoke
How might honey actually be a healthier source of sugar than table sugar
may reduce the severity of mouth ulcers in cancer patients being treated with radiation or chemotherapy
Which food group was changed to "protein foods" when the USDA switched from a pyramid to a plate representation?
meat and beans
Which group was changed to "protein foods" when the USDA switched from a pyramid to a plate representation?
meat and beans
Which of the following highlights the significance of water in the human body?
medium for nearly all body activities
In addition to food and drink, this is another source of water intake
metabolism
according to the Centers for Disease Control, the majority of food infections are caused by:
microorganisms
The needle-like projections on the villi are known as
microvilli
The needle-like projections on the villi are known as:
microvilli
Endosperm
middle layer that contains carbs and proteins
inorganic nutrients that are not broken down by the human body or destroyed by heat or light are called:
minerals
Of the 6 principles and guidelines given to encourage us to make good dietary choices, which one is associated primarily with getting the most nutrients for the fewest calories consumed?
moderation
two types of fungi are:
molds and yeasts
which types of fats should be included in a healthful diet?
mono and polyunsaturated fats
Digestion begins in the ____.
mouth
The job of mechanical digestion begins in the ____.
mouth
____ coats and protects the digestive tract lining.
mucus
Factors that increase and decrease basal metabolism
muscle mass, body surface, gender, body temp, thyroid hormone level, stress, stimulants (caffeine, tobacco), recent exercise, restricted calorie intake, aging after 30 yo
younger=high metabolic rate because you have higher ________
muscle ratios
anus
muscular opening at the end of the rectum
esophagus
muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Why is folic acid needed for all pregnant women?
needed for cell function and division prevents neural tube defects => spina bifida or anacephaly (born without brain) microcephaly (small brain) are associated with deficiencies
What is the most common preventative birth defect in the world? What nutritional deficiency is it associated with?
neural tube defect => Folic acid deficiency
in 1990- ____ state had obesity prevalence >15
no
Type 1 diabetes usually shows up fairly early in life and prevents blood glucose levels from remaining constant because:
no insulin is produced by the pancreas
thermoregulation: in _____ activity
non-voluntary
Energy Intake: Estimated via _______
nutrient databases
Of the 6 principles and guidelines given to encourage us to make good dietary choices, which one is associated primarily with getting the most nutrients for the fewest calories consumed?
nutrient density
minerals
nutrients that are not made of living things
Which of the following diseases or disorders may be reduced by fiber;s capacity to encourage a feeling of fullness after eating?
obesity
mechanical digestion
occurs when food is physically broken down into smaller pieces.
Which of the following is an example of a fat replacer used in some foods:
olestra
Which type of fatty acid may prevent blood clots as well as lower blood pressure?
omega 3 polyunsaturated
Doubly Labeled Water Technique: requires
only periodic sampling
gallbladder
organ that stores bile
This process can be described as the movement of water across a membrane toward a higher concentration of solutes
osmosis
servings in the USDA Food Guide are represented in:
ounce-equivalents
Which of the following digestive secretions is released into the duodenum and contains enzymes which can act upon(hydrolyze) all three types of energy-yielding macronutrients?
pancreatic juice
Which of the following digestive secretions is released into the duodenum and containsenzymes which can act upon all three types of energy-yielding macronutrients?
pancreatic juice
Although the traditional mediterranean diet is well known for its inclusion of olive oil, there are other similarities in the diets of people consuming this type of diet. For ex. these people:
rarely consume butter
RDA
recommended daily amount: two standard deviations above the EAR for a given nutrient
Dietary factors that may initiate cancer development
red meat, processed food, chard, excessive energy intake, low fruit and veggie intake
Dietary Factors that may inniate cancer development
red meat, processed meat, charred meat, execessive energy inktake
your grandmother has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. which of the following professionals is most likely to be qualified to offer your grandmother assistance in planning her diabetic diet?
registered dietitian (RD)
What are the health benefits of weight loss related to? What are they not related to?
related to loss of body fat and not lean body mass.
the primary method used to preserve Parma ham is by adding ____
salt
Of the nine major factors contributing to deaths in the United States, poor diet and inactivity rank what number as contributing to percentage of deaths?
second
lignins can be found in
seeds of fruits, bran later of whole grains
When the circular muscles of the small intestine contract and relax in order to promote contact of food with the cells for absorption, this process is known as
segmentation
When the circular muscles of the small intestine contract and relax in order to promote contact of food with the cells for absorption, this process is known as:
segmentation
rectum
short end where the large intestine ends
Digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins results in ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____, respectively.
simple sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids
A person with a lower metabolic rate burns calories ________________
slower
The primary organ of digestion and absorption is the ____ ____.
small intestine
Once dissolved, the mineral ________ helps to regulate blood pressure, and its excretion or retention by the kidneys is a vital part of the body's blood pressure-controlling mechanism.
sodium
This electrolyte is a cation that assists in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and the absorption of glucose into the intestinal cells
sodium
What is a valid claim concerning a problem with food labeling?
somewhat confusing
Doubly Labeled Water Technique: does not require ______
special arrangements or equipment
Doubly Labeled Water Technique: _____ used as tracers
stable isotopes of H
carbohydrate digestion
starts in the mouth with amylase converting polysaccharides to disaccharides, continues with pancreatic amylase, finishes with sucrase/maltase/lactase from the small intestine converting disaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose/fructose/galactose)
Which of the following alternative sweeteners is an herbal material on the GRAS list?
stevia (truvia)
glucogon
stimulates liver to convert glycogen into glucose
The digestive tract includes which of the following organs:
stomach
The bacterium that causes stomach ulcer can also cause ____ ____.
stomach cancer
The presence of the microorganism H. Pylori in high levels in the digestive tract has been associated with which conditions?
stomach or small intestinal ulcer
nutrient
substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all its essential processes
Why is iron commonly supplemented during pregnancy? What is it needed for?
supplement: RBC mass increases in pregnancy by about 33% needed for mom, fetal and placental development
the BRSS is the government
survey that tracks lifestyle habits that increase risks for developing chronic diseases
Food Choices are highly based upon taste. Which of the following pairs of tastes are often most appealing?
sweet and salty
Food choices are highly based upon taste. Which of the following pairs of tastes are often most appealing to people?
sweet and salty
What are the directions to a pregnant woman taking an iron supplement?
take an hr before or 2hrs after meal taking on full stomach reduces absorption
calorie
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius
In the vascular system the organ responsible for maintaining the pressure to pump blood around the body is called:
the heart
The synthesis of a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharides involves?
the loss of a water molecule from the 2 monosaccharides
the term "enriched" on a food label signifies that:
the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in
absorption
the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood
digestion system
the process by which your body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules.
Double-blind experiments refer to those research studies employing human subjects where which of the following is true?
the subjects do not get to know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or they are controls, nor do the investigators know which subjects are experimental and which are controls
in developed countries, the major cause of malnutrition is:
the unequal distribution of available food
process of heat production
thermoregulation
For what menu items would you expect to see restaurant food labeling?
those items for which the restaurant makes health claims
villus
tiny finger shaped structures
epiglottis
tissue flap that seals off your windpipe, preventing food to enter
why are there several ethnic variations on MyPyramid?
to allow for culturally and ethnically different food choices
why is rBGH given to many US dairy cows?
to increase milk production without increasing feed (or to increase muscle while decreasing fat)
the need to drink larger and larger amounts of alcohol to get the equivalent pleasurable sensations associated with alcohol intake is referred to as:
tolerance
name a fruit/vegetable that is only at its peak in the summer
tomato
diets high in sugar/starch are directly associated with:
tooth decay
Which type of diertary fatty acid appears to elevate blood cholesterol:
trans-mono-unsaturated fatty acids
a shift in dietary patterns from lack of food to a high energy intake resulting in the development of chronic disease is called the nutrition ____
transition
Water soluble vitamin characteristics
travel freely in blood, excreted by kidneys, not stored extensively (defiency made easier), not common in toxicity
pancreas
triangular organ that lies between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine.
"wellness" is a multidimensional process that includes one's physical, emotion, social, occupational, and spiritual health
true
Food companies are prohibited from using nutrient or health claims in food labels that are not approved by the FDA
true
a beverage that contains 20 grams of alcohol mixed with a diet soda has approximately 140 kilocalories: true or false
true
a double-blind experiment is one in which neither the researchers not participants know which group is assigned to which treatment: true or false
true
all preservatives must be listed on the label: true or false
true
complete avoidance of all alcoholic beverages is the only way for most people who abuse alcohol to achieve full and ongoing recovery: true or false
true
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious condition that is associated with physical birth defects and mental retardation: true or false
true
flavoring agents and colorings are derived from both natural and synthetic sources: true or false
true
food intoxications result from consuming foods in which microbes have secreted poisonous toxins: true or false
true
fungi are rarely associated with food infections: true or false
true
it's unsafe to thaw frozen chicken on the counter: true or false
true
minerals contain a chemical structure that cannot be broken down during digestion: true or false
true
moderate alcohol consumption increases "good" (HDL) cholesterol and lowers "bad" (LDL) cholesterol: true or false
true
nutrition is a relatively new scientific discipline: true or false
true
one of the limitations to MyPyramid is that the portion recommendations may not be equal to the common serving sizes identified on food labels: true or false
true
poor nutrition is strongly associated with three chronic diseases that are among the top 10 causes of death in the US: true or false
true
protein is the only macronutrient that contains the element nitrogen: true or false
true
the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are dietary standards that should be applied only to healthy individuals: true or false
true
the FDA regulates nutrition labels and the description of information found on food packages: true or false
true
the macronutrients include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins: true or false
true
the safety of raw seafood cannot be guaranteed; it should always be cooked to reduce the risk of food borne illness: true
true
the term nutritionist has no definition or laws regulating it: true or false
true
there is no single dietary modification plan appropriate for all individuals: true or false
true
to avoid consuming mercury, pregnant and breastfeeding women and young children are advised to avoid large predatory fish: true or false
true
transgenic crops are also known as GMOs (genetically modified organisms): true or false
true
women absorb a greater percentage of a given alcohol intake as compared to men of the same size: true or false
true
Erosion of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine is called an ____.
ulcer
Sodium UL and AI
upper limit - 2300 mg per day Adequate intake - 1500 mg per day
UL
upper limit: point beyond which further intake is dangerous
Of the 6 principles and guidelines given to encourage us to make good dietary choices, which one is associated primarily with consuming many different foods within a food group and consumption of the different food groups?
variety
antioxidation connective tissue immune function absorption of iron
vitamin c functions
the easiest and most effective way to prevent food-borne illness is:
wash hands before handling food
Fiber is necessary for digestion because it attracts ________, creating softer, bulkier stools that stimulate intestinal muscles to contract, pushing the contents along.
water
Regulation of body temperature is an important function of this nutrient
water
This nutrient regulates body temperature
water
What macronutrient helps regulate body temperature?
water
Which of the following pairs of nutrients are inorganic?
water and minerals
When nutrients are digested and absorbed in the small intestine, ____, ____, and ____ ____ are left behind.
water, fiber, and some minerals
vitamin C and B are termed:
water-soluble vitamins
vitamin C and the B vitamins are termed:
water-soluble vitamins
Which of the following is an anthropometric measurement used to help assess nutritional status?
weight
Current State of Obesity: in US and worldwide -> _________ diet patterns (_______, ______)
westernized; high fat, high calorie
chemical digestion
when chemicals produced by the body breaks down food into their smaller chemical building blocks
Of the 100 trillion cells that make up the human body, one in every hundred is a ________ cell.
white blood
pasteurization was first developed to kill microorganisms in ____
wine
Groups at risk for Folic acid deficiency or Folate deficiency
young, hispanics, blacks, low income, women who have less than HS education
Functions of this nutrient include proper growth and development and maintaining sense of taste and smell
zinc