Nutrition 1410 Complete Final Study Guide

Characteristics of anorexia

Methods of weight loss can have severe life-threatening medical consequences Most are comorbid (present with) other psychological disorders Majority white female, middle / upper middle class, average intelligence Likely to come from competitive environments Usually develops around age 13 or early adolescence More chronic & resistant to treatment than bulimia, - thin & keeps getting thinner (losing 15% medically ideal body weight), continues to diet & restrict foods even when not overweight, has distorted body image feeling fat no matter how thin, preoccupied with everything food (cooking, nutrition, calorie counting...), & can lose hair, stop menstruating, and always feeling cold.

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a valid reason to take a nutrient supplement? a. "I am a long-term alcoholic who just began a recovery and rehabilitation program." b. "I am a lacto-vegetarian who bleeds heavily during menstrual periods." c. "I am a middle-aged lacto-ovo-vegetarian man." d. "I am a senior citizen, and I eat much less than I used to in order to maintain my weight."

"I am a middle-aged lacto-ovo-vegetarian man." Controversy 7 (pages 269-275) contrasts the situations in which supplementation may be beneficial with those in which supplementation may be harmful. Because they consume a variety of animal and plant foods and don't omit any entire food groups from their diets, otherwise healthy lacto-ovo-vegetarians do not need supplements. Vegans, strict vegetarians who omit all animal foods from the diet, need supplements of vitamin B12, vitamin D (unless they get year-round sun exposure), iron and zinc.

Two active forms of Vitamin C

(Ascorbic acid) - Active forms: Ascorbic acid & dehyrdoascorbic acid

BMI formula

(BMI)=kg/m sqaured

Toxicity Vitamin A

(In excess) Highly toxic, mainly from supplements -Birth defects, spontaneous abortion -Symptoms: fatigue, loss of appetite, blurred vision, hair loss, skin disorders, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and damage to the liver and nervous system -Plant foods contain Vit A as provitamins A (beta-carotene) & cannot convert quickly enough to create a toxic condition - If lots of beta-carotene rich foods are eaten this is stored in fat cells under the skin giving a yellowish tinge (carotenia)

Two forms of Niacin

(Vitamin B3) - nicotinic acid (niacin) & nicotinamide (niacinamide) - both perform functions in the body associated w/ niacin (2) coenzymes - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) & nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) - both readily absorbed from the stomach & intestine via active transport & passive diffusion so nearly all niacin consumed absorbed Niacin transported from liver to all tissues where converted to coenzyme forms NAD & NADP+, which function in either

Thiamin sources

(a) B Vitamin; part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) which assists in energy metabolism (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA & TCA cycle); occupies site on membranes of nerve cells, important for nerve activity and muscle activity (b) men = 1.2 mg/day; women = 1.1 mg/day (c) malnourished and alcoholics at risk; beriberi (d) No adverse effects; no UL (e) -pork = richest source -enriched grains typically make greatest contribution to day's intake -prolonged cooking destroys thiamin, leaches into water when boiling or blanching foods -cooking methods that conserve thiamin include steaming and microwaving

provitamin A

(fat soluble) a beta coratene not biologically active. Has no storage of vitamin A used for other purposes such as vision. Found in leafy green vegetable(spinach, beets, kale) and deep orange / yellow fruits (cantalope), cream and butter

Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa

* Electrolyte imbalance * Cardiovascular problems * Gastrointestinal problems-weak and loses ability to function - Irritable bowel syndrom - Constipation - Loss of peristalsis - Delayed emptying of food * Bone problems - W/ amenorrhea due to decreased estrogen production results in poor bone health and causes osteoporosis

Health Risks of Bulimia Nervosa

* Electrolyte imbalance - caused by dehydration and loss of sodium & potassium from vomiting - imbalance from dehydration can result in irregular heart beat, failure, & then death * Gastrointestinal Problems - Inflammation, ulceration, and possible rupture of the esophagus or stomach - Chronic irregular bowel movements and constipation due to laxative * Dental problems * Calluses on backs of hands or knuckles from self induced vomiting * Swelling of the cheeks or jaw area from frequent vomiting

Antioxidant Minerals

*Act as cofactors* within enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted

Food Sources of B12

*Available exclusively from animal sources* Vegan diet: fortified foods, supplements, or injections

Antioxidant vitamins

*Donate* electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage

List key nutrients that may be at risk in the older adult

*Energy/protein - inactive, poor appetite, frail elderly, insitutionalised post-trauma - poor gen nutritional intake - all nutrients low, weight loss, low plasma albumin, poor wound healing, depressed immune status, high risk of mortality *B Vit (folate, B6, B12, thiamin & riboflavin- cases atrophic gastritis, heavy drinkers, poor diet, especially low intake milk, green veg - raised levels of homocysteine (amino acid- building block protein), link w/ cardiovascular disease & Alzheimer's disease, impaired cognitive function, megaloblastic anaemia * Vit D - Housebound, insitutionalised - consequences for bone health, immune system & muscle strength, increased risk of bone fracture and loss independence * Iron - where poor dentition & low meat intake, insitutionalised - poor iron status * Vit C - lower socioeconomic groups, insitutionalised - less resistance infection, poor wound healing *Potassium - low fruit & veg intake - associated poor dentition - low status linked salt intakes contribute hypertension - poor muscle strength * Zinc - low food intake, especially little meat - Depressed immune function, increased susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, reduced taste acuity

Eating Disorder

*Psychiatric condition* involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long term eating patterns *harming the body*

Typical characteristics of bulimia nervosa

*Secretive binge eating; generally not overeating in front of others *eating when depressed or under-stressed *bingeing on large amounts of food, followed by fasting, laxative or diuretic abuse, self-induced vomiting, or excessive exercise *shame, embarrassment, deceit, and depression; low self-esteem and guilt *Fluctuating weight (+ or - 10lb) from alternate bingeing and fasting *loss of control; fear unable to stop eating * Perfectionism, "people pleaser"; food as only comfort/escape in otherwise carefully controlled and regulated life *Erosion of teeth; swollen glands

Forms of Vitamin E

*Tocopherol*- compounds are the biologically active forms *a-tocopherol*- most active, found in food and supplements Variations in tail create different types of tocopherols

Food Sources of Vitamin E

*Vegetable oils* Nuts, seeds, soybeans, green leafy vegetables Vitamin E is destroyed by exposure to oxygen, metals, uv light, and heat low vit E in deep-fried foods

Deficiency of Vitamin K

- *Blood fails to clot, excessive bleeding, hemorrhaging* - Fat malabsorption reduces vitamin K absorbed - newborns lack intestinal bacteria

Components of Blood

- *Erythrocytes* - red oxygen cells for transporting oxygen through the body - Leukocytes - white blood cells of the immune system - Platelets - cell fragments that assist in blood clotting - Plasma - the fluid portion of the blood

Deficiency of Iron

- *Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world* - Infants, young children, preadolescent girls, premenopausal women, pregnant women - There are three stages of iron deficiency

Factors that Enhance Iron Absorption

- *Meat factor* - found in meat, fish and poultry that aids absorption - *Stomach Acids* - reduces ferric 3+ iron to ferrous 2+ iron which is more soluble in the small intestine - *Vitamin C- Acid* - reduces ferric 3+ to ferrous 2+ and forms a soluble iron ascorbic acid and complex in the stomach

Factors that Inhibit Iron Absorption

- *Phytates* - found in tea, coffee, legumes, rice and whole grains - *Polyphenols* - found in oregano, red wine - *vege proteins, fiber, and calcium*

Antioxidant Enzymes

- *Superoxide dismutase* converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide - *Catalase* removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting to water and oxygen - *Glutathione peroxidase* removes hydrogen peroxide and stops the production of free radicals in lipids

Chylomicron

- A lipoprotein produced by cells lining the small intestine - Composed of fatty acids surrounded by phospholipids and proteins - Soluble in water - Absorbed by cells of the small intestine then travel through the lymphatic system and are transferred to the bloodstream

Toxicity of Iron

- Accidental iron overdose is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children - Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion - Hemochromatosis: excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage

Type 1 diabetes

- Accounts for 10% of all cases - Patients don't produce enough insulin - Causes hyperglycemia: high blood sugar - Once known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) - Treatment : Combination & balance - Insulin therapy: usually injections - CHO Counting: regulation of the amount & timing of carbs eaten - Exercise: coordinated w/ insulin and CHO intake

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

- An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde as the first step in its metabolism by the liver - B vitamin required (niacin)

What is the consequence of low iron status in adolescence

- Anaemia characterised by pallor (pale), tiredness, apathy, breathlessness & poor appetite, poor growth - Effects on cognitive development, poor attention span & lack of interest in learning, limited achievement in school

Protein Digestion

- Begins in the stomach - Hydrochloric acid breaks down protein structure and activates pepsin - Pepsin: An enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids - Digestion continues in the small intestine - Pancreatic enzymes, called proteases, complete the digestion of proteins into single amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

Alcohol health risks

- Breast cancer in women, hypertension in men, caloric intake and risk of obesity, alter metabolic and pharmacologic effect of certain medications

Macrocytic Anemia

- Caused by a sever folate or vitamin B12 deficiency - Results in *enlarged red blood cells* carrying insufficient hemoglobin

Functions of B12

- Coenzyme for DNA synthesis - Maintains myelin sheath of nerve fibers - Metabolism of amino acid homocysteine

Functions of Copper

- Coenzyme for energy metabolism and for collagen production - Part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system - *Required for iron transport*

Functions of Zinc

- Coenzyme for hemoglobin production - Maintain protein structures: important in the development and function of immune system - Regulate gene expression

Functions of Vitamin K

- Coenzyme for the synthesis of proteins involved in *blood clotting (primary function)* - Coenzyme that assists in the synthesis of blood-coagulating proteins, prothrombin, and procoagulants, factors VII, IX, and X

Triglycerides

- Contain 3 fatty acid molecules - One glycerol molecule - Glycerol is a 3 carbon alcohol that is the backbone of triglyceride - Small, medium, or long fatty acid chains - Essential fatty acids: Two fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food 1. Linoleic Acid (Omega 6 fatty acid): vege & nut oil 2. Alpha-linoleic Acid (Omega 3 fatty acids) vege, fish, & fish oil

Phospholipids

- Contain: Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate - Soluble in water - Function: - Aid in emulsifying fats in bloodstream, - Transport fat in the bloodstream, - Key structural component of cell membrane - Are manufactured in our bodies so they aren't required in out diet

Functions of Folate

- DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism - *Critical for cell division of very early embryos* - Functions with B12 and B6 metabolism

Negative effects of Fiber

- Displaces energy and nutrient-dense foods - May cause intestinal discomfort and gas - May interfere with absorption of minerals - Can cause G.I. obstructions if consumed w/o adequate fluids

Cardiovascular disease

- Dysfunction of the heart or blood vessels - Can result in heart attack or stroke - The type of fat in our diet can contribute to or protect against it - Blood lipids include - Chylomicrons - VLDLs - Very low density lipoproteins - LDLs- Low density lipoproteins - HDLs- High density lipoproteins

Dietary Cholesterol

- Egg yolk - Meat - Fish and shell fish - Poultry - Dairy products

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

- Energy expended to maintain basal or resting functions of the body - The highest proportion of total energy expenditure - Increases with: more lean body mass, during stress, and periods of growth - Decreases with: age and during restriction (fasting/starving) Energy used to maintain life when the awake body is at complete rest: Circulation, respiration, temp. maintenance, synthesis of new tissue, nerve activity, hormone secretion

Nutrition recommendations for physical activity

- Energy needs - 45-65% of Kcal from carbs - 15-25% kcal from fat - 12-20% kcal from protein - Maintaining water balance is critical for physically active people

Describe nutritional needs of older adult

- Energy needs: likely to be lower, due to reduction in metabolic rate, & reduced physical activity - however energy cost activities like walking may be higher than younger adults - Protein needs: Similar or slightly higher than those of younger adults - Requirements Vits & minerals may be increased or be at least same as in younger adults - due to less efficient absorption & metabolism

Body Mass Index (BMI)

- Expresses the ratio of a person's weight to the square of their height - Weight (kg) / Height (m)^2 - [Weight (lbs) / Height (inches)^2] x 703 - Values below 18.5 or above 30 have increased health risks

Symptoms of Eating Disorders

- Family environment - Unrealistic media images - Sociocultural values - Personality traits - Genetic and biological factors

Recommended amounts of carbs/fiber

- Fiber: 25g daily or 14g/1000 kcal - Carbs: 130g daily

Vascular Disease

- Folate and vitamin B12 are required for the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine - Low folate and vitamin B12 intake may increase the level of homocysteine - High homocysteine levels are associated with greater cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk

Therapeutic uses of Vitamin K

- Foods w/ vit K may be beneficial to those prone to haemorrhage, ionising radiation to combat leukemia etc, or abnormal blood clotting - indicated in osteoporosis to help sustain bone mass - used to prevent haemorrhaging in newborns - foods w/ vit K may help menorrhagia (prolonged menstruation) - may be used post operatively to decrease risk of excess bleeding - imrove bowel flora

Forming active form of Vitamin D

- Formed from precursors of Vit D when irradiated with ultraviolet light - equally effective in human nutrition but D3 is the one that is formed in humans from cholesterol in the skin D2 - formed in plants. - further metabolised yielding active forms of Vit D: 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1,25 (OH)2 D2)

Food Sources of Folate

- Fortification to minimize birth defects: *enriched breads*, flours, pasta, grain products - *whole grains*, liver, spinach, *lentils*, *dried beans (black eyed peas)*, oatmeal, asparagus

Sugar Alcohols

- Get the name from the unique chemical structure, which resembles both sugar and alcohol. - Neither sugar nor alcohols Nutritive: - Sorbitol - Mannitol - Maltitol - Xylitol - Lactitol

Too much protein can be harmful

- High cholesterol and heart disease - possible bone loss - Kidney disease

Factors that alter iron digestion and absorption

- Individuals iron suggestion - Level of dietary iron consumption - The type of iron in foods - Amount of stomach acid for digestion - Dietary factors

Limitations of BMI

- It may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have a muscular build - It may underestimate body fat in older persons and others who have less muscle mass

Sterols

- Lipids containing multiple rings of carbon atoms - Essential components of: cell membranes, bile, many hormones - Are manufactured in our bodies - Plant sterols appear to block the absorption of dietary cholesterol

Fat distribution pattern

- Measured by waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference - Apple shaped fat patterning - upper body - risk of chronic diseases - Pear shaped fat patterning - lower body - abdominal fat increases chronic disease risk < .80 women < .95 men

Good Protein Food Sources

- Meats - Dairy products - Soy - Legumes - Whole Grains - Nuts

Positive effects of Fiber

- Moderates nutrient absorption - Reduces the absorption of cholesterol and other sterol - Stimulates the growth of a healthy bacterial pop in the colon - Increases softness and volumes of stools - reduces risks of hemorrhoids, constipation, and diverticulosis

Percentage of people active in the US

- More than half of all US adults do NOT do sufficient physical activity - 26% of US adults admit to doing no leisure time physical activity as all - less than 30% of high school students participate in daily physical education

Digestion of Carbs

- Most chemical digestion of carbs occur in small intest. - Additional enzymes in small intestine digest di and monosacc.: maltase, sucrase, lactase - Monosacc. are absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine and then enter the bloodstream - All monosacc. are converted to glucose by the liver - Glucose circulating in the blood is our energy source - Excess glucose is converted to glycogen by the liver

Type 2 diabetes

- Most diabetics - Progressive disease w/ biological changes occurring over time - Body cells become less resistant & less responsive to insulin - Hyperglycemia results when cells cannot take in the glucose from the blood - Once known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) - Causes unclear: Genetics, obesity, physical inactivity - Treatment: weight loss, diet therapy, exercise, oral medication

Recommended amounts of Protein

- Nitrogen balance determines protein needs - Positive nitrogen balance: A person consumes more nitrogen than needed - Negative nitrogen balance: A person excretes more than is consumed - Proper protein intake depends on: -activity level, age, health status .8g of protein/ kg of healthy body weight

Digestion of Fat

- Not digested easily because fats are insoluble to water - Begins in the small intestine - Gastric lipase works only in an acidic environment and acts on triglycerides containing short and medium chain fatty acids - As fat enters the small intestine, bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the small intestine - Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder - Bile disperses fat into smaller fat droplets - Pancreatic enzymes break fat into two separate fatty acids and a monoglyceride

Ketosis

- Occurs when there is insufficient carb intake - Process of fat breakdown during fasting state results in ketone production - Sufficient energy from carbs prevents production of ketones as an alternative energy source: protein sparing - Excessive ketones can result in high blood acidity and ketoacidosis

Weight loss surgery

- Only for morbid obesity - Serious surgery with varied outcomes and possible complications - Often very successful - Should not be the last choice

Risk Factors of CD

- Overweight - Physical inactivity - Smoking - High blood pressure - Diabetes - Low HDL levels - Heredity - Male - Menopausal females

Digestion of fat in the small intestine

- Primary site of fat digestion - Bile acids emulsify digested fat - CCK stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase - Pancreas releases lipase - Fat is broken down to monoglycerides and fatty acids

Thrifty Gene Theory

- Proposes that a gene(or genes) causes people to be energetically thrifty - Proposes that people with this gene expend less energy than other people and therefore gain weight - A "thrifty gene" has not been identified

Set Point Theory

- Proposes that each person's weight stays within a small range (set point) - The body compensates for changes in energy balance and keeps a person's weight at his/hers set point

Alcohol benefits

- Reduce stress, enhance sociability, stimulate appetite, improve dietary intake - Reduce cardiovascular risk: increase HDL, lower LDL, may blunt platelet aggregation

Iron Deficient Anemia

- Results in small red blood cells that don't carry enough hemoglobin - Symptoms: fatigue, pale skin, impaired work performance, depressed immune function, impaired memory - Blood cells are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin Occurs when: - Dietary intake is low - Absorption cannot compensate for losses - *Blood losses such as internal bleeding, regular blood donations menstrual losses*

Triglycerides: saturation

- Saturated fatty acids have hydrogen atoms surrounding every carbon in the chain (NO double bonds) - Monounsaturated fatty acids lack hydrogen atoms in one part (ONE double bond) - Polyunsaturated fatty acids lack hydrogen atoms in multiple sites( more than one double bond) - Shape: - determined by the saturation of the carbon chains - Saturated fatty acids can pack tightly together and are solid at room temp. - Unsaturated fatty acids don't stack together well and are liquid at room temp. (1 double bond)

3 keys to effective weight loss and management

- Set realistic goals - Gain support from family and friends - a group leader or gym instructor etc. - Anticipate barriers to progress i.e triggers to eating like stress, boredom etc. - establish self belief for success

Metabolic disorders in infants

- Some infants born metabolic disorders = Inborn errors of metabolism (congenital - from birth) - Cause by mutation in genes - variation in seriousness of each disease - Some cause death early age, others minimised resuming normal life w/ adjustments in diet - Common danger of all to Central nervous system (CNS) - causing mental & growth retardation - Early diagnosis & diet therapy can increase chances of preventing retardation - Hospitals test newborn infants for some diseases as procedure & w/ family history of genetic disorder - genetic screening completed - Some abnormalities detected by amniocentesis (testing baby in-utero)e.g Phenylketonuria -PKU & Galactosaemia

Pernicious Anemia

- Special form of anemia occurring after the loss of specific cells of the *stomach* - Common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency due to the inadequate intrinsic factor - Symptoms: pale skin, reduced energy, fatigue, neurological symptoms

Fat Replacers

- Used to lower fat content of foods - Found in chips, cookies, cakes - May cause gastrointestinal distress if used in large amounts - Olestra (Olean) - Side effects: diarrhea, abdominal cramps, decreased fat soluble vitamins absorption so fat soluble vitamins are added - Benefat Side effects: mild gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, bloating - Simplesse: made from whey protein

Theraputic use Vitamin A

- Vit A + carotenoids aid prevention & treatment of age-related macular degeneration (medical condition results loss of vision in center of the visual field) & vision problems - Vit A has succes in helping acne, dermatitis, psoriasis and wound healing - Vit A useful in respiratory related disorders like hay fever or bronchial asthma - Vit A useful healing mucous membranes of digestive tract in case of ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) - Aids protect against infections and aids comprimised immune systems - Teeth & gums benefit from Vit A as its required for uptake of phosphates & sulphates into bone mass

Obtaining safe drinking water

- Water filtration = means by which water is made pure, clean, uncontaminated & better tasting - Nature: filters via running water via streams - water passes over rocks in stream & bacteria leaches onto rock & is replaced by minerals like calcium & magnesium - Water distillation: uses heat source to vaporize water and separate it from contaminants and other undesirable elements commonly found in ground and surface water. Distillation heats raw (untreated) water until water reaches boiling point and begins to vaporize. The heat is then kept at a constant temperature to maintain water vaporization while prohibiting other undesirable elements from vaporizing. Once water vaporized, vapor led to condenser, where, upon cooling, water reverts to liquid form and runs into a receiving container. - Granular activated carbon: uses solid absorbent material that picks up waters organic contaminants as water passes through it - reduces chlorine taste - Reverse osmosis: purification process forces water, under pressure, against a fine semi-permeable membrane to strain minute particles of contaminants - no filter can prevent bacteria or viruses from passing through

Physical Characteristics of Fiber

- Water holding capacity - swells and increases bulk - Viscosity - forms gel like solutions - Cation-exchange capacity - binds minerals - Bile binding capacity - binds bile salts and other sterol - Fermentable - promotes bacterial action

Recommendations for weight gain

- When total daily energy intake exceeds the amount of energy expended, *weight gain results* - An excess intake of approximately *3,500 kcal* will result in a gain of *one pound*

Factors that inhibit absorption of vitamin B12

- absorption can be inhibited by insufficient intrinsic factor, gastric atrophy, malabsorption problems & pancreatic disease

Energy requirements for lactation

- additional 1.9-2.4MJ (450-570kcal)/day depending on stage of lactation

Nutrients for lactation

- additional 1.9-2.4MJ (450-570kcal)/day depending on stage of lactation - increase nutrients related to energy intake i.e protein & B vitamins - Increase nutrients secreted in substanital amount in milk: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium & zinc, folate, Vit A & C - driven by milk output and milk composition

Therapeutic use of Thiamine

- alcoholism - fatigue, chronic fatigue, stress, muscular weakness & low energy conditions, poor concentration & poor memory - poor circulation & numbness in extremities

Cancer and some causes

- cancer is a group of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control and composed of these steps: initiation, promotion, and progression - Factors that increase cancer risk: tobacco use, sun exposure, nutrition, enviromental/ occupational exposure, low level of physical activity.

Therapeutic use of pantothenic acid

- chronic or to fatigue/ low energy state or to improve stress response - alcoholism, insomnia, burning feet, cramping, depression & poor immunity - may help prevention of premature aging, wrinkles, hair loss & grey of hair

High quality proteins

- complete proteins - highly digestible - Egg protein is the highest quality protein available - Used as a standard for judging the quality of other dietary proteins - Referred to as a reference protein

Describe functions of water in the body

- component all body tissues - major component of blood plasma - water solvent (liquid part of solution) for nutrients/waste products & helps transport both to & from body cells by way of blood - necessary hyrolysis of nutrients in cells - essential for metabolism - functions as lubricant in joints & digestion - cools body via perspiration - depending on source may provide minerals & elements

What are the categories for prolonged nutritional health for adults

- difficult set standard of 'normality' - to assess individuals: therefore more effective to adopt combination of screening tools including: - assessing of current health status - social & physiological factors - food intake & anthropometric (human body) measurements - haematological (study of blood) measurements - biochemical (study of chemical processes in living organisms / matter) ,measurements

Why would a child fail to thrive

- don't receive or are unable to take in, retain, or utilize the calories needed to gain weight and grow as expected (poor height grown) - child may not be eating enough, feeding long enough or often enough, or trouble weaning onto solid foods. Also be caused by: -Minor illness. Babies lose appetite when unwell, j -Heartburn, or reflux, & vomiting, which can make your child reluctant to feed or eat. - Infection in mouth / throat makes sucking painful. -Excessive vomiting/ diarrhoea, caused by illness. -Problems with mealtimes - unable to adjust.

Symptoms anorexia nervosa

- emaciation - hypotension (orthostatic) (dizzy spells) - bradycardia (heart beats too slow) - hyperthermia - skin dry - lanugo (downy body hair on trunk/extremities) - salivary gland hypertrophy (increased volume of organ) - dental enamel erosion - amenorrhea (absence of period) - delayed menarche (first menstrual bleeding)

Therapeutic use of sodium

- indicated in excess perspiration, vomiting, diarrhoea, diuretic use, strict vegetarianism

Therapeutic uses of zinc

- indicated in genetic disorder, acrodermatitis eteropathica (rare inherited form of zinc deficiency, characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhoea) -benefiical in growth periods in childhoodl, preadolesence, and pregnancy - beneficial in skin conditions - acne, dermatitis, scarring, burns, wounds - indicated in poor immunity, alopecia & improved sense of taste - may be usd alcoholics, vegans, athletes, & improving behavioural disorders

Therapeutic use of potassium

- indicated in periods of growth & pregnancy, muscular weakness & cramping, stress, low blood sugar, alcoholism & prolonged diarrohoea - also indicate

Therapeutic use of calcium and phosphorus

- indicated in pregnancy & lactation for formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth - phosphorus - important metabolism carbohydrates, fats, & proteins & involved energy production, constitutent all body cel membranes & RNA/DNA, necessary requirement for proper acid-base balance of blood, essential effective action of several B vits eg. lecithin made from choline & phosphorus, stored bones & absorption increased in presence Vit D.

Process of absorption of in vitamin B12

- it must be joined w/ a form of protein called intrinsic factor - intrinsic factor is secreted by stomach mucosa, which caries Vit B12 to small intestine for absorption

Functions of Niacin

- serves as coenzymes (NAD & NADP) in energy metabolism & consequently is essential to every body cell - essential for the metabolism of fats, protein & carbohydrates - niacin has a role in improving circulation & reducing cholesterhol - essential for prevention pellagra - 4'ds dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea and potentially death

Use of sulfur therapeutically, Functions and dietary sources of sulfur

- sulfur needs met w/ sufficient protein intake - non-metalic element - keeps hair glossy & smooth & complexion youthful - detoxification role ie. pollution expulsion & liver detox, supplementary to athritis treatment - needed for collagen synthesis & maintenance of skin nails & hair - best source eggs, legumes, meat, fish, cheese & milk

Therapeutic use of B6

- used successfully w/ some women for symptoms of PMS like fluid retention & dysmenorrhoea & also w/ the nausea of pregnancy - May benefit anxiety & stress, poor memory, carpal tunnel syndrome & athletic performance - indicated in poor immunity & low energy states

Evaluate use of magnesium therapeutically

- useful conditions of cramping or muscular dysfunction like leg cramps, constipation or dysmenorrhoea (pain during menstruation), role in Parkinsons disease & epilepsy

Functions of magnesium, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms

- vital hard & soft body tissue - stored bone & part bone & muscle structure - coenzyme many metabolic processes & forms part of active ATP - important formation of cyclic AMP (functions as a "second messenger" to relay extracellular signals to intracellular effectors), role in neuromuscular activity - acts as relaxer in normal muscle contraction - may inhibit athersclerosis by maintaining heart muscle & vasodilation of blood vessels - Green vegetables like spinach as center of the chlorophyll molecule (which gives green vegetables their color) contains magnesium. Some beans, peas, nuts, seeds, and whole, unrefined grains - deficiency rare - may develop w/ alcoholism, protein malnutrition, kidney disorders & prolonged vomiting or diarrhoea - also those using diuretics - severe deficiency causes tetany - a syndrome of sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints (carpopedal spasm), muscle twitching, cramps, and convulsions - impair CNS activity possibly responsible for hallucinations during alcohol withdrawal

Nutrients that work closely with vitamin B6

- works closely with zinc & magnesium

Signs and symptoms of alcoholism

--Signs of alcohol abuse You have problems at work/ school because of drinking i.e being late or not going at all. You drink in risky situations i.e before/ while driving a car. After drinking, you can't remember what happened while you drank (blackouts). You have legal problems because of drinking, like being arrested for harming someone or driving while drunk (intoxicated). You get hurt or you hurt someone when drinking. You keep drinking even though you have health problems that are caused or made worse by alcohol use like liver disease (cirrhosis). Your friends or family members are worried about your drinking. --Signs of alcohol dependence or addiction You cannot quit drinking/ control amount you drink. You need to drink more to get the same effect. You have withdrawal symptoms when you stop drinking. Including feeling sick to your stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety. You spend a lot of time drinking and recovering. You have given up other activities to drink. You keep drinking even though it harms your relationships and causes health problems. --Other signs: You drink in the morning, are often drunk for long periods of time, or drink alone. You change what you drink like switching from beer to wine because you think this will help you drink less or keep you from getting drunk. You feel guilty after drinking. You make excuses for drinking or do things to hide drinking like buying alcohol at diff stores. You worry you won't get enough alcohol for an evening or weekend. You have physical signs of alcohol dependence like weight loss, a sore or upset stomach (gastritis), or redness of the nose and cheeks. Signs of alcohol problems in children and teens can be different than the ones for adults.

Vitamin D functions

-Bones -Required for calcium/phosphorus absorption

Beta Carotene Functions

-Carotenoid, a classification of plant chemicals Provitamin, inactive form or precursor, of the vitamin that must be converted to its active form Precursor of retinol Expressed in food as Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) -amount available in the body after conversion Functions of Beta Carotene Weak antioxidant Effective against lipid oxidation in cell membranes Enhance immune system Protect skin from UV light damage Protect eyes from damage, preventing or delaying age-related vision impairment

Enzymes

-Catalyst; - Proteins that cause chemical changes in other substances to speed up bodily processes

Dietary sources calcium

-Dairy (while dairy contains high levels of calcium, it is not as well absorbed as calcium from green leafy vegetables) -Beans, especially soy, Nuts, especially almonds, Rhubarb, Spinach, fortified cereals, , dairy (300 mg/cup), beans, broccoli, dried fruits, tofu (with calcium added), molasses (135 mg/Tbsp), fortified foods & juice

Amino Acids

-Essential Amino- must be obtained from foods - Component of proteins; joined otgether by peptic bonds

What should you not feed infants

-Honey -Semisolid baby cereal in bottle with an enlarged nippled -candy -soft drinks

Cholesteral

-Important in the structure of brain and nerve cells - cholesteral is a component of every cell - Precurser of bile- functions as an emulsifier, vitamin D, estrogen, and testosterone - Dietary cholesteral found only in animal products -limit to 200-300 mg/day

Pancreas

-Manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes - Bicarbonate-neutralize chyme and insulin/glucagon produced

Scurvy

-Most common vitamin C deficiency disease - Bleeding gums - loose teeth -weakness

Pellagra

-Niacin - deficiency disease pellagra - symptoms are often reffered to as the 4 "d" - Diarrhea - abdominal pain, vomiting - Dermatitis - Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sun light -DEATH -Inflamed swollen smooth bringht red tongue - Depression - apathy fatigue loss of memory headache

functions magnesium

-Part of complex that stabilizes ATP ==necessary for activities in the body such as protein synthesis, cell growth, muscle and nerve function -Vitamin D and hormone (PTH) regulation -Maintain healthy bones ==50% in bones -May help lower blood pressure

Diagnostic criteria bulimia nervosa

-Recurrent episodes binge eating defined as lack of control over discrete periods excessive eating -Recurrent, inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain (vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercising) -Binge eating & inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least twice a week for three months -Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape & weight -Disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa (purging type) -Individuals are often obsessed with their appearance & attractiveness to the opposite sex - Likely sexually active & maintain normal weight

Diagnostic criteria anorexia nervosa

-Refusal to maintain body weight at or above healthy BMI, or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth leading to body weight less than 85% of expected -Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight -Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced -Undue influence body weight or shape on self-evaluation -Denial of seriousness of current low body weight even when hospitalized or gravely ill -In postmenarchical females, amenorrhea, the absence of 3+- consecutive menstrual cycles -Anorexia may or may not include binge eating/purging behavior -Individuals often exhibit obsessive/compulsive behavior, depression, anxiety, rigidity, perfectionism, and poor sexual adjustment

Functions of Vitamin D

-Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood enabling normal mineralization of bone and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary muscle movement) -occuring w/ too little calcium in the blood= hypocalcaemia). It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts - mobilising calcium around bone = normal calcification in bone matrix & cartilage - preventing bone disease (osteoporosis) - excess stored liver & adipsose fat

Classes of nutrients

-Water, Minerals, (micro) vitamins, carbs, proteins, fat, (macro)

Therapeutic use of Niacin

-adjunct /supplementary treatment for high cholesterol atherosclerosis (hardening arteries) & poor circulation -may benefit chilblains, migraines, acne, alcoholism, mental illness & arthritis - Meniere's syndrome (centre hearing & balance affected), dizziness, premature senility or dementia may also benefit from niacin supplementation

Nutritional needs of infants

-birth to 1 yr: breast milk or formula -4 to 6 mos: iron-fortified cereal -6 to 8 mos: yellow veggies, fruits -8 to 10 mos: meats Intake at 12 months: - cereal foods - four portions - Fruit and vegetables - four portions - Dairy - two portions, +350 mL milk or equivalent - Meat or alternatives - two portions 105 to 130 kcal/kg/day -need more than avg protein, iron, calcium & phosphorus should gain 15 to 20 g/kg/day

Functions of fluoride

-bone and tooth mineralization -prevents dental caries -ligament/tendon strength

Factors affecting iron absorption

-iron status: low iron status means increased absorption (people with major blood loss) -amount of iron consumed: low iron diet increases absorption, intestinal cells replace themselves every 3-5 days, lose iron as result -type of iron: heme vs. non-heme -stomach acidity: breaks non-heme iron off plant proteins & converts non-heme iron to Fe2+ -other dietary factors: vitamin C helps conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, meat fish and poultry factor--> protein enhances iron absorption -cook in cast iron pans -phylates, polyphenols, and calcium absorption compete with iron absorption

functions potassium

-major electrolyte -nerve impulse transmission -muscle contraction -blood pressure regulation -counteracts effects of sodium on blood pressure

General Metabolism of Carbs, fats, and proteins

-metbolism of carbs -Begins with digestion in the small intestine where monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood stream. Blood sugar concentrations are controlled by three hormones; insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. If the concentration of glucose is too high, insulin is secreted by the pancreas • Metabolism of proteins • Dietary proteins are first broken down(catabolism) to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract; amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids.

Functions of manganese

-normal bone structure -reproduction -normal functioning of cells, and CNS involved in CHO, lipid, and amino acid metabolism

Physiological changes associated with aging

-reduced mobility - musculoskeletal neurological circulatory, respiratory, excess weigh - cognitive function - impairment and dementia - physiological illnesses - including depression (also reactive depression following bereavement), mental illness, alcoholism *Reduced lean body mass associated w/ culturally determined sedentary lifestyle = low BMR, small energy needs, poorer nutrient intake *Loss of sensory acuity- taste, smell, hearing, vision = Less confidence preparing food may limit quality/quantity *Quality dentition: dry mouth: reduced saliva flow = Lack of teeth, poor fit dentures, effect quality/quantity food intake, some food grps excluded (hard to chew etc.), poor oral hygiene causes sores & ulcers - eating painful *Kidney function reduced: Affects ability concentrate urine or deal w/ low fluid intake, risk of dehydration & subsequent confusional state, including disregarding food intake *Gastrointestinal tract changes including secretion of hormones, enzymes & acid reduced motility - prolonged satiety caused by slow movement along GI tract, raised level hormones (CCK) reduce appetite, reduced acid secretion may affect absorption of minerals from food, slow motility may result constipation, affecting appetite & tendency to use laxatives, which may reduce nutrient absorption *Immune system less efficient, fewer T-lymphocyte produced, may be stressed by chronic disease states - adequate nutritional intake of wide range of nutrients needed to sustain immune system, poor immune status increases risk of infection w/ consequent poor food intake

Symptoms Vitamin C toxicity

-relatively nontoxic -kidney stones (builds up if kidneys can't filter it out) -nausea and diarrhea -decreases absorption of other vitamins and minerals (calcium)

Sleeve gastrectomy

-restrictive -Part of the stomach is removed from the body

Behaviour factors associated with anorexia

...

List behavioral factors associated with bulimia nervosa

...

Dietary sources of chloride

..., (fruits) dates, bananas, (dairy) cheese, milk, (veggies) canned veggies, soup, spinach, celery, olives, rye, (meat, fish, poultry) eggs, crabs, fish, turkey, table salt, process foods

A daily deficit of 400 to 500 kcal should result in a loss of approximately ________ of body fat per week. 0.25 pound 1 pound 3 pounds 4 pounds

1 pound

Components of Physical fitness

1. *Flexibility: capacity of joints to move through a full range of motion* 2. *Strength: the ability of muscles to work against resistance* 3. *Cardiorespiratory fitness: the ability of the CV system & lungs to sustain effort over time* 4. *Body composition:* amount of bone, muscle, and fat tissue in the body

Ergogenic Aids - Used to increase muscle and strength

1. Anabolic Steroids 2. DHEA (Dehydropiandrosterone) 3. GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutric acid) 4. Creatine

Ergogenic Aids - used to increase energy levels

1. Caffine 2. Ephedrine 3. Carnitine 4. Cromium

Protein Quality

1. Chemical score - A comparison of the amount of the limiting amino acid in a food w/ the amount of that same amino acid in a reference food 2. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score - Reflects both the digestibility and the balance of amino acid content of the protein 3. Protein efficiency ratio - compares the weight gained by a laboratory animal consuming a standard amount of a test protein with the total amount of protein that is consumed - USDA uses this method for the labeling of infant foods 4. Biological value - an assessment of how efficiency dietary protein is converted into body tissues - determined by comparing the amount of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount of nitrogen that is consumed

Chronic diseases associated with alcohol

1. Cirrhosis - Fatty infiltration of the liver 2. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - Caused by thiamin deficiency 3. Chronic alcohol abuse - risk factor in traumatic injury an death - liver damage - Leads to malnutrition - Fetal alcohol syndrome

Evaluating Body Weight Body Composition

1. Densitometry: Underwater weighing (Most accurate) 2. Anthropometry: measurement of skinfold thickness using skinfold calipers (most inaccurate) 3. Conductivity: bioelectric impedance 4. Dual energy xray absorptiometry (DEXA) 5. Near infrared reactance - futrex, fairly accurate 6. Bod Pod - air displacement, expensive

Functions of Fat

1. Energy - 9 Kcal/g - Major energy used during rest, exercise, storage - Provides a source of concentrated energy (calories) 2. Carrier for fat soluble vitamins - Vitamins A, D, E and K - Fat is required for their transport 3. Fat is essential to many body functions - Cell membrane structures - Nerve cell transmissions - Protection of internal organs - Insulation to retain body heat 4. Fat provides flavor and texture to foods 5. Fat contributes to making us feel satiated because - Fats are more energy dense than carbs or proteins - Fats take longer to digest-slow the digestive process

Protein energy Malnutrition

1. Marasmus - Disease resulting from severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients - slow starvation - Symptoms: - Severe wasting of muscle tissue, stunted physical growth, stunted brain development, anemia 2. Kwashiorkor: - Disease resulting from extremely low protein intake while still getting adequate calories - Symptoms: - Some weight loss and muscle wasting, characterized by swelling of the arms, legs, and stomach area called edema, retarded growth and development

Factors that negatively affect foetus & mother and outcome of pregnancy

1. Maternal nutrition - Foetus gets nourishment from maternal blood via placenta, so mother's diet should contain necessary nutrients i.e protein for tissue building & repair & fat forming tissue 2. Mental health - Substances that harmfully affect pre-natal development are called tetrarogens, which may cause physical or mental abnormalities. Some diseases, if contracted by mother believed to be tetratogens. Disease causing virus can be transmitted from mom blood to baby's if small enough to pass placenta screen. 3. Bacterial infections - May cross placental screen, i.e toxoplasmosis, which causes congenial brain damage and blindness. 4. Drugs - Drugs can filter through placenta into blood stream of foetus. The risk is greater during early stages of pregnancy, when development is progressing more rapidly. 5. Smoking - nicotine thought to contract blood vessels in uterus & placenta. This interferes w/ delivery of oxygen & nutrients to the foetus. 6. Alcohol - When consumed mod amounts has no ill effects. But if mother drinks excessively, babys growth & motor development retarded. 7. Emotional state of mother - Emotions can temporarily affect child. Activity level of foetus increased when mother emotionally upset. Difficult labour & delivery also related to mother's level tension during preceding months. 8. Maternal age - woman <21, hav chance of miscarriage, still birth & foetal malformation as reproductive organs of female not fully mature.

Factors of a sound fitness program

1. Meets your personal goals 2. Is fun 3. Includes variety and consistency 4. Appropriately overloads the body 5. Includes warm up and cool down period

Functions of Protein

1. Support growth and maintenance of body tissues 2. Functions as enzymes 3. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance 4. Regulation of acid-base balance 5. Serve as antibodies 6. Serve as a secondary energy source 7. Function as transport proteins

List functions calcium

1. Transmission of nerve impulses 2. Myocardial contractions 3. Blood clotting 4. Formation of teeth/bone 5. Muscle contractions

Food sources of fats

1. Visible fats - Butter, cream, mayo, dressings 2. Invisible fats - Naturally occurring or added during process 3. Beneficial fats - Fish, walnuts, soy, canola, flax seeds 4. Switch to more healthful fats w/o increasing total fat intake - Use olive oil instead of butter 5. Fat replacers

Deficiency and toxicity symptoms phosphorus

1. poor bone formation and growth 2. impaired bone mineralization that causes rickets in children (softening of bones that results skeletal problems like knock-knees, bowed legs, spinal curvature, narrowed chest, and soft skull bones) 3. osteomalacia (adult rickets) that causes bones to be soft and prone to fractures, and symptomized by deformities in the spine and limbs, and rheumatic or arthritic-like pain 4. numbness and tingling of the extremities 5. difficulty walking 6. increased susceptibility to infection 7.fatigue or muscle weakness 8.anemia 9.loss of appetite and changes to weight

Functions of choline

1. structural component of tissues 2. prevents accumulation of liver fat 3. some reports in increase in feed efficiency and rate of gain in feedlot cattle 4. some reports have found an increase in milk fat percentage in dairy cows.

The pH of the stomach/gut

1.5 to 3.5

ph of stomach

1.5 to 3.5

Sources of Vitamin K

1/2 vit K in body from food in form phylloquinone (plant) 1/2 synthesized by bacteria in intestines: menaquinones Best food source = green leafy veg (beets, greens, spinach, turnip greens, cabbage or kale Alfalfa fruits, cereals, dairy products & meats provide some - but animal source poorest form Fermented foods like miso & acidophilus bifidus supplements enhance bowel bacteria which in turn promotes synthesis Vit K

Rate and extent of which you should loss weight

10% weight loss over 6 months. 27-35 % BMI: 0.5 to 1 lb. Per week. >35 % BMI: 1 to 2 lbs. Per week

Recommended weight gain in kg for pregnancy based on BMI

11-16kg during pregnancy - 0.4kg weekly for normal weight women - 0.3kg weekly for overweight women - 0.5kg weekly for underweight women

Protein requirements for pregnancy

14 grams a day added protein to diet mature pregnancy and 30 grams a day for adolescent pregnancy

Carbohydrate requirements for pregnancy

175 grams per day or 45 to 65 % of total calories during pregnancy

healthy BMI

18.5-24.9

Which of the following represents a BMI range considered to be healthy for most adult men and women 10-14 15-18 19-24 25-30

19-24

Recommended amounts of total fat

20%-35% of calories should be from fat Saturated fat: less than 7% Trans fat: absolute minimum

Overweight BMI

25-29.9

Three forms of Vitamin B6 and coactive enzyme it forms

3 forms Vit B6: pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyrdoxamine - converted to active form pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is made in the liver -absorbed by passive means & is transported to liver via portal blood - essential for protein metabolism & affects conversion of tryptophan to niacin - stored muscle tissue

Pathways for converting ethanol to acetaldehyde

3 main pathways - 1 - Metabolism of alcohol involves zinc-containing enzyme alcohol dehyrogenase (ADH) found in liver cytoplasm & similar to gastric- alcohol converted to energy by coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD also used to convert glucose you get from other Chos to energy; while NAD is being used for alcohol, glucose conversion grinds to a halt.- main rate-limiting step - accumulating acetaldehyde leads to headaches & cutaneous (skin) flushing 2 - microsomal ethanol - oxidising system (MEOS) in liver - normally metabolises up to 20% ingested alcohol, more active in chronic alcoholics - alcohol stimulates development microsomal membranes where cytochrome P450 (vit C requiring factor) is induced 3. Relatively insignificant - involves enzyme catalase found in many cells of body (liver & gastric mucosa)

Amount of K cals in 1 lb of fat

3,500 k cal

proper weight gain of 1st trimester

3-5 lbs

Obese BMI

30-39.9

Energy requirements for pregnancy

300 more calories added to the diet for energy

How many people die each year from obesity related diseases.

300,000

percent of Obesity adultsin US

32%

Percent of United States Children /Adolescents that are overweight

33%

How many calories are in one pound of fat? 2500 3500 4500 5500

3500

protein and carbs

4 kcals per gram

Extremely obese BMI

40 and above

Absorption of zinc

40% of zinc from an animal source is absorbed if body's needs are great • Presence of phytic acid decrease absorption • Calcium supplement decrease zinc absorption • Competes with copper and iron absorption

how much nutrition infants need

40-50 kcal per pound of body weight per day/ 40-50% of calories from fat, no more than 20% of calories from protein

Lee Brown is a 23-year-old college student. Which of these would indicate that he is at risk for chronic diseases associated with obesity? BMI of 22 BMI of 24 → 41-inch waist 31-inch waist

41

The success (attain and maintain reduced weight for 3 to 5 years) of non-surgical weight reduction programs has been reported to be approximately ________ for adults. 40% 5% 25% 0%

5%

The thermic effect of food accounts for approximately ______ of energy consumed each day. 5% to 10% 11% to 15% 16% to 20% 50%

5-10

what is the recommended amount of time to breastfeed infants

6 months-1 year

Material weight gain during pregnancy Fetus= placenta= amniotic fluid=

6-8 1.5 2

percent of overweight adults in US

66%

Of the following males, who would have the lowest BMR? 6-year-old 16-year-old 46-year-old 76-year-old

76

kcal in alcohol

7kcal/g

kcal in fat

9 kcal/g

Classifications of BMI

< 18.5 - underweight 18.5-24.9 - normal 25-29.9 - overweight 30-39 - obese >40 - morbid obesity

Function of Thiamine

= Vitamin B1 - partially destroyed by heat & alkalis & lost in cooking water - Absorbed mainly SI by carrier-mediated system - transported to blood in this way OR in coenzyme form by red blood cells - storage poor so excess promply excreted in urine Functions as coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TTP) in metabolism of carbohydrates & branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine & valine) - specifically participates decarboxylation of alpha keto acids & in action of enzyme transketolase. - Adequate intake results in healthy nerve functioning and normal appetite and digestion - Requirements: milligrams - RDR av. adult 0.5mg per 1000 kcal- 0.9-1.1mg men & 0.7-0.8mg women

Treatment of anorexia nervosa

> 20% body weight=hospitalization, >30% body weight= psych hospital for 2-6 mo; meds+ therapy, 1. medication - antidepressants or antipsychotics 2. family therapy - use Maudsley model (3 phases, refeeding stage then negotiations then termination phase) 3. CBT - changing behavior and maladaptive thinking for 1-2 years. Modify distorted beliefs about food and our relationship to it

*Initiation*: 1st primary step of cancer

A carcinogen causes a mutation in the DNA of a cell

Pellagra

A deficiency disease caused by a lock of nicotinic acid or it precursor tryptophan in the diet

Staurated fatty acid

A fatty acid such as a steric acid whose carbon chain contain no unsaturated linkages between carbon atom and hence cannot incorporate any more hydrogen atoms

Placenta

A flattened circular organ in the uterus. Nourishing and maintaining the fetus though the umbilical cord. -Placent develops and provide nutrients to the fetus from the mother via the umbilical cord

Myoglobin

A globular protein found in muscle tissue that has the ability to bind oxygen. Myoglobin helps to store oxygen in the muscle for use in aerobic respiration (it does not move, just stays there). Muscles that participate in endurance activities (including cardiac muscle) have abundant supplies of myoglobin.

Cancer

A group of diseases characterized by cells growing "out of control" Tumors-immature undifferentiated cell masses that have no physiologic function Malignant (cancerous); benign (harmless) Primary steps of cancer development: Initiation Promotion Progression

treatment for underweight conditions

A healthy diet for a healthy weight If you're underweight, aim to gain weight gradually until your BMI is in a healthy range It's crucial you gain weight the right way, not by eating chocolate, cakes & high-calorie junk foods with saturated fat & sugar, which can increase your body fat instead of lean body mass. Aim for three meals & three snacks daily & base your diet on healthy eating principles = Make meals w/ starchy Cho like wholemeal pasta, brown rice, potatoes or lentils, as a base. Eat five portions of fruit & vegetables i.e 5 A DAY. Choose lean protein meat, fish, beans & pulses. Get 3 portions of calcium daily. 1 portion is glass (190ml or 1/3 pint) of milk, a yoghurt or matchbox-size piece of cheese. Cut down saturated fat, found in processed meats, pies, cakes and biscuits. Cut down sugary foods & drinks i.e choc, cakes & biscuits & sugar-rich soft drinks. Be informed. If you don't eat meat consume alternative proteins in combination for best effect as on their own vegetarian proteins do not contain all essential amino acids - combinations examples are: Beans & rice, Peanut butter sandwich (grains), Tofu with rice, Hummus / pita bread, Chickpeas & rice

Haemochromatosis

A hereditary disorder of the SI leading to over-adsorption of Fe from food. Can result in liver disease, heart disease and diabetes.

Subcutaneous Adipose

A layer tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin

Signs anorexia nervosa

A refusal to keep one's body weight at or above a normal weight for age and height; typically defined as weight that is at least 85% of what is expected given age and height. An intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though one is clearly underweight. Disturbed body image; a faulty self-evaluation of one's actual weight and body shape.In postpubescent girls or women, amenorrhea (absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles). Subtypes of anorexia nervosa: Restricting subtype: does not regularly engage in binge eating or purging. Binge eating/purging subtype: regularly engages in binge eating or purging (e.g., self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). \

________ are both participants in the release of energy from macronutrients, while ________ are both participants in cell multiplication. a. Pantothenic acid and thiamin; niacin and vitamin B12 b. Riboflavin and vitamin B12; folate and thiamin c. Folate and riboflavin; niacin and thiamin d. Thiamin and niacin; vitamin B12 and folate

A review of Table 7-7 (pages 262-264) will provide you with a summary of the functions of the B vitamins. Vitamin B12's coenzyme form is involved in synthesis of new cells, and this vitamin is also necessary for the maintenance of nerve cells. Thiamin's major role is as part of a coenzyme in energy metabolism. The active forms of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin serve as "helpers" in the release of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat. Folate and vitamin B12 assist cells to multiply and replace the cells with short life spans, such as red blood cells and cells lining the digestive tract.

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E and K. Stored in the fatty compartments of the body/ binding to lipids and absorbed with their digestion products. With the exception of vitamin D, these vitamins are provided through dietary intake. - A, D, E, K -insoluble in water, more stable, require bile for digestion, absorbed into lymph, stored in liver & adipose tissue, needed in periodic doses, more likely to be toxic, absorption enhanced by fat

List acid forming foods and alkaline forming foods

ALKALIZING VEGETABLES Alfalfa, Barley Grass Beet Greens Beets Broccoli Cabbage Carrot Cauliflower Celery Chard Greens, Chlorella, Collard Greens, Cucumber Dandelions, Dulce, Edible Flowers, Eggplant Fermented Veggies, Garlic, Green Beans, Green Peas, Kale, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Mushrooms Mustard Greens, Nightshade Veggies, Onions Parsnips (high glycemic), Peas, Peppers Pumpkin, Radishes Rutabaga Sea Veggies Spinach, green Spirulina Sprouts Sweet Potatoes Tomatoes Watercress Wheat Grass Wild Greens ALKALIZING FRUITS :Apple Apricot Avocado Banana (high glycemic) Berries Blackberries Cantaloupe Cherries, sour Coconut, fresh Currants Dates, dried Figs, dried Grapes Grapefruit Honeydew Melon Lemon Lime Muskmelons Nectarine Orange Peach Pear Pineapple Raisins Raspberries Rhubarb Strawberries Tangerine Tomato Tropical Fruits Umeboshi Plums Watermelon ALKALIZING PROTEIN: Almonds Chestnuts Millet Tempeh (fermented) Tofu (fermented) Whey Protein Powder ALKALIZING SPICES & SEASONINGS: Chili Pepper Cinnamon Curry Ginger Herbs (all) Miso Mustard Sea Salt Tamari ALKALIZING MINERALS: Calcium: pH 12 Cesium: pH 14 Magnesium: pH 9 Potassium: pH 14 Sodium: pH 14 ACIDIFYING VEGETABLES: Corn Lentils Olives Winter Squash ACIDIFYING FRUITS: Blueberries Canned or Glazed Fruits Cranberries Currants Plums** Prunes** ACIDIFYING GRAINS, GRAIN PRODUCTS Amaranth Barley Bran, oat Bran, wheat Bread Corn Cornstarch Crackers, soda Flour, wheat Flour, white Hemp Seed Flour Kamut Macaroni Noodles Oatmeal Oats (rolled) Quinoa rice (all) Rice Cakes Rye Spaghetti Spelt Wheat Germ Wheat ACIDIFYING BEANS & LEGUMES Almond Milk Black Beans Chick Peas Green Peas Kidney Beans Lentils Pinto Beans Red Beans Rice Milk Soy Beans Soy Milk White Beans ACIDIFYING DAIRY Butter Cheese Cheese, Processed Ice Cream Ice Milk ACIDIFYING NUTS & BUTTERS Cashews Legumes Peanut Butter Peanuts Pecans Tahini Walnuts ACIDIFYING ANIMAL PROTEIN Bacon Beef Carp Clams Cod Corned Beef Fish Haddock Lamb Lobster Mussels Organ Meats Oyster Pike Pork Rabbit Salmon Sardines Sausage Scallops Shellfish Shrimp Tuna Turkey Veal Venison ACIDIFYING FATS & OILS Avacado Oil Butter Canola Oil Corn Oil Flax Oil Hemp Seed Oil Lard Olive Oil Safflower Oil Sesame Oil Sunflower Oil ACIDIFYING ALCOHOL Beer Hard Liquor Spirits Wine

Toxicity symptoms copper

Abdominal symptoms, muscle pain, ultimately liver damage - Wilsons disease is genetic condition that has tendency to absorb excess copper leading to accumulated deposits in body

Disorder eating (Fat component)

Abnormal eating habits and exercise can keep body from getting enough nutrients

Absorption of Alcohol

Absorbed in the stomach and jejunum - Transported to the liver to be metabolized - Excess alcohol is released into the blood Rate of absorption depends on: - Amount and speed of alcohol consumption - Presence or absence of food - Gender, health status, genetics

Three reasons for possible biotin deficiency

Absorption is inhibited by avidin found in raw egg white. - antibiotics can kill bowel bacteria so can interfere w/ production of biotin - lack intestinal biotinidase (usually detected in infacy) can lead to deficiency symptoms, which include dermatitis, dry skin, alopecia/hair loss/colour, fatigue, depression, anorexia & greying of skin

Fate of acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde is attacked by enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) & glutathione, which contains high quantities of cysteine (amino acid attracted to aldehyde). Together aldehyde dehydrogenase & glutathione form nontoxic acetate - acetic acid (like vinegar). This works well leaving aldehyde short time to do damage if only few drinks consumed. Unfortunately liver's stores of glutathione quickly run out when large amounts of alcohol enter the system. This causes aldehyde to build up in body while liver creates more glutathione, leaving toxin in body for long periods of time - This acetic acid combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle, which is the basic powerhouse of the human body. Inside the Krebs Cycle (or TCA - tricarboxylic acid cycle as starting from Acetyl CoA) is broken down to carbon dioxide & water.

Function of vitamin B12

Activates folate, production of DNA, promotes blood formation, promotes normal functions of cells especially nervous system - Maintains myelin; Cellular respiration use of fatty acid; Conversion of Homocysteine; Red blood cell formation; Reactivates Folate

ATP production and purpose

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) • An organic compound used by cells as a source of energy • Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds • When the bonds are broken they release energy • This energy is used to do work of the cells • ATP is the currency used by the body for energy

Prevalence of Overweight / Obesity higher in what two races

African and Hispanic American

relationship between BMI and body fat content varies with what?

Ages, gender, and ethnicities

Vitamin C

Aids in the absorption of iron, helps form collagen, maintains healthy capillaries, bones, skin & teeth, and helps the body heal wounds.

Enzyme needed for alcohol metabolism

Alcohol dehydroxgenase (ADH)

Food Sources for Sodium (Macro-element)

All food, table salt (Na)

Lysine

Amino acid that helps the body absorb calcium and make collagen for bones and tissues

Pica

An abnormal desire to eat substance ( as chalk or ashes) not normally eaten

Superoxide dismutase

An antioxidant Enzyme: Converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide

Glutathione peroxidase

An antioxidant Enzyme: Removes hydrogen peroxide and stops the production of free radicals in lipids

Catalase

An antioxidant Enzyme: Removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting to water and oxygen

Haemosiderosis

An overload of iron in the body resulting from repeated blood transfusions. Hemosiderosis occurs most often in patients with thalassemia. , abnormal deposit of hemosiderin

Lactic Acid

Anaerobic metabolism of glucose produced lactic acid

Food Sources for Sulfur (Macro-element)

Animal and plant proteins

Functions of Vitamin A

Antioxidant <<<<not well established -scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation Essential for healthy vision Cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells Sperm prod. and fertil. Bone growth

Functions of Vitamin C

Antioxidant for protecting: LDL-cholesterol from oxidation lungs from ozone and cigarette damage white blood cells (enhances immune function) Rudes formation of *nitrosamines*-(cancer causing agent found in processed meat) *Regenerates oxidized vitamin E* Enhances iron absorption

Lycopene

Antioxidant that protects against heart disease and different types of cancer

Antioxidant Functions

Antioxidants stabilize free radicals and repair the damage caused Antioxidant vitamins donate their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage Ability to form double bonds Antioxidant minerals function within the enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted

Antioxidants and CVD

Antioxidants: vitamins E and lycopene -scavenge free radicals -reduce low-grade inflammation -reduce blood coagulation and clot formation In fruits, veggies, and whole grains -dietary fiber (soluble) oatmeal -Folate (reduce homocysteine-cvd risk factor) flavanoids

Symptoms of pure Riboflavin deficiency

Ariboflavinosis- inflammation of tongue (glossitis), cracking of tissue around corners of the mouth (cheilosis), seborrheic dermatitis (sebaceous glands of skin), inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis) & throat, various eye & nervous system disorders & confusion. - consequences of riboflavin deficiency uknown but may cause tiredness more quickly during physical activity (not conclusive evidence) Severe dificiency symptoms: inflammation mouth & tongue (takes 2 months to present)

What is the best way for an individual to ensure that they consume adequate amounts of all vitamins without consuming excess calories? a. memorize which foods are the richest source(s) of each vitamin b. take a multivitamin supplement on a daily basis c. practice diet planning principles discussed in Chapter 2 d. exercise

As discussed in Chapter 2 and on pages 264-267, wise diet planning ensures adequate nutrition without excessive caloric intake.

Which of these might be a consequence of vitamin A supplementation? a. increased blood calcium level b. liver damage, muscle weakness, and an over-reactive immune system c. excessive blood clotting d. Vitamin A is relatively non-toxic, so there are no potential adverse consequences from the consumption of vitamin A supplements.

As discussed on page 231 and listed in Tables 7-4 (page 232) and 7-6 (page 260), liver damage, muscle weakness, and an over-reactive immune system are all potential consequences of consuming high doses of vitamin A.

Vitamin D promotes the absorption of what two minerals that are essential to bone health? a. calcium and phosphorus b. magnesium and folate c. zinc and fluoride d. copper and chromium

As discussed on page 235, vitamin D promotes the intestinal absorption of both calcium and phosphorus, two of the minerals essential to bone health.

Which of these is a key antioxidant vitamin? a. niacin b. folate c. vitamin E d. pantothenic acid

As discussed on page 239, vitamin E is an antioxidant. Vitamin E, and the other key antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene and vitamin C) and the important antioxidant mineral, selenium, are listed on page 234.

Which of these is a key antioxidant vitamin? a. vitamin K b. vitamin D c. vitamin C d. vitamin A

As discussed on page 244, vitamin C is an antioxidant. Vitamin C, and the other key antioxidant phytochemicals (beta-carotene), vitamins (vitamin E), and the important antioxidant mineral, selenium, are listed on page 234.

Vitamin B6

Assists in carbohydrate and protein use, needed for a healthy nervous system, and helps make nonessential amino acids.

Need of protein for exercise

Athletes need protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during exercise and help optimize Cho storage in form of glycogen. Protein isn't ideal source of fuel for exercise, but can be used when diet lacks adequate Cho. This is detrimental, though, as if used for fuel, there isn't enough available to repair and rebuild body tissues, including muscle.

Approach to fluid replacement for athelets

Athletes need to drink extra fluids to replace body water lost exercising. Water cools body as working muscles generate heat & raises temp of body. Sweat created & evaporated cools body. If athletes don't replace sweat by drinking fluids, body's water balance upset & body may overheat. All athletes must drink water before, during and after exercise. Dehydration can start when an athlete loses as little as 1 percent of body weight. Before : 2 cups cold h2O- 1-2 hrs before activity During exercise: ½ cup cold h2O every 15 mins After: 2 cups cold h2O for every pound weight loss Plain cold water best, economical fluid. Body absorbs cold fluids faster than warm & drinking water easiest way to replace body fluids. Athletes can use sports drinks especially during activities lasting more than 90 minutes. These should contain no more than 15 -18 g of Chos per cup. Fruit juice may only be used as fluid replacement if diluted at least 1 cup water for every 1 cup of juice. Carbonated beverages, high-sugar drinks and undiluted fruit juice too high in Chos & may cause stomach cramps, nausea & diarrhea. Caffeinated beverages, like tea, coffee & cola beverages, will dehydrate body even more. Athletes can replace body fluids w/ water containing foods like oranges, watermelon, apples, grapes, lettuce, & tomatoes, along w/ water. These foods provide water & Chos & are good for replacing water & energy after exercise.

What are symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

Autonomic overactivity (sweating, tachycardia, HTN, insomnia, elevated temp, tremor). Gastrointestinal (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea). Cognitive & perceptual changes (anxiety, vivid dreams, hallucinations, delirium). Seizures occur in about 5% of people. They occur 7-24 hours after last drink. Delirium tremens is most severe form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and medical emergency. It usually develops 2-5 days after stopping or significantly reducing. Only in around 1% of cases.

Which of the following are classified as water-soluble vitamins? a. B, C, D, E b. A, D, E, K c. A, E d. B, C

B &C vitamins Thiamin (B 1) Riboflavin (B 2) Niacin (B 3) Folate Vitamin B 12 Vitamin B 6 Biotin Pantothenic acid Vitamin C

The ratio of body weight to height is represented as body composition. basal metabolic rate. bioelectrical impedance. body mass index.

BMI

Disadvantage of blanket health guidelines for certain individuals

Because diversity of this age group - info about nutritional requirements remains speculative & is often extrapolated from data of younger adults

Vitamin A requirements

Best obtained well-balanced diet rather than supplementation - listed as retinol equivalents - recommended most food and nutritional authorities i.e. National Health & Research council in Australia set RDI at 750 micrograms retional equivalents (RE) daily for men and woment RE = 1ug retinol and 6ug beta-carotene RE = 3.33 IU (international units) retinol & 10 IU beta-carotene

Dietary sources vitamin D

Best source is sunshine - changing provitamin to Vit D3 in humans "sunshine vitamin" Dietary doesnt even supply 5-10% here in australia. - fish/fatty fish - meat: liver, egg yolk - fortified foods - mainly milk

Dietary sources of vitamin B12

Best sources B12 are animal foods, especially liver, kidney, meat, seafood, eggs, & dairy products - spirulina contains Vit B12 - debatable to availability - proposed sea vegetables & fermented soy products have some Vitamin B12 level - Vegans shouldnt rely on this & seek Vit B12 supplementation

Dietary sources of folate

Best sources of folate are green leafy veg, liver, fruit & yeast. - also found in beans, oranges, rice & asparagus in good quantities

Where is insulin produced

Beta cells in islet of langerhans in the pancreas

Beta-Carotene Requirements

Beta-carotene is not an essential nutrient and no RDA 6-10 mg of beta-caro/day from food sources may reduce the risks for cancer and <3 disease food sources: red, orange, yellow, deep-green fruits and veggies *Heat improves digestibility and absorption*

Biotechnology

Biotechnology use of living things to manufacture improved food and other products

Function of biotin

Biotin - B7; - participates as coenzyme in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates & proteins - functions carrier for carboxylases needed for gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis & for energy production - functions of biotin linked to roles of folic acid, patothentic acid & B12

What is the body composition of infants

Birth weight is composite of skeletal size & soft tissue. Also gender - Males tend to be longer & heavier than females, females have more subcutaneous fat. Other factors influencing body composition include parity and maternal BMI which have stronger associations w/ measures of fat at birth than measures skeletal size, maternal & paternal height which more associated w/ skeletal size. Various methods of obtaining measures of body composition in utero and at birth. DEXA scan, ultransonography & total body electrical conductivity all used

What are the early signs of Vitamin C deficiency? (Scurvy)

Bleeding gums, loose teeth, anemia, joint pain, poor wound healing, rough, brown, scaly, dry skin.

How do we control food intake

Body is in continual state of hunger, intermittently relieved by eating. This perpetual drive to eat periodically suppressed by inhibitory impulses generated by presence of food in gastrointestinal tract, flow of nutrients to blood etc. After such "satiety factors" dissipated, desire to eat returns. - Role of the central nervous system - hypothalamus w/ hunger & satiety center Pregastric factors - smell, taste, look, odour etc. Gastrointestinal and postabsorptive factors - full stomach/intestine providing satiety Long-term controls - integration hormonal, metabolic and neural signals.

BMI

Body mass index, mathematical formula that correlates with body fat

What factors influence basal metabolism Basal metabolic rate)

Body size: Metabolic rate increases as weight, height, and surface area increase. Body composition: Fat tissue has lower metabolic activity than muscle tissue. As lean muscle mass increases, metabolic rate increases. Gender: BMR averages 5-10% lower in women than men. Women possess more body fat & less muscle mass than men of similar size. Age: A decrease in lean muscle mass with age decreases BMR after 30 can be largely avoided by strength training throughout adulthood. Climate and body temp: BMR of ppl in tropical climates is 5-20% higher than those in cooler regions as it takes energy to keep body cool, takes energy to keep body warm if you work or exercise in very cold weather. Hormonal levels: Thyroxine (T4), key hormone released by thyroid glands has significant effect upon metabolic rate. Hypothyroidism relatively common, especially in women near or after menopause. Everyone with a weight problem should have thyroid function checked by Dr & treated appropriately it's low. Health: Fever, illness, or injury may increase resting metabolic rate two-fold.

What is metabolic Rate

Body's rate of energy used a few hours after resting and eating , declines with age

Antioxidant Enzymes Role

Break down oxidized fatty acids -Make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight other free radicals

Those at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency

Breast-fed infants of mothers with a Vit B12 deficiency are at risk for severe developmental abnormalities and irreversible neurological damage. Vegans (people who don't eat any meat, dairy, or eggs) most at risk developing a B12 deficiency because, aside from fortified breakfast cereals, the only reliable dietary sources of vitamin B12 are animal-derived products. But even vegetarians who eat eggs and dairy products consume, on average, less than half the adult Recommended Dietary Allowance of 2.4 mcg of B12 Some older people are also at high risk for developing B12 deficiency. Up to 30% of people ages 50 and over suffer from atrophic gastritis, a thinning of the stomach lining. This condition reduces the amount of B12 absorbed by the small intestine. Certain other digestive conditions and surgeries also can interfere with B12 absorption.

State the extra daily calorie requirements during lactation

Breastfeeding mother requires extra 300 to 400 calories above pre-pregnancy needs for first 12 months of breastfeeding.

Difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa turns too food in stressful situations while Anorexia nervosa pushes away from food. - Anorexia- are underweight, lose menstrual periods. Bulimia-usually normal weight, have out of control binges.

Which of these is a water-soluble vitamin? a. vitamin C b. vitamin D c. vitamin A d. vitamin E

C. As seen in Table 7-1 (page 227), vitamins A, D, E, and K are the fat-soluble vitamins. In contrast to water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lymph, are transported in the blood by carrier proteins, are stored in the liver or fatty tissues, are not readily excreted from the body, and are needed in periodic doses.

Caffeine, alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc. - effects during pregnancy

Caffeine • Caffeine is a stimulant that crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus • One or two cups of coffee per day is very likely to cause no harm • Higher amounts of caffeine may slightly increase the risk of • Miscarriage • Preterm births • Low birth weight Alcohol • Alcohol is known teratogen that crosses the placenta and is associated with various birth defects • Fetal alcohol syndrome: variety of characteristics associated with parental exposure to high quantities of alcohol • Malformations of face, limbs, and heart • Many developmental disabilities Smoking • Tobacco is toxic to the fetus • Fetal growth and development may be impaired • Maternal smoking greatly increases the risk of • Miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm delivery, and low birth weight • Increased rates of sudden infant death syndrome Illegal Drugs • Use by pregnant women increases risk of • Low birth weight, premature delivery, and miscarriage • Withdrawal like symptoms in the baby at birth, leading to excessive crying and tremors • May be at greater risk for attention deficit disorders, behavioral problems, decreased cognitive abilities, sleeplessness developmental delays, and impaired learning

Drinks to avoid during lactation

Caffeine, citrus beverages, peppermint tea - limit soy, dairy

Minerals needed for pregnancy

Calcium (1,000 - 1,300 mg) - Creates strong bones & teeth, helps prevent blood clots & muscle & nerve function - Yogurt, milk, cheddar cheese, calcium-fortified food: soy, juice, breads, cereals, dark green leafy veg, canned fish w/ bones Iron (27 mg) - Helps in production of hemoglobin; prevents anemia, low birth weight, premature delivery - Beef, pork, dried beans, spinach, dried fruit, wheat germ, oatmeal/grains fortified with iron Protein (71 mg) - Helps production amino acids; repairs cells - Most animal foods, meat, poultry, eggs, dairy, veggie burgers, beans, legumes, nuts Zinc (11-12 mg) - Helps produce insulin & enzymes - Red meats, poultry, beans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals, oysters, dairy products

Free Radical Damage

Can destabilize other molecules and damage cells Cell membrane damage: -free radicals form within the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes and *steal electrons* -damaged lipid molecules cause cell membrane to lost its integrity -causes damage to the cell and all systems affected by the cell

*Progression*: 3rd primary step of cancer

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and spread to other sites in the body

What is carbohydrate-loading

Carb loading is recommended for events lasting longer than 90 minutes. It is a technique used to maximize glycogen stores for long endurance competitions (marathons). This is defined as a regimen of moderate exercise followed by the consumption of a high carb diet that enables muscles to store glycogen beyond their normal capacites. Athletes eat a high carb diet during the 3 days just prior to the event. They must eat high carb foods are a short (3 mins) but very intense bout of exercise. Benefits athlete who must keep going from 90 mins or longer

Foods best before athletic event

Carbohydrates - Complex Cho's contain glucose, your body's key energy source for muscles during exercise & sports. Complex Cho's like whole-grain breads, wheat pasta & brown rice give your body the endurance to complete your athletic event. High-fiber Cho's, like beans & broc, cause gas & indigestion (contain fructans) should be avoided before sports.-bananas fav for athletes Protein - not body's main supplier of energy, does help you feel full & keep muscles ready to perform at peak. Pre-competition snacks w/ protein are low-fat cheese, milk, yogurt & peanut butter. A smoothie w/ low-fat yogurt, banana & other fruit excellent mix of simple Chos and protein.

Difference between carnitine and taurine

Carnitine, often referred to as L-Carnitine, is an amino acid. Invaluable in metabolizing fat within the body, & preventing buildup of fat deposits in the heart. -essential element in breaking down fat within the body, carnitine plays important role in helping transport fatty acids through system, where acids converted into energy Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a compound that is produced naturally in the human body. Found in high levels in the skeletal and heart muscles, & white blood cells & central nervous system. It's essential component in bile & aids in digestion of fats and the absorption of vitamins that are fat-soluble. 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid is also found in seaweed, fungi and bacteria -compound in bile that allow fats & oils to be absorbed - essential development central nervous system & retina

Anabolic, catabolic metabolism

Catabolism • Breakdown or degradation of larger more complex molecules to smaller basic molecules. During digestion, chemical reaction break down proteins lipids and carbs, old tissues or cells are broken down for repair or replacement, and releases energy. Anabolism • Process of making new molecules from smaller ones. Critical for growth repair, maintenance and synthesis of body tissue and requires energy.

Casuses signs, symptoms iron deficiency anaemia

Cause: Bone marrow needs iron to make red blood cells & important in structure of hemoglobin molecule. If iron intake limited/ inadequate due to poor dietary intake iron deficiency anemia may occur - can also occur when there are stomach ulcers or other sources of slow, chronic bleeding (colon cancer, uterine cancer, intestinal polyps, hemorrhoids, etc) causing iron to be lost from body with blood loss Symptoms: fatigue; lack energy; weakness; shortness of breath; lightheadedness; heart palpitations, looking pale. Symptoms severe anemia, chest pain, angina, heart attack; dizziness; fainting/ passing out; and rapid heart rate Signs: Change stool color, (black & tarry -sticky, foul smelling), maroon/ bloody stools if anemia from blood loss via gastrointestinal tract; rapid heart rate; low blood pressure; rapid breathing; pale or cold skin; yellow skin (jaundice) if anemia from red blood cell breakdown; heart murmur; enlargement spleen

Free Radical Damage notes

Cell membrane is unable to regulate the movements of fluids and nutrients in/out of the cell. Losing cell integrity = damage to the cell and to all systems affected by this cell. Free radicals damage cell membranes, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), cell proteins, and DNA.

*Promotion*: 2nd primary step of cancer

Cell w mutation divides repeatedly

735

Central body obesity waist circumference for women

List internal factors that influence satiety and hunger

Central nervous system - hypothalamus w/ hunger & satiety center Pregastric factors - smell, taste, look, odour etc. Gastrointestinal and postabsorptive factors - full stomach/intestine providing satiety Psychological state - mood, personality, self image/culturally defined image genetics, vulnerable periods (pregnancy, menstrual period)

Food Sources for Pyridoxine (Vitamin B12)

Cereals, meat, liver

functions sodium

Chief cation of extracellular fluid (electrolytes like +K and -Cl) Regulates normal osmotic pressure and water balance Important for moving substances into and out of cells

Dietary sources of chloride

Chloride is found in table salt or sea salt as sodium chloride. Its also found in many vegetables. Foods with higher amounts of chloride include seaweed, rye, tomatoes, lettuce, celery, and olives. Chloride, together with potassium, is also found in most foods and is usually the main ingredient of salt substitutes. Most Americans probably consume more chloride than needed, in the form of table salt and salt in prepared foods.

Use of carbohydrates, vitamins minerals by athletes

Cho stored as glycogen is easily accessible source of energy for exercise. How long this energy supply lasts depends on length & intensity of exercise ranging from 30-90 mins +. To avoid running out of energy during exercise, start with full glycogen stores, replenish them during exercise and refill them after exercise to be ready for the next workout. - B-vitamins include thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, B-12 and folate. These micronutrients are necessary during the body's process for converting proteins and sugars into energy, and are used during the production and repair of cells, including red blood cells, Vit C & E for antioxidant requirements, Vit D for bone density, Vit C respiratory health Major Minerals: Calcium Bone and tooth formation, muscle and nerve function, blood clotting Milk, yogurt, cheese, tofu, leafy greens, salmon and sardines (with bones), fortified cereals Phosphorus Bone formation, maintenance of acid-base balance, synthesis of genetic material, energy transfer Milk, yogurt, cheese, nuts and seeds, oatmeal, fish Magnesium Cofactor for many enzymes Nuts, seeds, leafy greens, legumes, tomatoes Sodium Maintains fluid volume outside of cells, and thus normal cell function Snacks with added salt, such as chips, crackers, pretzels, and nuts; cured meats; processed cheese; packaged foods; salt Potassium Maintains fluid volume inside/outside of cells, and thus normal cell function. Helps control blood pressure Oranges, bananas, tomatoes, salmon, flounder, potatoes, beans, salt substitute, raisins, dates Chloride With sodium, maintains fluid volume outside of cells, and thus normal cell function. Similar to foods with high sodium levels, because salt is sodium chloride Trace Minerals: Iron Component of hemoglobin in red blood cells and many enzymes Red meat, clams, oysters, eggs, salmon, tofu, raisins, whole grains Zinc Component of multiple enzymes and proteins. Involved in the regulation of gene expression Red meat, oysters, dark-meat poultry, fish, wheat germ, fortified cereals Copper Component of enzymes in iron metabolism Red meat, fish, soy products, mushrooms, sweet potatoes Selenium Antioxidant, regulation of thyroid hormone Fish, meat, poultry, cereals, grains, mushrooms, asparagus Iodine Component of thyroid hormones Eggs, milk, strawberries, mozzarella cheese, cantaloupe, iodized salt Fluoride Inhibits formation of cavities in teeth and stimulates new bone formation Fluoridated water, fish, tea Chromium Helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels Broccoli, potatoes, grape juice, orange juice, turkey, ham, waffles, beef Manganese Bone formation and enzymes involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and cholesterol metabolism Liver, kidneys, wheat germ, beans, nuts, black tea Molybdenum Enzyme cofactor for reactions involving amino acids and genetic material Peas, leafy greens, cauliflower

Which hormone increases in the blood immediately following consumption of a meal? Cholecystokinin Ghrelin Epinephrine Glucagon

Cholecystokinin

Food Sources for Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Citrus fruit, fresh fruit and vegetables

Vitamin C's richest sources:

Citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, mangoes, and dark green veggies like peppers, broccoli, lettuce, and tomatoes.

Vitamin C Deficiency

Clinical deficiency rare in developed countries Subclinical deficiency may be more common Scurvy - clinical deficiency Symptoms include bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness, wounds that fail to heal, depression Anemia can result High risk for deficiency among people who Eat few fruits and vegetables Abuse alcohol and drugs

Mineral common to Vitamin B12 structure

Cobalt - only known role in body is to be part of Vitamin B12

Kevin wants to treat himself to a hot fudge sundae whenever he has a stressful day. He decides that a more appropriate response to a stressful day would be a brisk walk. Which of the following behavior modification techniques has he used? Cognitive restructuring Self-monitoring Contingency management Stimulus control

Cognitive restructuring

What structural protein requires Vitamin C for its formation?

Collagen which is used for bones and teeth, scar tissue, and artery walls.

Antioxidants

Compounds that *protect* cells from the damage caused by oxidation - hint, anti-oxidants

Antioxidants

Compounds that protect cells from the damage caused by oxidation Help stabilize free radicals Prevent damage to cells and tissues

Female athlete triad

Condtion characterized by low energy intake,abnormal menstrual cycle and bone mineral irrregularities

Vitamin A

Consists 2 basic dietary forms: Preformed Vit A, retinol and provitamin A, carotene - Major functions: (3) Vision, growth and differentiation of epithelial tissue, bone tissue and other tissue, immunity - Essntial in maintaining healthy eyes, skin, teeth, & bone growth - prevents infections by maintaining healthy mucous membranes (gums, skin, mouth, intestional tract, lungs etc)- direct function via cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses

What is the relationship between B12 and Folate?

Converts B12 to its active form and B12 activates folate.

Additional Antioxidants

Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of superoxide dismutase enzyme Iron is catalase structure Copper, iron, and zinc for blood health Manganese: important cofactor in carb metabolism

Health problems of obesity

Coronary heart disease Type 2 diabetes Cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon) Hypertension (high blood pressure) Dyslipidemia (e.g high total cholesterol / high levels of triglycerides) Stroke Liver and Gallbladder disease Sleep apnea and respiratory problems Osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage & underlying bone within a joint) Gynecological problems (abnormal menses, infertility) *Overweight is defined as BMI 25+, Obesity defined as BMI 30+

functions chloride

Coupled with sodium in the extracellular fluid to maintain fluid balance, assists the immune system, and part of HCl in stomach aiding in digestion. , volume maintenance, acid-base balance, gastric acid

Which of the following techniques for measuring body composition makes use of small exposures to radiation? MRI DEXA TOBEC BIA

DEXA

How does physical inactivity play a role in obesity / overweight ?

Daily activity requires minimal exertion due to technology . Technology for leisure activities like no gym class in schools or video games cpu for fun

Deficiency/Toxicity of Copper

Deficiency - Rare - typically from high zinc and iron intake in supplements - Symptoms: anemia, reduced white blood cells, osteoporosis in children Toxicity - Not well studied in humans - Symptoms: intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, liver damage

Deficiency/Toxicity of Zinc

Deficiency - deficiencies are uncommon in US - Symptoms: growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, *infections with POOR wound healing* Toxicity - Can occur from supplements - Symptoms: intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting - *Depressed immune function* - Interference with copper & iron absorption

Vitamin E Deficiency

Deficiency is rare *Erythrocyte hemolysis* (rupturing of red blood cells) leads to anemia Symptoms: loss of muscle coordination and reflexes; impaired vision, speech Impaired immunity (w low selenium) Associated w fat *malabsorption*

Deficiency and toxicity of chloride

Deficiency or blood levels of chloride too low = hypochloremia. Rare, as chloride part of table salt present in most foods. People prone to consuming more chloride than needed w/ salt-laden diets. 1.loss of appetite 2. muscle weakness 3.lethargy 4.dehydration 5.deficiency leads to alkalosis, condition where body fluids have excess base (alkali), that can result in dangerously high blood pH and excessive loss of potassium in urine (which in turn causes hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis w/ symptoms like loss of control of muscle function which might lead breathing & swallowing difficulties) Hyperchloremia normally not concern as excess chloride is excreted by the body. Very high intakes 15g a day + usually in form of salt, may lead acid-base (pH) imbalance, fluid retention and high blood pressure. (Although problems can be attributed to excessive sodium rather than chloride.) Hyperchloremia possibly due to: excessively high intake sodium chloride (table salt) or potassium chloride reducing urinary excretion - can cause cancer, gastritis & kidney disease, dehydration, intake of certain drugs

Pu/Pd

Deficiency or toxicity of Na

Polioencephalomalacia

Deficiency: B1 (thiamine) Toxicity: Sulfate

cardiac hypertrophy in dogs

Deficiency: B1(thiamine)

ruminal atony

Deficiency: Ca

Muscle Weakness

Deficiency: Ca, K, Vit E, Mg (leads to hypocalcemia) Toxicity: Cyanobacterium

tetany

Deficiency: Ca, Mg (grass tetany)

osteomalacia

Deficiency: Ca, P, Vit D

ricketts

Deficiency: Ca, P, Vit D

anemia

Deficiency: Co, B12 (cobalamine), Vit K (secondary to poisoning)

Epiphysitis

Deficiency: Cu

spectacled appearance, change in hair coat

Deficiency: Cu

swayback

Deficiency: Cu

diarrhea

Deficiency: Cu, Vit B3 (4D's) Toxicity: Cyanobacteria, Na

arrhythmia

Deficiency: K, Vit E

hypocalcemia

Deficiency: Mg Toxicity: P

convulsions

Deficiency: Mg (leads to hypocalcemia), Ca, K, Vit E, Vit A Toxicity: Cyanobacterium, Na

sudden death

Deficiency: Mg, Vit E Toxicity: Cyanobacterium

Pica

Deficiency: Na, K, P, CL

Post-parturient hemoglobinurea

Deficiency: P

hoof/horn deformities

Deficiency: Selenium, B7(biotin)

myopathy

Deficiency: Selenium, Vit E

myoglobinuric nephrosis

Deficiency: Selenium, Vit E?

squamous metaplasia of parotid duct

Deficiency: Vit A

Increased CSF pressure

Deficiency: Vit A Toxicity: Na

stillbirth, abortion

Deficiency: Vit A Toxicity: Vit A (teratogenic Fx cause abortion)?

ataxia

Deficiency: Vit A, Vit B1 (thiamine), Cu (swayback in lambs) Toxicity: sulfate (blindness or polioenceph...)

4D's, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Deficiency: Vit B3 (niacin)

Pellagra/ Black Tongue

Deficiency: Vit B3 (niacin)

Increases Creatinine Kinase (CK)

Deficiency: Vit E

steatitis

Deficiency: Vit E

hepatosis dietetica

Deficiency: Vit E, selenium

bad weather, stress induces

Deficiency: acute Mg

aspiration pneumonia

Deficiency: selenium, Vit E

myoglobinurea

Deficiency: selenium, Vit E

Health risk associated with overweight and obesity

Diabetes, hypertension , cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea , osteoarthritis, certain cancers, gallbladder disease, kidney stone, respiratory problems , pregnancy and surgery complications

Methods to prevent child failing to thrive

Diagnosis is key by health care professional They may watch you breastfeed or bottlefeed, Perhaps baby is simply not taking in enough milk. The treatment may be breastfeeding baby more often to increase milk supply, or improving the way your baby latches onto your breast via lactation specialist Occasionally, failure to thrive can be caused by intestinal problems, or by an allergy to milk. Social factors - such as socio-economic position, restriction by parents of child calorie intake Conditions w/ gastrointestinal system. Including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic diarrhea, cystic fibrosis, chronic liver disease, and celiac disease. Infections Metabolic disorders - limiting body's capacity to make the most of calories consumed.

What is the general function of B-Vitamins? And why do deficiencies in B-Vitamins lead to fatigue?

Doesn't provide fuel co enzymes that assist enzymes in the release of energy.

Which vitamin may be deficient in people who rely solely on fat replacers and fat-free foods to the exclusion of real fat? a. C b. D c. B12 d. E

E. People who rely solely on fat replacers and fat-free foods to the exclusion of real fat may be deficient in vitamin E because it dissolves in lipids and is found in many plant oils. See pages 239-240

Weight Loss Equation

Eat fewer calories + increase activity = weight loss

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging - Families in which a member has bulimia show a less stable family organization

causes of underweight conditions

Eating disorders : eating disorder characterized by abnormal eating habits may involve insufficient excessive food intake to detriment of individual's physical and emotional health. Causes complex & not yet fully understood. Malnutrition: Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough right things, or unable to use food that one does eat Anorexia nervosaAn eating disorder characterized by extremely low body weight, distorted body image and an obsessive fear of gaining weight. Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity thyroid gland, resulting in rapid heartbeat & increased rate of metabolism

Which individuals may BMI not be accurate for individuals with

Edema, High muscularity, muscle wasting , very short people

Food Sources for Phylloquinone (Vitamin K)

Egg yolk, liver cheese, green leafy vegetables, synthesised by gut bacteria

Food Sources for Biotin

Egg yolk, synthesised by intestinal micro-organisms

Neural tube defects

Embryo undergoes rapid cell division

When is protein used

Endurance

Main nutritional needs of adolescents

Energy - synthesis new tissue, needs greater in boys than girls, linked larger overall size Protein - synthesis new tissue, Intake generally high - restricted diet intake may be inadequate Fats - Unsaturated fatty acids needed for membranes, Diets containing large amounts fast food may not contain enough unsat fats, Cholesterol synthesis increases for synthesis sex hormones B Vitamins - Cofactors for metabolic & synthetic reactions, Needs increase in line /w energy (for thiamin & niacin) & protein (pyridoxine-Vit B6) Iron, copper, folate & Vit B12 - Required expansion of blood cell mass to support extra tissue. In girls onset of menstruation increases iron requirements - poor iron status may result impairment cognitive function Calcium & Vit D-Additional nutrients also required for skeleton include Vit A,C,K & phosphorus, magnesium potassium & Zinc for absorption

Macronutrient composition of human milk compared with whey-dominated formula

Energy kcal: Human milk: 2.95 (700), Formula 2.8(670) Protein g: Human milk: 11-13. Formula 15 Fat (g): Human milk: 42-45, Formula 36 Carbohydrate g: Human milk: 70, Formula: 72

Function Vitamin K

Essential for forming prothrombin which permits proper clotting of blood - can be given newborn babies immediately after birth as supply naturally inadequate for few days following birth - can be given patients suffering faulty fat absorption, after extensive antibiotic therapy, as antidote for overdose of anticoagulant (blood thinning agent) or treat case of haemorrhage - role bone formation

Vitamin A

Essential vitamin for vision

How are energy requirements measured

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of defined age, gender, weight, height, & level of physical activity consistent with good health. In children and pregnant / lactating women, EER includes needs associated with growth or secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health. .

Chemical name of alcohol

Ethanol

Central body Obesity

Excessive abdominal fat around the stomach

Where is Vitamin B6 stored?

Exclusively in the muscle tissue.

How do you prevent obesisty

Exercise regularly. Eat healthy meals and snacks. Focus on low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat and limit sweets and alcohol. Monitor your weight regularly. People who weigh themselves at least once a week are more successful in keeping off excess pounds. Be consistent. Sticking to your healthy-weight plan during the week, on the weekends, and amidst vacation and holidays as much as possible increases your chances of long-term success.

Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa

Exhibit increased rates of: - Impulsive - Low self esteem - Extroverted - Erratic personality style that seeks attention and admiration

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

Exhibit increased rates of: - Obsessive compulsive behaviors - Perfectionism - Socially inhibited - Complaint - Emotionally restrained

Cellulose

FILL IN

Chronic Nutritional diseases discussed

FILL IN

Performance enhancing diets in atheletes

FILL IN

Neural tube defects are believed to be related to a woman's niacin intake before and during pregnancy. a. True b. False

False. By consuming enough folate during pregnancy, a woman can reduce her child's risk of having the devastating birth defects known as neural tube defects. See page 254

Most of the symptoms of rickets can be attributed to the breakdown of collagen in the absence of vitamin C. a. True b. False

False. Most of the symptoms of rickets can be attributed to the failure of bones to properly mineralize in the absence of vitamin D. See page 236

Need of fat for exercise

Fat provides highest concentration of energy of all nutrients. 1 g of fat = 9 cals. This calorie density w/ unlimited storage capacity for fat, makes fat largest reserve of energy. 1 pound of stored fat provides approx 3,600 cals of energy. While these calories are less accessible to athletes performing quick, intense efforts like sprinting or weight lifting, fat is essential for longer, slower lower intensity & endurance exercise like easy cycling & walking. Fat provides main fuel source for long duration, low to mod intensity exercise (endurance sports like marathons). Even during high intensity exercise, where Chos is main fuel source, fat is needed to help access stored Cho (glycogen). Using fat for fuel for exercise is dependent upon: Fat is slow to digest and be converted into a usable form of energy (up to 6 hours). The body needs to breakdown fat and transport to muscles before it can be used as energy. Converting stored body fat into energy takes lots of oxygen, so exercise intensity must decrease for this process to occur. So athletes need to carefully time when they eat fat, how much they eat & type of fat eaten. Don't eat fat immediately before / during intense exercise.

Vitamin A

Fat soluble Active forms: -*retinol*, retinal, retinoid acid Expressed as RAE Received as retinol or retinal esters Store MAINLY IN THE *LIVER* (90%)!!!

Vitamin A Functions

Fat soluble Excess is stored in the liver, adipose tissues, kidneys, and lungs Active forms: Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid Antioxidant, scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation Essential for proper vision Retinal + opsin rhodopsin (rod cells, dim light) Cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells Involved in gene expression Sperm production and fertilization Bone growth

Function of Vitamin E

Fat soluble vitamin: 1.Protects lipids in cell membranes from oxidation 2.Protects vitamin A, C and unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation 3.Prevents hemolysis of red blood cells 4.Improves immune response 5.Inhibits conversion of nitrites (cured foods) to cancer- causing nitrosamines (nitrites + free radicals = nitrosamines) 6. Used as antioxidant in commerical food products to retard spoilage 7. Enhances stamina and muscle strength 8. Role in fertility and immunity

Vitamin E

Fat soluble, absorbed w dietary fats -incorporated into the chylomicron to be transported to the liver -part of lipoprotein VLDL and LDL 90% Stored in adipose tissue, cell membranes

Vitamin E

Fat soluble, absorbed with dietary fats Incorporated into the chylomicron to be transported to the liver Incorporated into VLDL, further transported in LDL Stored in adipose tissue (90%) and cell membranes

Digestion and absorption of; starch, protein and fats

Fats • Fats are not digested and absorbed easily because they are insoluble in water. • Fat digestion begins in the small intestine. Digestion of fat in stomach: • Gastric lipase works only in an acidic environment and it acts on triglycerides containing short and medium chain fatty acids. Digestion of fats: • Fats enter the small intestine • Bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the small intestine • Bile produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. • Bile disperses fat into smaller fat droplets. • Pancreatic enzymes break fat into two separate fatty acids and a monoglyceride. Digestion of fat in the small intestine: • Primary site for fat digestion • Bile acids emulsify digested fat, • CCK stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic lipase, pancreas releases lipase, • Fat is broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids. Protein • Protein digestion - locations, enzymes, transport • Protein digestion begins in the stomach, hydrochloric acid breaks down protein structure and activates pepsin • Pepsin: an enzymes that breaks down proteins in to short polypeptides and amino acids. • Proteins uncoil and lose their shape caused by heat acid base metal and alcohol, protein function is lost • Protein is denatured during digestion • Denatured enzyme cannot do its job, and may occur during high fever or when blood pH out of normal range. • Digestion continues in the small intestine • Pancreatic enzymes called proteases, complete the digestion of proteins into single amino acids dipeptides and tripeptides. • Amino acids are transported via the portal vein to the liver to be converted to glucose or fat, build new protein, be used for energy, and be released into the blood to the other cells.

Difference in composition between human milk and formula

Fats Breast milk - Rich in brain-building omega 3s, namely DHA and AA -Automatically adjusts to infant's needs; levels decline as baby gets older -Rich in cholesterol -Nearly completely absorbed -Contains fat-digesting enzyme, lipase Formula- -No DHA -Doesn't adjust to infant's needs -No cholesterol -Not completely absorbed -No lipase Comment -Fat most important nutrient in breast milk; absence of cholesterol & DHA, vital nutrients for growing brains & bodies may predispose child to adult heart & CNS diseases. Leftover, unabsorbed fat accounts for unpleasant smelling stools in formula-fed babies. Protein Breast Milk -Soft, easily-digestible whey -More completely absorbed; higher breast milk of mothers who deliver preterm -Lactoferrin for intestinal health -Lysozyme, an antimicrobial -Rich in brain-&-body- building protein -Rich in growth factors -Contains sleep-inducing proteins Formula -Harder-to-digest casein curds -Not completely absorbed, more waste, harder on kidneys -No lactoferrin, or only a trace -No lysozyme -Deficient/ low some brain-& body-building proteins -Deficient in growth factors -Does not contain as many sleep-inducing proteins. Infants aren't allergic human milk protein. Carbohdrates Breast Milk -Rich in lactose -Rich oligosaccharides, promote intestinal health -No lactose in some formulas Formula -Deficient in oligosaccharides - Lactose considered important Cho for brain development. Level lactose in milk of species correlates with size of brain of species. Immune Boosters Breast Milk -Rich living white blood cells, millions per feeding -Rich in immunoglobulins Formula -No live white blood cells-or any other cells. Dead food has less immunological benefit. -Few immunoglobulins &most wrong kind Comment - When mother exposed to germ, she makes antibodies to germ & gives these antibodies to infant via her milk. Vitamins and Minerals Breast Milk -Better absorbed, especially iron, zinc, and calcium -Iron is 50 to 75 % absorbed. -Contains more selenium (an antioxidant) Formula -Not absorbed as well -Iron is 5 to 10 % absorbed -Contains less selenium (an antioxidant) Comment - Vits & minerals in breast milk enjoy a higher bioavailability i.e greater % absorbed. To compensate, more added to formula, which makes it harder to digest. Enzymes and Hormones Breast Milk -Rich digestive enzymes like lipase and amylase -Rich in many hormones: thyroid, prolactin, oxytocin, and more than fifteen others -Varies with mother's diet -Processing kills digestive enzymes Formula -Processing kills hormones, which are not human to begin with -Always tastes the same Comment - Digestive enzymes promote intestinal health. Hormones contribute overall biochemical balance and well- being of baby. By taking on the flavor of mother's diet, breast milk shapes tastes of child to family foods.

Proper weight gain during each trimester

First trimester • 3 - 5 lbs. Second and Third trimesters • Average 1 lb. per week • Typically 25 - 35 lbs. if normal BMI at conception

Food Sources for Calciferol (Vitamin D)

Fish oils, synthesised by sunlight on skin

Food Sources for Fluorine (Micro-element)

Fish, tea, fluoridated water

What minerals and vitamins are compromised in alcoholism

Folate is water-soluble B vit that occurs naturally in foods like fruits, grains and vegetables. helps produce & maintain new cells. Excess alcohol decreases absorption of folate in intestines by altering cells in lining. This further impairs absorption of water and other nutrients. Alcoholics typically don't have enough folate in their diets. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) aids CNS. Your body uses process fats, carbs & proteins. An alcoholic's body is unable to properly absorb Thiamine leading to deficiency. Deficiency can lead to Beriberi - causes lesions of nerves, general debility & painful rigidity. Probably worse result of thiamine deficiency is brain disorder known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or Korsakoff psychosis, tends to develop as Wernicke's symptoms go away - causes brain damage in lower parts of brain (thalamus & hypothalamus). Korsakoff psychosis results from damage to areas of the brain involved with memory." Vit B2 (riboflavin) is necessary for production of red blood cells & for maintenance of your hair, nails & skin. It's also important for cell growth. Alcohol inhibits absorption of B2 into your system. Deficiency in B2 can play a role in the onset of anemia, carpal tunnel syndrome, migraines and cataracts. Vit B6 is required for proper functioning of nervous & immune systems. It's found in fruits, vegetables, grains, fish, and poultry. Alcohol promotes the loss of B6. Vit B12 is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function & DNA synthesis according to National Institutes of Health. Moderate & heavy alcohol consumption affects levels of B12. Deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, weakness, constipation, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Vit A is found in fruits, veg & some animals. It regulates the immune system, helps bone growth, reproduction, cell division & vision. Excess alcohol can deplete stores of vit A in body. Also, alcoholics rarely get required amounts of Vitamin A in their diets, causing a further depletion. Vit D occurs in very few foods. It's produced endogenously when UV rays from sunlight strike the skin & trigger vit D synthesis." It helps to strengthen the bones. Alcoholics become deficient in Vit D as alcohol inhibits fat absorption & vit is often absorbed through fats in the diet. Vit E is an antioxidant that helps maintain cells. Some scientists think Vitamin E may help prevent development of cardiovascular disease & cancer. It may also protect against dangerous free radicals in cigarette smoke, air pollution, and the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Fat metabolism - in liver becomes abnormal - large amounts of NADH & NADPH produced by metabolism stimulate fat synthesis, which leads to high levels of circulating VLDL - in heavy drinkers liver increases in size due to accumulation of excess fat - eventually leading to chronic inflammation - control of blood glucose levels less effective - alcohol induces breakdown active forms of Vit D - Zinc is cofactor for alcohol deoxydrogenase - levels reduced, which comprises alcohol metabolism - decrease wound healing - dull sense of taste & reduce immune function - Iron status varies - spirits provide no iron but some wines & beers do - blood loss from intestinal mucosal irritation - may lead iron depletion

Therapeutic use of folate

Folate supplementation is recommended prior to pregnancy & during pregnancy to reduce risk of neural tube defects - indicated for megaloblastic or macrocytic anaemia - can be used in fatigue, tiredness, atherosclerosis, memory loss, stress, acne, alcoholism & cancer

What vitamin reduces risks of neural tube defects?

Folate.

Why is folate important for pregnancy

Folic acid (vit B9 or folate, (naturally occurring name) important in pregnancy: Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) - serious birth defects of spinal cord (i.e spina bifida) & brain (anencephaly). Neural tube defects occur at very early stage development, before women know they're pregnant. They affect about 3,000 pregnancies a year in US. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) reports women taking RNI folic acid starting 1 month before conceiving & during 1st trimester reduce baby's risk neural tube defects 50-70 %. Some research suggests folic acid may help lower baby's risk other defects like cleft lip/palate, and certain types of heart defects. Body needs folate to make normal red blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate essential for production, repair & functioning of DNA, our genetic map & basic building block of cells. Folic acid important for rapid cell growth of placenta & developing baby. Some research says taking multivitamin + folic acid may reduce risk preeclampsia /toxaemia (high blood pressure, swelling/oedema, weight gain fluid retention, protein in urine = baby doesn't get enough 02 or nutrients), disorder affecting health & your baby's.

Common names of folate

Folic acid, folacin

Define how we receive energy from food

Food energy comes from calories. 1st law thermodynamics = energy cannot be created, but must be transferred /converted from one form to another. Cell breakdown nutrients like glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (Cho, fats & proteins) from food by cellular respiration, beginning in cytoplasm - ending in mitochondria. Process changes energy in bonds of food molecules to energy in ATP molecules.

Sources of Cholestoral

Food sources: - Egg Yolk, Meat, fish, and shell fish, oiultry, dairy products

What is the value of vitamin supplementation in children

Foods best source of nutrients. Regular meals & snacks can provide nutrients preschoolers need. Many children are picky eaters, that doesn't mean that they have nutritional deficiencies. Common foods i.e breakfast cereal, milk & OJ fortified with important nutrient like B vits, vit D, calcium & iron. Multivitamins aren't without some risk. Mega doses of vits & minerals can be toxic. Some vits & minerals can interact w/ medications your child may take. Talk w/ a doctor if concerned about child's level of vits & minerals. A multivitamin might be helpful for your child if he or she: Has failure to thrive Has certain chronic diseases or food allergies Has a restrictive diet, such as a strict vegan diet

What causes of sever diarrhea in infants

Formula allergies,allergy to newly introduced solid foods

Dietary sources of pantothenic acid

Found extensively in food - especially animal foods Best sources : meats, poultry, fish & eggs Brewers yeast, sunflower seeds, peanuts & mushrooms are also good sources of B5

Dietary sources of Niacin

Found in food as niacin or tryptophan, which is converted to niacin by the body - 25% preformed niacin North American diets from poultry & mixed dishes w/ meat, fish & poultry - 11% from bread & bread products - US - milled grain products fortified w/ niacin Overall no. milligrams niacin supplied diet estimated by dividing protein intake (grams) by 6. eg. consume 90g protein - body synthesise 15mg niacin - Coffee & tea contribute a little niacin to diet - heat stable, little lost in cooking - Niacin may be small supply but foods will contain tryptophan i.e. eggs & milk

Forms of Vitamin K

Found naturally 2 forms: Vit K1 (phylloquinone) in plants & K2 (menaquionones) in bacteria, animals & humans - resistant heat & air exposure but destroyed by light, alkalis & strong acids , - Phylloquinone (natural source in plant foods, largest food source) -Menaquinone (synthesized by GI tract bracteria ..1/2 vitamin k in body) -Meadione (synthetic)

Dietary sources of Thiamine

Found wide variety foods - in small amounts - major sources: white bread & rolls, crackers, pork, hot dogs, luncheon meats, ready-to-eat cereals, & OJ - White bread, bakery products & cereals usually enriched w/ thiamin - Rich in Thiamin: pork products, sunflower seeds, legumes, wheat germ, & watermelon, whole grains & enriched grains, green beans, asparagus, organ meats (like liver) peanuts, & other seeds & mushrooms good sources - Reliable way to obtain thiamine is food guide pyramid

The FIT Principle

Frequency - varies with fitness goals (# of activity sessions per week) Intensity - based on maximal heart rate (how difficult the activity is to perform) Time of Activity - whether the total activity time is an accumulation of activities or completed all at once (how long each activity session lasts)

Which of the following foods are the best sources of vitamin C and folate? a. meats and vegetables b. dairy and meats c. oil and vegetables d. fruits and vegetables

Fruits and vegetables are the foods to remember for vitamin C and folate. In fact, folate's name is derived from the word foliage because it is abundant in leafy green vegetables. See pages 247, 255

Food Sources for Potassium (Macro-element)

Fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, meat

Dietary sources of sulfur and function

Function: Part many proteins: (Keratin of skin and hair, Insulin, Amino acids: (Methionine, Cysteine) Carbohydrate: (Heparin, Chondroitin sulfate) Vitamins: (Thiamin, Biotin) Dietary sources: protein rich foods, unprocessed animal foods & seafood & lots in raw egg yolks.

Chromium: Function, Food Source, Deficiency / Facts

Function: assists insulin as it transports glucose from the blood into the cells

Thiamin: Function, Food Source, Deficiency

Function: co-enzyme (carbohydrate) Deficiency: Beriberi: results in muscle wasting and nerve damage

Niacin: Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Toxicity, Facts

Function: co-enzyme (carbs & fatty acids) Deficiency: pellagra (4D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, depression and death)

Pantothenic Acid: Function Food Source Facts

Function: coenzyme

Riboflavin (vitamin B2): Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Facts

Function: coenzyme Deficiency: ariboflavinosis (sore throat & swollen mucous membranes)

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Toxicity, Facts

Function: coenzyme (over 100 enzyme reactions; helps to make red blood cells) Deficiency: anemia (small-cell type)

Manganese: Function, Food Source, Toxicity

Function: coenzyme; part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase

Biotin: Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Facts

Function: coenzymes; gluconeogenesis

Sulfur: Function, Food Source

Function: major mineral; required for detoxification of alcohol & drugs by the liver

Function, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms & toxicity symptoms of Zinc

Function: needed for enzymes metabolizing cho, fat, protein needed to create Hb to fight oxidation activate vit A in eye make DNA cell division & growth sexual maturity of men immune system function Dietary sources: protein-containing foods ie. meats, fish, poultry, grains, nuts, dairy & veg Deficiency symptoms: Skin rash, diarrhea, decreased appetite & sense of taste -hair loss, poor growth & development -Poor wound healing, poor immunity Toxicity symptoms: Occurs 50 mg, loss appetite, low immunity, low HDL, copper & iron deficiencies, nausea/ vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, poor coordination, Atherosclerosis, degenerates heart muscle.

Function, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms & toxicity symptoms of iodide

Function: part thyroid hormones (regulation body temp, metabolic rate - energy burnt at rest, blood cell production, & nerve and muscle function) Dietary sources: Iodized salt (see supermarket), white bread, saltwater fish, dairy products. Deficiency symptoms: goiter (enlarged thyroid gland/neck), mental retardation, poor growth infancy when mother deficient during pregnancy Toxicity symptoms: Hyper/hypothyroid, goiter (even during pregnancy, infant can develop goiter)

Iodine: Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Toxicity

Function: trace mineral; synthesis of thyroid hormones Deficiency: goiter; hypothyroidism; cretinism: mental retardation (from mom)

Iron

Function: transport deficiency results in iron-deficiency anemia

Choline: Function, Food Source, Deficiency, Toxicity / Facts

Function: vitamin-like; critical in integrity of cell membrane structure

Beta-Carotene

Functions antioxidant

How does Vitamin C function in the body?

Functions as an antioxidant, defends free radicals, protects tissues from oxidative stress. Serves as a cofactor in collagen formation.

Chloride

Functions of Chloride 1) Fluid and Electrolyte balance

Potassium

Functions of Potassium 1) Fluid and Electrolyte balance What if you don't consume enough potassium? hypokalemia is low blood potassium levels

Sodium

Functions of Sodium 1) fluid and electrolyte balance What if you don't consume enough sodium? hyponatremia is an abnormally low blood sodium level

Vitamin E

Functions of Vitamin E Antioxidant Deficiency: hemolytic anemia

Function, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms & toxicity symptoms of selenium

Functions: Antioxidant: part of glutathione peroxidase enzyme system, decreasing free radicals, sparing vitamin E & production of thyroxine- thyroid hormone. RI: 55mg/day men & women; UL is 400mg/day. Deficiency symptoms: predisposed heart disease characterized by cardiac muscle becoming fibrous (Keshan disease), muscle pain, weakness Toxicity symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, skin, and nervous system damage

Function, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms & toxicity symptoms of copper

Functions: Connective tissue synthesis, Hgb synthesis, Essential for iron metabolism, Protection cells: oxidation, Melanin production, Maintains myelin sheath, Metabolism of catecholamines - neurotransmitter created during exercise (adrenalin) Dietary sources: beans, seeds, nuts, organ meat, water (if copper pipes), seafood, choc, nuts, seeds & whole grain foods Deficiency symptoms: anemia, low white blood cell count, poor growth, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms:10 mg; Vomitting, diarrhea, and liver damage

Selenium

Functions: antioxidant: part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme Deficiency keshan disease: a heart disease makes the body more susceptible to illness caused by other nutritional, biochemical, or infectious diseases kashin-beck disease: an arthritis results in atrophy, deeneration and necrosis of cartilage tissue impaired immunity

iodine deficiency

GOITER, cretinism, weight loss, fatigue

sources of vitamin K

GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, cabbage type

Acetyl CoA

Generated as a result of the metabolism of: 1. Carbs 2. Fatty acids 3. Amino acids 4. Alcohol Long chain fatty acids are sequentially broken down into two-carbon segements that lead to form acetyl CoA. This is known as B oxidation

Causes of overweight and obesity

Genetics, environment , physical inactivity

What are strategies to help teenagers make better food choices

Get them involved--If you involve kids in planning meals, going grocery shopping, and preparing food, they will become invested in the process and more likely to eat healthy options. Even toddlers can help you make choices (pears or nectarines? cheddar or swiss?. Simple, no-cook recipes like frozen yogurt popsicles or fruit parfaits are excellent way to get young chefs interested in healthy cooking and eating. Go to the source--Teach kids where their food comes from. Rather than limiting yourself to the weekly supermarket run, take your family to a local farmer's market (or grow your own). Picking berries from a vine can help nurture a lifelong love of good eating and environmental health. Visiting a dairy farm can teach children where milk comes from, planting in the garden may tempt a child to try the fruits of their labor. Make healthy snacks available-- If you stock the kitchen exclusively with healthy treats, children will eat them. As your children grow, stock good snacks in cabinets and shelves that they can reach without your help. Some kids eat more in the car than at the table because active play isn't a viable alternative. Make sure you're prepared with nutritious snacks i.e. sliced apples, carrot sticks, whole grain crackers, light popcorn, raisins and water bottles. Give them freedom of choice-- Kids want to have it their way. But stand firm- Offer suitable base meal, like rice and beans, whole wheat tortillas or lean ground taco meat. Then let kids (and adults) dress it up with chopped tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage, cheese, salsa, jicama, parsley, peppers and other toppings. You might also try pasta bar with a variety of healthy sauces. This approach works especially well when serving young guests whose food preferences you may have trouble predicting. Kids like choices at snack time pack insulated lunch bag full of good snacks so they can make their own smart choices Drink to that--Remember your child doesn't have to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day he can also drink them. Smoothies and mixed fruit drinks like watermelon slush and mango lassi can be a fun way to introduce new fruits. Be a role model - young children's food tastes are significantly related to foods mother liked and disliked. Letting your child see you order a fresh salad rather than a burger and fries at the drive-through may encourage her to do the same. Don't give up-Studies show most children need multiple exposures (between 5 and 10) to try new foods. Teach healthy eating habits early-Use meal and snack times as teachable moments to make wise food choices.

Rouex-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

Gold standard of weight lose surgery Restrictive and malasorpative

Food Sources of Vitamin K

Green leafy veges, cabbage type veges

Vitamin B complex

Group of vitamins that helps with metabolism & converting food to energy

Phytochemicals

Help stabilize free radicals

Vitamin A

Helps you see normally at night, helps maintain healthy skin, hair, bones and teeth, and protects the body from infection.

Vitamin D

Helps your body use calcium and phosphorus and helps prevent Rickets.

Difference between heme iron and non-heme iron

Heme iron found in foods that contained hemoglobin - animal foods including red meats, fish and poultry. Non-heme iron is form of iron found in all other, non-meat based foods. ie. veg, grains, iron-fortified breakfast cereal, lentils and beans.

Weight Loss Diets

High fat, low carb, high protein diets - Cause ketosis - *Nutritionally inadequate, requires supp.* - Side effects: Constipation, diarrhea, nausea, headaches, ketone breath, insomnia, fatigue

High fat diet risks

High fat, low carb, high protein diets • Cause ketosis, which will decrease blood glucose and insulin levels and reduce appetite. • Nutritionally inadequate and requires supplements • Side effects: • Constipation • Diarrhea • Nausea • Headaches • Ketone breath

When is glucose (Carbs) used

High intensity exercise

What in breast milk facilitates digestion and absorption

High lactose content: Promotes calcium absorption, supplies galactose for brain development High whey protein content: more readily digested than casein Non-protein nitrogen: Includes taurine, urea & growth factors may be used in colon Lipid profile: Contains lipase & bile salts to facilitate fat digestion Specific binding proteins for vits & minerals: facilitate absorption, prevent use by microorganisms

Vitamin E toxicity

High supplemental doses of Vitamin E are harmful Side effects: -nausea, intestinal distress, diarrhea *Augments anticoagulants effects* (aspirin, Coumadin) Long term use cause hemorrhagic stroke

Vitamin A Toxicity/Deficiency

Highly toxic at 3-4 times RDA, mainly from supplements Birth defects Damage to liver and eyes Symptoms: loss of appetite, blurred vision, hair loss, skin disorders Deficiency night blindness, xerophthalmia, hyperkeratosis impaired immunity, growth Night Blindness

Vitamin A Requirement

Highly toxic, mainly form supplements birth defects fatigue -DEFICIENCY- *night blindness* xerophthalmia hyperkeratosis impaired immunity

Prolactin

Hormone that stimulates milk production after delivery and produced in anterior pituitary

Thyroid gland

Hormones secreted from the regulate metabolic rate

What does blood glucose level is too high

Hyperglycemia

Vegetarian diets and Vitamin A

If your body is able to effectively convert carotenoids into retinoids, you don't have to eat animal foods in order to obtain retinoid forms of vitamin A that are essential for health. If your body is unable to do this conversion effectively, you'll either need to include animal foods in your meal plan or obtain retinoid forms of vitamin A through dietary supplements.

Need of glucose for exercise

In exercise, your body responds to activity by releasing hormones that cause your body to increase blood glucose levels. This occurs through process called gluconeogenesis or glycogenesis that happens in the liver. Glucose that has been previously converted & stored in the liver as glycogen is converted back to glucose and sent to muscles. In muscles, glucose broken down to yield ATP, which is the fuel source for muscles

Why does an individual need to make sure that they consume water-soluble vitamins more often than fat-soluble vitamins? a. In general, the body can call upon its stores of fat-soluble vitamins; whereas, most water-soluble vitamins are not stored. b. In general, it is more difficult to absorb water-soluble vitamins; thus, consuming more of these vitamins ensures absorption of the amounts needed for health. c. In general, water-soluble vitamins are more important to health than are fat-soluble vitamins. d. In general, water-soluble vitamins are stored in larger quantities than fat-soluble vitamins.

In general, the body can call upon its stores of fat-soluble vitamins; whereas, most water-soluble vitamins are not stored. As discussed on pages 227-228 and seen in Table 7-2 (page 228), fat-soluble vitamins tend to be stored in the liver and fatty tissues, whereas water-soluble vitamins tend not to be stored and are readily excreted in the urine. For these reasons, it is more important for a person to consume water-soluble vitamins on a daily basis than it is to consume fat-soluble vitamins on a daily basis.

When keratinization occurs in the lungs, what usually occurs? a. Decreased risk of sinus infections. b. No symptoms occur; this is a normal process. c. Increased ability to use oxygen efficiently. d. Increased risk of respiratory infections.

Increased risk of respiratory infections. Keratinization of the lungs makes the tissue surface dry, hard, and cracked, and the respiratory system becomes vulnerable to infection. See page 230

What factors influence nutritional intakes of adolescence

Independence: Own food choices, linked to availability of money, rejection of parental influences Growth: Large variation appetite, growth rate vary Illness & infection: Exposure other kids in school leads to infections & loss appetite during illness Activity: May become sedentary in adolescence Peer pressure: Can cause significant changes in eating habits, may start smoking (increase needs antioxidants), drinking alcohol (may displace nutrient-dense foods & affect absorption folate, thiamin, Vit C & calcium) Advertising: Fatty & sugary - fast foods promoted

Dietary sources of B6

Info on Vit B6 content of food is limited - best sources: fish, poultry, meats, whole grain cereals & vegetables - Brewers yeast, sunflower seeds & wheat germ are also good sources B6

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D

Inhibits absorption of calcium & phosphorus in intestine & results poor bone & tooth formation - Young children: suffering Vit D deficiency may develop rickets (skeletal deformities) & teeth may be poorly formed, late appearing & subject to decay - Adults: may develop osteomalacia (softening of bones because of loss of calcium) - lack Vit D may contribute osteoporosis (characterised by brittle, porous bones - common ppl over 50 yrs predominantly women) - adequate diet & exercise reduces disease risk - other deficiency symptoms: gum problems, tetany (involuntary muscle movement) & cramping - caused due to lack of sun exposure, low fat diets, strict vegetarianism, & kidney or liver disease/damage

Primary steps of cancer development:

Initiation Promotion Progression

Functions of inositol

Inositol is essential for the transportation of fat in the body. It has been found important in providing nourishment to the brain cells. In combination with fatty acids and phosphorus, it stimulates the formation of lecithin , an important constituent of nerve cells in the body. It helps lower cholesterol levels. It goes directly into the brain cells to produce a chemical that aids memory. Inositol also promotes the growth of healthy hair and helps to prevent its falling. It helps in preventing eczema.

Fiber

Insoluble fiber • Promote regular bowel movements • Examples: lignin's cellulose, and hemicelluloses. • Good sources: whole grains seeds legumes fruits and vegetables. Soluble fiber • Associated with reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease • Type 2 diabetes • Lowering cholesterol • Blood glucose levels • Good sources: citrus fruits, berries, oat products, and beans Characteristics of fiber, positive and negative effects of fiber Role of fiber • May reduce the risk of colon cancer • Helps prevent hemorrhoids • Constipation and other intestinal problems • May reduce the risk of diverticulosis • May reduce the risk of heart disease • May enhance weight loss • May lower the risk of type 2 diabetes • Adequate intake of fiber is 25 grams daily or 14 g / 1000 kcal • Most Americans eat only half the recommended amount of fiber • Its best to get fiber from food • Adequate fluid at least eight 8oz glasses a day Negative effects of excessive fiber: • 1. Displaces energy and nutrient dense foods • 2. May cause intestinal discomfort and gas • 3. May interfere with absorption of minerals • 4. Can cause GI obstructions if consumed without adequate fluids.

What factor is required for B12 absorption?

Intrinsic factor.

What is the function of Thiamin?

Involved in energy metabolism as part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate. Nerve cell function.

What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?

Iron

Epidemiological studies

Is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations

Which of these is a fat-soluble vitamin? a. riboflavin b. folate c. niacin d. vitamin K

K. As seen in Table 7-1 (page 227), the water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C and the B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, biotin, and pantothenic acid). Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the blood, travel freely in the watery fluids of the body, are not stored and therefore needed in frequent doses, and are readily excreted in the urine.

What are the general characteristics of water-soluble vitamins?

Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine.

Night Blindness

Lack of Vitamin A making it difficult to see in low light.

Beriberi

Lack of Vitamin B1(Thiamin) which has a crippling effect on the body's nervous system making it difficult to walk/move.

Pellagra

Lack of Vitamin B3 leads to the 4 D's, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death.

Scurvy

Lack of Vitamin C causing skin hemorrhages, receeding gums and tooth loss.

Rickets

Lack of Vitamin D, Calcium or Phosphate. Weakens the arms, legs(bow leg), pelvis and spine.

Goiter

Lack of iodine causing the thyroid gland to enlarge.

Anemia

Lack of iron that leaves people tired, weak, short of breath and pale from a reduced number of red blood cells.

Kwashiorkor

Lack of protein stunting growth in children, leaving them with thin arms & legs, bloated bellies and flacky skin.

What toxic minerals have no value in human nutrition

Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Aluminium, Radon

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Leading cause of death ex: coronary heart disease, hypertension (high b.p.), atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

Sources of vitamin K

Leafy green veggies, soybeans and canola oils live and intestinal production

What are good sources of Folate?

Legumes, vegetables, spinach, and fortified grains.

Food Sources for Nickel (Micro-element)

Legumes, whole grain

Food Sources for Molybdenum (Micro-element)

Legumes, whole grains, milk, organ mears, leafy vegetables

Best weight loss treatment opportunity involves both

Lifestyle interventions. Also a team of physicians, dietitians, exercise and behavioral specialist

Hypervitaminosis of Vitamin K

Little Vit K stored in the body - important that excess be avoided as hypervitaminosis K causes liver & kidney damage

Food Sources for Retinol (Vitamin A)

Liver, dairy products, egg yolk, green and yellow vegetables

Food Sources for Folic Acid (Folate)

Liver, green vegetables

Food Sources for Iron (Micro-element)

Liver, meat, eggs, whole grains, dark green vegetables, legumes

Food Sources for Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Liver, meat, legumes

Food Sources for Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Liver, meat, milk, eggs

Health benefits from exercise

Longevity. People who are physically active live longer. According to a 20 year follow-up study, regular exercise reduces the risk of dying prematurely. New brain cell development, improved cognition and memory. Exercise stimulates formation of new brain cells. Researchers found areas of brain that are stimulated through exercise are responsible for memory and learning. i.e older adults engaging in regular physical activity have better performances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and problem solving. Improved sexual function / sex life. Regular exercise maintains / improves sex life. Physical improvements in muscle strength & tone, endurance, body composition & cardiovascular function can all enhance sexual functioning in men & women. Researchers revealed men who exercise regularly less likely to have erectile dysfunction & impotence than men not exercising Exercise powerful antidepressant. Study shows exercise promotes mental health & reduces symptoms of depression. The antidepressant effect of regular physical exercise comparable to potent antidepressants like Zoloft. At least 30 mins of exercise daily for 3-5 days a wk to significantly improve symptoms of depression. Cardiovascular health. Lack of physical activity is major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Regular exercising makes heart muscle stronger. Stronger heart pumps more blood with less effort. Cholesterol lowering effect. Exercise itself does not burn off cholesterol like it does with fat, however, exercise favorably influences blood cholesterol levels by decreasing LDL (bad) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol and increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. Prevention and control of diabetes. There's strong evidence that moderate physical activity combined w/ weight loss & balanced diet can confer a 50-60% reduction in risk of developing diabetes. Blood pressure lowering. unclear why, but exercise seem effective reducing blood pressure. Aerobic exercise appears to have slightly greater effect on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals than individuals without hypertension. Reduced risk stroke. Research indicates mod & high levels of physical activity may reduce risk of total, ischemic & hemorrhagic strokes. Weight control. Regular exercise helps to reach & maintain healthy weight. If you take in more calories than needed in a day, exercise offsets a caloric overload controlling body weight. It speeds the rate of energy use, resulting in increased metabolism. When metabolism increases via exercise, you'll maintain faster rate for longer periods of a day. Muscle strength. Health studies repeatedly show strength training increases muscle strength, mass and decreases fat tissue. Bone strength. active lifestyle benefits bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercise promotes bone formation, delays bone loss and may protect against osteoporosis - form of bone loss associated with aging. Better night sleep. natural dip in body temp of 5-6 hrs after exercise may help to fall asleep.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

Treatments for obesity

Low calorie diet and regular exercise Prescription medications Surgery - vertical banded gastroplasty - Gastric bypass - Gastric banding

Weight Loss Diets

Low fat and very low fat - 11-19% energy as fat, very low diets contain less than 10% - The new pritikin program (3.5oz lean meat daily) - Emphasize complex carb and fiber - *regular physical activity is a key component* - Effective as weight loss but difficult to maintain over time cause they are to restrictive

Osteoarthritis

Lower body obesity increase risk of

What are special nutritional needs for vegetarian children

Lower nutrient density, need to eat larger volumes of food to reach energy needs, problem in children w/ small appetites --plan nutrient-rich snacks throughout the day Avoidance of meat w/ no planned substitutes- ie. risk of low energy & absence of iron, zinc, B vits, vit D-- ensure meat alternatives ie. pulses, meats replacements -soy/quorn - include cereal grains & starchy foods to meet energy & nutrient needs Low intakes of essential fatty acids --Include some green veg & seed oils in diet Exclusion of dairy products reduces calcium intake --Use calcium-fortified soya products--ensure alternative sources of calcium included Low nutrient & soft drinks provide nutrient-poor energy -- avoid those in favour or more nutrient dense snacks e.g dried fruit & nuts

How does body use energy

Macronutrients i.e Cho, protein & fat are broken down in body, carbs are stored as blood sugar & glycogen in liver & muscles, this glycogen is converted to pyruvic acid, tha's broken down into ATP, (Adenosine Tirphosphate) ATP is used as energy. Other macronutrients have own path to pyruvic acid but Cho is the simplest - Metabolism is divided into 2 basic reaction types: anabolic: reactions involving synthesis or construction of compounds e.g building protein from amino acids & catabolic: reactions concerned with breakdown of compounds e.g oxidizing glucose forming CO2, H2O & energy

Age-Related Vision Impairment

Macular degeneration= leading cause of blindness, deteriorated retina, can't see details Cataract= cloudy vision, impaired vision of dark to light Antioxidants may reduce progression of macular degeneration

Reasons leading to magnesium toxicity

Magnesium toxicity results when your body absorbs more magnesium than it can use or excrete Rare / can be fatal - upper level for magnesium only applies to non-food supplements or mangesium salts Magnesium supports bone mineralisation/heart function - symptoms include a fall in blood pressure, confusion, abnormal cardiac rhythm and deterioration of kidney function. Individuals can also experience muscle weakness and difficulty breathing

Use of magnesium therapeutically

Magnesium useful to treat cramping or muscular dysfunction ie. leg cramps, constipation or dysmenorrhoea (pain during menstruation) - potential use in parkinsons & epilepsy - potentially useful cardiovascular system for hypertension, irregular heartbeat, prevention atherosclerosis & heart attacks -benefit general malabsorption syndromes & alcoholism - relaxant effect potential use in insomnia & stress, anxiety & hyperactivity - role to play prevention osteoporosis & strengthening teeth & bones

Functions of ultra trace mineral arsenic

Maintains reproductive performance and weight gain. Has antibiotic and anti-coccidial properties

Hydroxyapatite

Major component and an essential ingredient of normal bone and teeth

Factors contributing to onset of eating disorders

Major life transitions - Anorexics particularly, prefer things are predictable, orderly and familiar. Consequently, transitions like onset of puberty, entering high school or college, or major illness or death of someone close to them can overwhelm these individuals causing feeling of loss of control. Family patterns & problems - e.g poor boundaries , parents who diet frequently, Social problems - painfully low self-esteem, being bullied Failure at school work or competitive events - Eating disorder patients can be perfectionists with very high achievement expectations. If self-esteem disproportionately tied to success, any failure can produce devastating feelings of shame, guilt or self-worthlessness A traumatic event- evidence shows btwn one- third and two-thirds of patients go to treatment centers for eating disorders have histories of sexual or physical abuse Major illness/injury- causing vulnerability & lack control Other psychiatric ilness - Btwn one-third & one-half of patients report strugging w/ significant depression or anxiety before eating disorder began. One-third of eating disorder patients report having had obsessive-compulsive symptoms before they developed their eating disorder.

Differentiate between a major mineral & a trace mineral

Major mineral: Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, Mb Trace: Fe, Zn, I, Se, S, Cu, Mn, Cr, Mb, Co Others Boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium, sulfate, a mineral that the body requires in the amount of 100mg/day or more in order to maintain healthy Trace mineral: minerals required in trace amounts expressed as mg/kg diet or ppm, Need in amounts less than 100 mgs. Include iron, zinc, selenium, iron, copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium, and fluoride.

Therapeutic use of biotin

May be beneficial in acne, dermatitis & other skin conditions - indicated in thinning hair, alopecia & loss of hair colour - may be used in alcoholism or biotinidase deficiency

Dietary sources of iron

Meat (beef, chicken, pork, liver) Green leafy vegetables Legumes, dried fruits, whole grains, peanut butter, bean dip, whole-wheat fortified breads and cereals (fortified is better than enriched) 1-2 mg of iron absorbed daily

Food Sources for Niacin

Meat, nuts, legumes

What are good sources of Vitamin B12?

Meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and dairy.

Anorexia Nervosa

Medical disorder in which unhealthful behaviors are used to maintain a body weight less than 85% of expected weight - Families with an anorexic member seem to have a more rigid family structure

The cause of free radicals

Metabolic processes -immune system fighting infections Environmental factors -pollution -excess sunlight -toxins -tobacco smoke (example from class)

Two forms of selenium that enter body through diet

Methionine and cysteine

Food Sources for Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Mile, liver

Food Sources for Magnesium (Macro-element)

Milk and other dairy products, meat, seafood, whole grains, legumes, nuts

Food Sources for Phosphorus (Macro-element)

Milk and other dairy products, meat, whole grains, legumes, nuts

Food Sources for Calcium (Macro-element)

Milk and other dairy products, whole grains, legumes, nuts, whole fish (Sardines)

What are good sources of riboflavin?

Milk, milk products, whole grains, enriched cereals, grains, and liver.

Calcium

Mineral necessary for bone strength

Magnesium

Mineral necessary for nerve and muscle function

Potassium

Mineral necessary for proper nerve function and water balance (found in bananas)

Sodium

Mineral necessary for proper nerve function, muscle contraction and water balance (found in salt)

Phosphorus

Mineral needed (along with Calcium) for strong bones and teeth; it also helps make ATP (Energy)

Niacin

Mineral needed for a healthy nervous system.

Zinc

Mineral needed for efficient cell & tissue reproduction and growth & development

Iodine

Mineral needed for healthy thyroid gland function

Iron

Mineral needed to form hemoglobin and to carry oxygen in the blood

Magnesium

Mineral that builds bones and helps nerves and muscles work normally.

Calcium

Mineral that helps build bones, prevent osteoporosis, and regulate blood clotting.

Potassium

Mineral that helps maintain blood pressure, fluid balance, and heart beat.

Selenium

Mineral that is an important antioxidant for heart health

Sodium

Mineral that maintains the fluid balance.

Antioxidant Cofactors

Minerals that are part of antioxidant enzyme systems involved in blood health and energy metabolism: Selenium is part of glutathione peroxidase Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme antioxidant complex Iron is part of the catalase structure

Weight Loss Diets

Moderate Fat, high carb, moderate protein - Balanced in nutrients: 20-30% cal from fat, 55-60% carb, 15-20% protein - Gradual weight loss (1-2 lbs/week) - Typical energy deficits 500-1000 kcal/day

Monosaccharides/Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides • Fructose - fruit sugar sweetest of all abundant in fruit and honey saps used to sweeten a variety of food products. • Glucose - blood sugar used to supply cellular energy. The most abundant carbs. • Galactose - not free in nature component of lactose milk sugar and some polysaccharides. Polysaccharides • Consists of many glucose units linked together to form a long chain and are considered the storage form of glucose: Starch, glycogen, and fiber. • Complex carbs consists of digestible starch and glycogen, and indigestible fiber: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. • Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants, primary complex CHO in the diet, • Found in grains (rice corn wheat oats millet rye and barley) legumes (beans peas) and tubers (potatoes yams and cassava). • Fiber: dietary fiber is the non-digestible part of plants (grains rice seeds legumes and fruits), functional fiber is carbs contracted from plants and added to food (cellulose guar gum pectin psyllium)

Treatments for nutrition related concerns

Morning sickness • Avoid letting your stomach get empty • Eat small frequent meals • Usually high carb food avoid fatty foods • If supplements cause nausea take them at bedtime Heartburn • Avoid excessive weight gain • Eat small frequent meals and chew slowly • Don't wear tight clothes • Avoid foods that seem to trigger the problem • Wait for at least one hour after eating before lying down • Sleep with your head elevated • Ask your dr. for an antacid that is safe for use during pregnancy Constipation and Hemorrhoids • Consuming 25 - 35 grams a day of fiber and plenty of fluids • Being physically active - exercise increases the motility of the colon • Foods high in fiber, such as dried fruit, reduce the chances of constipation Gestational Diabetes • Strict control of blood sugar through diet, physically active and or meds • Consequence of uncontrolled blood glucose levels • May lead to pre-eclampsia • Increased fetal morbidity • Risk for type 2 diabetes for the mother and child • Sufficient risk of delivering a large baby Preeclampsia • Focuses on managing blood pressure and often includes bed rest • The only cure is child birth

Health risk and obesity

Mortality increase as excess weight increases as excess weight increases . Direct link with obesity/overweight and chronic diseases .

What age do growth spurts occur in teenage boys

Most boys start developing sexually between the ages of 10 and 13, and continue to grow until they're around 16.

How does genetics play a role in overweight and obesity

Most cases of overweight /obesity do not stem from a specific genetic mutation. Genetic influences

What age do growth spurts occur in teenage girls

Most girls start their sexual development between the ages of 8 and 13, and have a growth spurt between the ages of 10 and 14.

What is a deficiency disease of thiamin and what are the symptoms?

Most likely to occur in those with limited kcal intake, homeless, malnourished, and alcoholics. Results in the disease beriberi. Beriberi symptoms are edema, muscle wasting, nervous system, heart/muscle damage, and paralysis.

potassium storage and excretion

Most of the body's potassium located inside cells. Potassium necessary for normal functioning of cells, nerves, and muscles. body must maintain potassium level in blood within narrow range. potassium level that's too high or too low can have serious consequences, like abnormal heart rhythm or even stopping of the heart (cardiac arrest). The body can use the potassium stored within cells to help maintain a constant level of potassium in blood. K+ being the most abundant cation in the cells form of "storage," but it does'nt just stay there as a reserve, it works 24 hours a day trying to keep its balance with sodium. The body maintains the right level of potassium by matching the amount of potassium consumed with the amount lost. Potassium is consumed in food and drinks that contain electrolytes (including potassium) and lost primarily in urine. Some potassium is also lost through the digestive tract and in sweat. Healthy kidneys can adjust the excretion of potassium to match changes in consumption. Some drugs and certain conditions affect the movement of potassium into and out of cells, which greatly influences the potassium level in blood. Hypokalemia: the level of potassium in blood is too low. In hyperkalemia, the level of potassium in blood is too high

sodium absorption

Mostly in the jejunum. Contransported with glucose and countertransported with H (NHE-aldosterone sensitive). Electrochemical gradient maintained by Na/K pump. Proximal colon has Na-H counter transporter coupled with a HCO3/Cl countertransporter. In distal colon, there is a electrogenic Na channel that is activated by aldosterone

What storage sites for glycogen

Muscles and liver

Beta-Carotene Deficiency

NO DEFICIENCY Large consumption is not toxic -*Carotenosis* (carotenodermia): reversible and harmless -Supplementation is not recommended; adequate amts from fruits and vegetables

Phytochemicals

Naturally occurring chemicals in plants May reduce risk for cancer, heart disease Include carotenoids, phytoestrogens, flavonoids, etc. Found in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, garlic, and soy products Natural form ≠ Supplement

Forms of Vitamin E

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity. Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements - Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stops production of Reaction Oxygen Species formed when fat undergoes oxidation (Antioxidants protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals -molecules that contain an unshared electron -free radicals damage cells and might contribute to development cardiovascular disease and cancer) - Supplements use synthetic nature identical to alpha tocopherol w/ natural Vit E 36% more beneficial in activity then synthetic - If product label states d-alpha-tocopherol has 'd' indicates Vit E is natural

Vitamin K

Necessary for blood to clot normally.

Functions of folate

Necessary for protein metabolism, RNA/DNA synthesis & the formation of haemoglobin - essential for maturation of red & white blood cells - essential for formation of neurotransmitters - important in methionine synthesis & is important in conversion of amino glycine & histidine - W/ B6 & B12 - folate helps keep homocysteine levels under control - Folate is needed for normal differentiation of embryonic nervous tissue - Vit B12 is needed for folate metabolism

Three nutrients needed for synthesis of Niacin in the body

Niacin can be synthesised in the body from tryptophan w/ riboflavin and vitamin B6. - sufficient in western diets to meet needs of niacin - dietary source of niacin becomes essential only in low-protein diets

Which of the vitamins are mismatched with their alternate names? a. niacin - B3 b. vitamin A - retinol c. vitamin B6 - riboflavin d. vitamin B1 - thiamin

Niacin is the alternate name for B3. See page 262

Deficiency symptoms of Niacin

Niacin needs: adult men RDA 16mg/day, adult women 14mg/day = niacin equivalent (NE) -primary criterion determine RDA =urinary excretion of N-methyl nicotinamide, a niacin metabolite - Daily value used on food & supplement labels is 20 mg Deficiency: Almost every metabolic pathway uses either NAD or NADP+, deficiency therefore causes widespread damage in the body Pellagra : 3 D's -dementia, diarrhoea & dermatitis (if not successfully treated - death) - characterised by sores/rough skin, diarrhoea, swollen tongue, decreased gastric secretions, dementia (poor memory/concentration), headaches, insomnia - present if also deficiency in riboflavin - weakness, anorexia, indigestion, anxiety & irritability - clinical evidence states pellagra develops 50 to 60 days after instituting a niacin-deficient diet - early symptoms: diminished appetite, weight loss & weakness.

Niacin

Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, Coenzyme NADP and NAD, assisting with energy metabolism of carbs and fatty acids.

peripheral blindness

No menace, No PLR Deficiency: Vit A

Central Blindness

No menace, yes PLR Toxicity: Na, Sulfate Deficiency: B1 (thiamine)

Coenzymes

Non-protein substances that enhance or are required for enzyme activity. Many B vitamins function as coenzymes

Requirements Vitamin D

Not established Australia as yet - most adults met by average exposure (not overexposure) to sunlight - those seldom outdoors should use supplemements. Measured Micrograms - US- 5-10 micrograms/day 1.03 mg ergocalciferol = 40 IU vit D

Hypervitaminosis A

Noted in adults ingesting over 50000 IU (15000 RE) a day from months to few yrs. - Symptoms can include anorexia (loss appetite), hair loss, dry skin, irritabilty, headaches, enlarged spleen & liver, bone and joint pain, & jaundice - generally disappear when excess intake stopped Vitamin C aids to protect against Vit A toxicity - Beta-carotene has same results Vit A with no side effects - 180mg beta carotene per day stimulates T-lymphocytes vital for gurading against disease (av. carrot gives 1000 RE (retinol equivalent) of beta-carotene

Alternative Sweeteners

Nutritive sweeteners: - contain 4Kcal energy per gram - Sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar - slow absorbing sugar alcohols: 2-3 kcal/g Non nutritive sweeteners - Provide little or no energy - Saccharine, Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose

Critical period

Occurs 3-4 hrs after exercise,optimal glycogen storage and muscle protein syntesis

Rickets

Occurs mostly in children.Inadequate calcification an misshapen bones

Energy Balance

Occurs when energy intake = energy expenditure

Therapeutic uses of Vitamin E

Of benefit to those w/ high exposure to pollutants & emotional or physical stress - useful cardiovascular illnesses, circulatory disorders, ageing & premature aging (vit E cream) - Used for cancer, diabetes, infection & muscular cramping - Reduce scarring & maintain skin condition in certain skin diseases, injury & burns - maybe useful improving fertility & premenstrual tension & decreasing in the risk of miscarriage

Vitamin D

One of the fat-soluble vitamins. The active form functions as a hormone, acting in concert with parathyroid hormone in bone and promoting the uptake of calcium from food within the intestines. - Exists in 2 forms pro-vitamin forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholocalciferol) - produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis

Vitamin C toxicity

Only *supplements* can lead to toxic doses and megadoses *iron accumulation* harmful for people with hemochromatosis(excess in the body)

Deficiency of Vitamin K

Only deficiency symptom found animals - characterised by defective blood coagulation - causing increase in clotting time making patient prone to haemorrhage ie. nose bleeds - human deficiency caused by faulty fat metabolism or extensive antibiotic therapy interferring w/ bacterial synthesis of Vit K

165F

Optimal temperature for poultry

Electrolyte and water balance

Optimum health = homeostasis = water balance - water lost via excretion, perspiration, respiratory tract - must be replaced in volume & electrolyte content - Water uses osmosis flowing from lesser amount of solute to greater concentration - Electrolytes = sodium, chloride & potassium are solutes maintaining balance btwn intracellular & extracellular fluid Potassium=principal electrolyte in ICF & sodium in ECF- when electrolytes in ECF increased ICF moves to ECF to equalise concentration on both sides of cell membrane - reducing amount water in cells - Hypothalamus regulates appetite & thirst - becomes dehydrated (+tongue & mouth) & hypothalamus alerts pituitary gland to excrete ADH causing kidney to conserve fluid) Thirst makes us drink to replace water & electrolytes needed by cell - sodium in ECF reduced, water flows from ECF into cells causing swelling & cellular oedema - so adrenal glands secrete aldosterone triggering kidneys to increase amount of sodium reabsorbed - so water drawn from ECF moves back to ECF oedema relieved - if not reduced blood pressure occurs

Food sources of Copper

Organ meats, *seafood*, nuts, seeds, whole grain foods, cocoa, mushroom, legumes,

List factors required to classify a substance as a vitamin

Organic substances required by the body in small amounts for normal functioning - very important to life for specific regulatory functions & maintenance of life & normal growth. All vitamins contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen but some contain nitrogen & some sulfur & cobalt. Vitamins measured in micrograms equivalent to one millionth (1/1,000,000) of gram or milligrams equivalent to one thousandth (1/1,000) of a gram.

Nutrients as Antioxidants

Other compounds beta-carotene and phytochemical stabilize free radicals and prevent damage to cells and tissues

How does the environment play a role in obesity/ overweight

Overeating

What childhood feeding problems exist and how do parents correct them

Overweight & obesity - increase physical activity including family activities, increase nutritious snacks, balanced diets & regular timing of both (specified meal times), more home cooked/fresh meals, reduce energy intake(include foods high satiety value), reduce or eliminate snacks/drinks w/ empty calories, involve child in food preparation & selection of healthy meals Iron status - iron deficiency anaemia - consult medical professional in case of need for supplementation Vegetarianism - well balanced - a vegetarian diet can provide necessary nutrients for growth & development - planning & balance must be obtained Dieting & eating disorders - Teenage girls often experience dissatisfaction w/ body image & address by dieting - more drastic measures i.e vomiting, diuretics, laxatives may be employed - or develop anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa - parents should watch for warning signs and address immediately w/ medical professional - & always encourage balanced eating

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Oxygen molecule that becomes a free radical

Phenylketonuria

PKU- inherited rare condition in which baby born without ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine -a genetic disorder of metabolism -lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency - odour in urine Mental retardation, failure to walk talk, microcephaly, failure to grow

Deficiency and toxicity of potassium

POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY acne, arrhythmia, cognitive impairment constipation, depression, ECG changes edema, fatigue, glucose intolerance growth retardation, hypercholesterolemia hyperreflexia, hypotension, insomnia muscle weakness, nervousness, palpitations polydipsia, proteinuria, respiratory distress "salt" retention, tachycardia (rapid heart rate) xerosis, POTASSIUM TOXICITY cardiac arrest, cognitive impairment, dysarthria, dysphasia, weakness

What symptoms would excess Niacin exhibit?

Painful flush, hives and rash, tingling, burning. Headache, reddened fact, arms, chest. Excessive sweating and liver damage.

Pantothenic acid is a B vitamin that serves as a coenzyme in the metabolism of energy nutrients. What does this mean? a. Pantothenic acid is part of a small molecule that combines with a large protein to catalyze energy-releasing reactions. b. Pantothenic acid signals body cells to break down nutrients for energy when the body needs it. c. Pantothenic acid attacks and breaks the bonds in carbohydrate, fat and amino acid molecules. d. Pantothenic acid acts as an emulsifier in the digestive tract.

Pantothenic acid is part of a small molecule that combines with a large protein to catalyze energy-releasing reactions. Vitamins themselves do not serve as enzymes; this is a major function of protein in the body. However, as explained on page 248 a coenzyme promotes enzyme function. Pantothenic acid (page 259) plays a role in the release of energy from energy-yielding nutrients.

Describe the role of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on blood calcium levels

Parathyroid gland controls calcium levels in the blood & bones Calcitonin-a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium-level of the blood

What part of metabolism does B6 play a major role?

Part of conenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) active in amino acid metabolism.

Functions of iron

Part of hemoglobin in red blood cells: transports oxygen to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells; Helps enzymes that make neurotransmitters in brain: Send messages to rest of body

functions of sulfur

Part of many proteins: (Keratin of skin and hair, Insulin_ Amino acids: (Methionine, Cysteine) Carbohydrate: (Heparin, Chondroitin sulfate) Vitamins: (Thiamin, Biotin)

What is a Niacin deficiency and disease and what are its symptoms?

Pellagra. Symptoms of dirrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventual death. Rash when exposed to sunlight, depression, fatigue, memory loss, inflamed, swollen, or bright red tongue.

Vegetarian Diets

People choose it for: - Health benefits, Ecological reasons, religious reasons, ethical reasons, concerns over food safety Health benefits: - Lower intake of fat and total energy - Lower blood pressure - Reduce the risk of heart disease - Fewer digestive problems - Reduce the risk of some cancers - Reduce the risk of kidney disease, stones, and gallstones

All of the following individuals should consider taking a self-chosen multi-nutrient supplement EXCEPT: a. elderly people. b. people with kidney or liver disease. c. people recovering from surgery, burns, or injury. d. strict vegetarians.

People with kidney or liver disease should never take supplements without a physician's approval because they are susceptible to toxicities. See page 269

Describe pernicious anaemia and symptoms

Pernicious anemia is a disease in which red blood cells/hemoglobin are abnormally formed, due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12. True pernicious anemia refers specifically to disorder of atrophied parietal cells leading to absent intrinsic factor, resulting in an inability to absorb B12. - inability to absorb vitamin B-12 (also known as cobalamin or Cbl) from gastrointestinal tract. Humans get vitamin B-12 from animal products; both meat & dairy products are dietary sources of vitamin B-12. The body is able to store vitamin B-12 for a long time, so inadequate dietary intake must persist for years before true deficiency vitamin B-12 reached -Some people do not have symptoms. Symptoms may be mild including: Diarrhea or constipation Fatigue, lack of energy, or light-headedness when standing up or with exertion Loss of appetite Pale skin Problems concentrating Shortness of breath, mostly during exercise Swollen, red tongue or bleeding gums If you have low vitamin B12 levels for a long time, you can have nervous system damage. Symptoms can include: Confusion Depression Loss of balance Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet

Sings of bulimia

Personality traits:impulsive low self esteem,extroverted, erratic, personality style that seeks attention and admiration

Evaluate use of phosphorus therapeutically

Phosphorus readily available to the body via dietary intake - so supplementary & therapeutic intake unnecessary

Mineral bioavailability

Physiological need for the mineral at the time of consumption (iron stores low, absorb more iron from diet) Mineral-mineral interactions (large amount of calcium interfere with iron absorption, zinc decreases copper) Vitamin-mineral interactions (vitamin C enhance the absorption of iron, vitamin D improves calcium absorption) Interactions between some plant compounds and minerals (Excessively high fibre diets can decrease the absorption of iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and other minerals

Foods to avoid during lactation

Potential harmful substances like alcohol, drugs, coffee, choc & caffeine stimulants may pass through milk & should be avoided. Limit citrus, which can irritate immature GI tract of baby limit broccoli & other fructans that can promote gas, spicy food, garlic due to odour. Limit allergens - -peanut/tree nuts, wheat, dairy, corn, shellfish, eggs, soy, fish, peppermint & parsley may reduce milk supply

Vitamin C Antioxidant Functions

Protects LDL-cholesterol from oxidation Lungs from ozone and cigarette damage White blood cells (enhances immune function) Reduces formation of nitrosamines, cancer-causing agent found in cured and processed meats Regenerates vitamin E by donating electrons Enhances iron absorption Regenerates Vitamin E

Functions of Vitamin E

Protects PUFAs, fatty cell components, and LDLs from oxidization (lower heart disease risk) Normal nerve and muscle development Enhances immune system Added to oil-based foods and skincare *Improves vitamin A absorption*

Vitamin E Functions

Protects lipids from oxidation by free radicals Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Cell membranes Lipids in LDL Normal nerve and muscle development Enhances immune system Improves vitamin A absorption

Beta-Carotene

Provitamin A- inactive form (precursor) of vitamin A to be converted to active *retinol* Phytochemical classified as a *carotenoid* Expressed in food as RAE, indicating how much active vit A is available to the body after conversion beta-caro:vit. A

Vitamin C Requirements

RDA 90 mg/day for men 75 mg/day for women Smokers require additional 35 mg/day Other situations requiring more: healing from traumatic injury, surgery, burns use of oral contraceptives no consensus as to additional amounts UL: 2000 mg/day

Vitamin A Requirements

RDA 900 mg/day for men 700 mg/day for women UL is 3000 mg/day of preformed Food sources animal (liver, eggs, whole-fat dairy, fortified foods) -carotene containing plants (red, orange, yellow, and deep-green fruits and vegetables)

Vitamin A Requirements

RDA *900* micrograms/day (men) *700* (women) UL 3,000 micrograms/day Food Sources: Animal Plants, veggies that are high in beta-carotene tuna canned, nuts

RDA for Vitamin E

RDA: *15 mg* alpha-tocopherol per day Prevents erythrocyte hemolysis, rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) UL: 1,000 mg a-tocopherol per day

Vitmain E RDI

RDA: 15 mg -tocopherol/day Also expressed as -tocopherol equivalents (α-TE) International Units (IU) More required with higher intake of oils PUFAs are the fatty acids most susceptible to oxidation UL is 1,000 mg -tocopherol/day

Vitamin C Requirements

RDA: 90 mg/day (men) and 75 (women) UL: 2,000 mg/day for adults Smokers require addt'l 35 mg/day

What is the relationship between raw egg whites and Biotin?

Raw egg whites bind with biotin and prevents absorption.

Evaluate use of sulphur therapeutically

Readily available via dietary intake so not generally used therapeutically - however sulphur containing amino acids & celloids may be used in skin conditions, liver detoxification, nail and hair condition - used adjunct to arthritis treatment

Why is food introduced to infants no earlier than four months old

Reason 1. baby's digestive system too immature for solid foods before 4 months. Limited saliva to help digest food. Until 3-4 months, system lacks certain digestive enzymes i.e amylase, needed for digesting cereals (starches or complex carbohydrates). His body has trouble digesting some fats before 6 months. Some foods will pass through undigested . Some high protein foods, like eggs, meat, & cow's milk, given too early may cause problems with baby's immature kidneys. Reason 2. Baby not developmentally ready to eat solid foods. Throat muscles not developed enough to swallow solid foods until 4 months & unable to use tongue to transfer food from front to back of mouth. Instead thrusts out - extrusion reflex or tongue-thrust reflex doesn't disappear until 16-18 weeks. Reason 3. baby must have way of communicating satiation. Needs to be able to turn his head to refuse food, which occurs around 4 or 5 months, As with adults, baby should eat only when hungry. Reason 4. Begin solid foods too early associated with problems later in life like obesity, respiratory problems like bronchial asthma & food allergies. Reason 5. If breastfeeding & give baby solid foods too early, milk production may decrease.

RDA/RDI

Recommended Dietary Allowance • RDA - Formally the principle nutrition standard for Americans. • Why - An excess intake of energy leads to obesity and energy • RDA is based on the mean or average energy intake for each age and sex group. • To plan and evaluate diets of populations. • Estimate risk of deficiencies over time. • Determine the adequacy of diets in surveys. • Establish guidelines for food assistance programs guidelines for food assistance programs. • Guidelines for food labeling. • To develop new food products. • How - Energy, protein, 11 vitamins, 7 minerals, for various age groups throughout the life cycle, males and females, pregnant and lactating women. • Appetite and satiety

Total recommended weight gain

Recommended Weight Gain • Normal weight 25 - 35 lbs. • Underweight 28 - 40 lbs. • Overweight 15 - 25 lbs. • Obese <15lbs. • Twins 35 - 45 lbs. Actual Weight Gain • Baby = 7-8 lbs. • Maternal fat stores = 4-8 lbs. • Uterus and breast = 4-6 lbs. • Blood and fluid volume = 4 lbs. • Placenta and amniotic fluid = 3 lbs

foods best after an athletic event

Recovery foods important for after events & training when emptied glycogen stores, fluids & potassium lost through sweat replaced. Chos & fluid repletion should begin immediately, within 30 mins after exercise, to promote quick recovery. I.e sports drinks. Include the following essentials in your meal later: Plenty of fluids: water, fruit juice, sports drinks, soups, and watery fruits and veggies (watermelon, grapes, oranges, tomatoes, lettuce, and cucumbers). A lot of Cho-rich foods: pasta, potatoes, rice, breads, fruits, yogurts Adequate lean protein. Potassium-rich foods like potatoes, bananas, orange/ juice & raisins. Don't replenish lost sodium by smothering your food in salt or by popping dangerous salt tablets. A typical meal, moderately salted, supplies enough sodium to replace that lost through sweat.

Food Sources of Iron

Red meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs Plant products: enriched and/or fortified cereals and breads, leafy green veges, legumes, and dried fruit

Food sources of Zinc

Red meats, some seafood, whole grains, enriched grains and cereals

Beta Carotene Food Sources and Requirements

Red, orange, yellow and deep-green fruits and vegetables -Not an essential nutrient -No DRI or RDA established -Heating improves digestibility and absorption Toxicity/Deficiency Large consumption is not toxic Carotenosis or carotenodermia (accumulation under the skin) is harmless and reversible Usually adequate amounts in diet; supplementation is not recommended No known deficiency symptoms

Benefits of Physical Activity

Reduces risk of - Heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure - Obesity - Type 2 diabetes - Osteoporosis - may reduce risk of colon cancer

Recommendation to increase HDL levels

Regular physical activities, consume light-moderate amounts of alcohol

Hypervitaminosis Vitamin E

Relatively non-toxic lacking toxicity symptoms - avoid longterm megadoses - can initally raise blood pressure & can impair bone mineralisation and prolong blood coagulation - clotting

All of the following are correct about vitamin E EXCEPT: a. it improves athletic endurance and skill. b. it is widespread in food. c. deficiency can lead to erythrocyte hemolysis in premature infants. d. it is crucial for nerve development

Research in human beings has discredited claims that vitamin E improves athletic endurance and skill, enhances sexual performance, or cures sexual dysfunction in males. See page 239

Cause of low iron status in adolescence

Reserves present at birth depleted by 4-6 months, iron must be supplied in weaning diet - in 1st year, diets that exclude meat & fortified cereals or formula milk may lead poor iron status - Fussy eaters are vulnerable - carers may need advice on enhancing iron absorption - Needs remain high throughout growth to form haemoglobin iron-containing enzymes & for menstruation from puberty

When is fat primarily used

Resting/low activity

Laproscopic adjustable gastric banding

Restrictive Band contaning an inflatable balloon is placed around the upper part of the stomach

Human milk

Rich source of lipids: Cholesterol,arachidonic acid, and DHA

Cancer risk

Risk factors: tobacco use unhealthful diet, infectious agents UV radiation Antioxidants prevent cancer enhance immune system inhibit cancer cell growth prevent oxidative damage to cells

Vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy: most common deficiency disease Anemia can result High risk for deficiency among ppl w -low fruit and veggie intake -alcohol and drug abuse

Food Sources for Iodine (Micro-element)

Seafood, iodised salt

Food Sources for Copper (Micro-element)

Seafood, liver, meat, legumes, whole grain

Food Sources for Zinc (Micro-element)

Seafood, oysters, lover, meat, eggs, whole grains, legume, nuts

Food Sources for Selenium (Micro-element)

Seafood, whole grains, legumes, meat

Goal of overweight and obesity treatment

Shouldn't focus on weight loss alone , but also on weight management. Weight management, attaining the best possible in the context of overall health

What happens in the small intestine

Site of majority of digestion

________ who take beta-carotene supplements increase their risk of lung cancer. a. Fast food addicts b. "Couch potatoes" c. Athletes d. Smokers

Smokers. Beta-carotene, a vitamin A precursor, acts as an antioxidant. However, as indicated on page 273, smokers who take daily doses of beta-carotene are at an increased risk for lung cancer.

CVD risk factors

Smoking, hypertension, high blood levels of LDL cholesterol, obesity Others: low blood levels of HDL cholesterol, diabetes

What factors are associated with people at risk of alcoholism

Social factors: - men drink twice as much as women - single men drink more than married men - consumption is highest in young adult age group, in form of teenage binge drinking - in general, less affluent people drink more than better-off people, although latter drink more reg. - consumption declines with age Family history, Depression & health problems, Mixing medication & alcohol

Benefits of lighter alcohol consumption

Social stimulant because it causes inhibition -In moderate amounts, can decrease incidence of coronary heart disease & ischemic stroke (type of stroke not caused by high blood pressure) -Both wine and beer reduce heart attack risk in some populations (lower LDL) -Red wine contains antioxidants

Dietary sources of sodium

Sodium occurs naturally in most foods. most common form of sodium is sodium chloride (table salt) Milk, beets, and celery, some drinking water Sodium also added to various food products in forms monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate. These are ingredients in condiments and seasonings such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic salt, and bouillon cubes. Processed meats like bacon, sausage, and ham, canned soups and vegetables all contain added sodium. Fast foods generally very high in sodium.

Dietary sources of sodium

Sodium occurs naturally in most foods. most common form of sodium is sodium chloride, which is table salt. Milk, beets, and celery also naturally contain sodium, as does drinking water, although the amount varies depending on the source. Sodium is also added to various food products. Some of these added forms are monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate. These are ingredients in condiments and seasonings such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic salt, and bouillon cubes. Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and ham, and canned soups and vegetables are all examples of foods that contain added sodium. Fast foods are generally very high in sodium.

Briefly explain the absorption, storage and excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride

Sodium:1.Absorption- Sodium is completely absorbed after ingestion,

How do Antioxidants Work

Stabilize free radicals or oppose oxidation ~Antioxidant vitamins: -*donate* their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage ~Antioxidant minerals: -*act as cofactors* within enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted Phytochemicals help stabilize free radicals

Free Radicals

Stable atoms have an EVEN number of electrons (pairs) orbiting -Electron loss during oxidation leaves an odd number or unpaired electron *Unstable atoms* are called free radicals Cell membranes are highly affected

Free Radicals

Stable atoms have an even number of electrons (pairs) in the outer orbital Electron loss during oxidation leaves an odd number or unpaired electron Such highly unstable atoms are called free radicals Oxygen molecule that becomes a free radical is called reactive oxygen species (ROS)

3 Methods of treating alcoholism

Stop drinking entirely - there is no half-way with alcoholism such as slowing down or limiting - you must stop drinking entirely Detoxification - abuser must be treated medically for damage that excessive alcohol intake caused. Long term treatment - Alcohol abuse damages mind & emotions & the body. It's imperative that the mind is treated as well. Alcohol abuser must be taught & shown how to feel fulfilled in life apart from alcohol. Normal life may not feel satisfying immediately upon release from treatment center. Needs to be follow up & support offered to prevent relapse of alcoholism in alcoholic

Strength (resistance) Exercise

Strength traning is a type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance to induce muscular contraction which build strength, aerobic endurance and side of skeletal muscles

Fuels needed for activity

Study in booklet

Ergonic Aids

Substances used to improve exercise and athletic performance - Many products are not effective and some are dangerous

Treatment of Eating Disorders

Successful treatment usually involves a team approach, including: - Patient - Physician - Nutritional counselors - Psychiatric counselors Plans include - Nutritional rehabilitation - Phychosocial interventions - Medications

Set point theory

Suggests that body weight is regulated at predetermined or preferred, level by a feedback control mechanism

Antioxidant Enzyme Systems

Superoxide dismutase converts free radical to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide Catalase removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it to water and oxygen Glutathione peroxidase also removes hydrogen peroxide from the body and stops the production of free radicals in lipids

Therapeutic uses of iron

Supplementation only needed for few condidtions or periods of life: pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia, some periods of growth & possible heavy menstrual losses - Iron rich foods can be used for fatigue, dizziness, poor immunity, weakness, brittle nails, learning deficts, and poor cognitive behaviour

Bariatric surgery

Surgical procedure performed on the stomach or intestines to induce weight lose

Selenium Toxicity/Deficiency

TOXICITY: Brittle hair and nails, rashes, vomiting DEFICIENCY: Keshan disease= <3 disease Kachin-Beck disease= deforming arthritis

Food Sources for Chlorine (Macro-element)

Table salt, All foods (Cl)

Functions of fat in foods

Taste, Smell, Flavor(tenderness)

Vitamin B12

Teams with folate to help build red blood cells and form genetic material.

Risk groups in pregnancy

Teenagers - Own needs of growth still high, may deny pregnancy, reluctant adjust diet/behaviour - Ensure high dietary quality, focus weight gain, calcium,iron, folate inatakes Overweight/obese - Increased risk complications, include preterm delivery, hypertension, gestational diabetes (GDM) - Keep gain recommended levels, ensure dietary quality & advise exercise, use slow absorbed Chos & regular meals to manage GDM, Vegetarian/vegan - Potential lower nutrient intake - Ensure balanced/varied diet provide range micronutrients, Long-chain PUFAs (needed for brain & retina development: oily fish -some synthesize alpha-linolenic acid oils (soya, rapeseed), green veg & grass fed meet),iron, zinc, calcium & vitamin D may be issues Low income - Poor reserves at start pregnancy, lower micronutrient intakes, less weight gain, high risk low birth weight - advise cheap source nutrient-rich foods: fortified cereals, bread, tin pulses, fruit & veg, some meat, tinned fish

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of: a. vitamin B12. b. vitamin K. c. vitamin D. d. retinol.

The anemia of the vitamin B12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is known as pernicious anemia. See page 256

Which of the following is NOT a good source of beta-carotene? a. French fries b. mango c. sweet potato d. spinach

The definitive fast-food meal, a hamburger, fries, and cola, lacks vitamin A. See pages 233, 235

Which of the following vitamins' main role is to help synthesize proteins that help blood clot? a. beta-carotene b. E c. D d. K

The main function of vitamin K is to help synthesize proteins that help clot the blood. See page 241

Cross-Contamination

The process by which bacteria or other microorganism are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another

What is meant by the bioavailablity of a vitamin in a food?

The rate and extent that a nutrient is absorbed and used. Based on efficiency of digestion and transit time, previous nutrient intake/nutrition status. Method of food preparation.

What nutrient/s are required to transport vitamin A into the body

The transport and utilization of vitamin A is dependent upon several vitamin A binding proteins. Because a sufficient dietary intake of protein is required for the manufacture of these binding proteins, inadequate protein intake may result in vitamin A deficiency. In addition, adequate intake of dietary fat and zinc is necessary for the absorption and utilization of vitamin A.

Why are vegetarians at risk for Vitamin b12 deficiency?

They aren't eating meat or meat products.

Binge-eating disorder

They self-induce vomitting or over-excising after binge eating -Usually overweight or above -Negative self esteem

Define thiamin pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a vitamin B1 derivative that operates as the active form of the nutrient thiamine. It works as a coenzyme in the proper respiration of tissues, cell metabolism, and glucose oxidation. Coenzymes, sometimes called cofactors, are chemical composites from non-protein sources that are bound to a protein for the healthy operation of that protein's biological actions. Also known by the name of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), thiamine pyrophosphate is often prescribed for the treatment of thiamine deficiency (Beriberi)

Protein RDA/RDI

This protein RDA: contains a large safety factor, designed to cover the need to replace protein containing tissue on a daily basis

Specify reasons that could lead to magnesium toxicity

Through non-food sources like supplements or magnesium salts

Obesity is second to what , in causing preventable illness and premature

Tobacco

Vitamin E Forms

Tocopherols are the biologically active forms of vitamin E α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols Alpha-tocopherol is most biologically active, or potent form Found in food and supplement Natural form: R,R,R -tocopherol Supplement form: all-rac -tocopherol

Hypervitaminosis D

Too much Vit D; Vit D is lipid soluble and not rapidly excreted when in excess;- Leads to hypercalcemia, soft tissue calficiation and kidney stones - Manifests as non-specific symptoms (ex. anorexia, weight loss, polyuria (excessive production of urine), asotaemia (abnormally large amounts of nitrogen in blood), constipation, muscle fatigue, weakness, etc...), kidney, heart and aortic damage

Excess protein intake

Too much protein can be harmful: • Causes high cholesterol and heart disease • Possible bone loss, high protein diets may cause excess calcium excretion leading to bone loss, increases calcium excretion. Theory is that metabolizing these amino acids makes the blood more acidic and calcium is pulled from the bones to buffer these acids. There is no direct evidence of this • Kidney disease: high protein diets are associated with an increased risk of kidney disease. This occurs when you eat more protein than drink more water to help flush out the extra urea produced. • Generally safe to eat 2g of protein / kg body weight.

Selenium Toxicity/Deficiency

Toxicity can occur from supplements Selenosis = Brittle hair, nails fall off, skin rashes, vomiting, nauseas, weakness, cirrhosis of the liver Deficiency associated with Keshan disease, a heart disease Kashin-Beck disease, a deforming arthritis Impaired immunity

Vitamin E Toxicity/Deficiency

Toxicity uncommon Associated with excessive supplementation Interacts with anticoagulants (aspirin, Coumadin) High doses associated with Increased risk of heart failure Excessive bleeding Potential hemorrhagic stroke "True" deficiency is uncommon - stored in adipose tissue Suboptimal intakes in NHANES III survey Increased risk for cardiovascular disease Can result in erythrocyte hemolysis Anemia in premature infants Symptoms: loss of muscle coordination and reflexes; impaired vision, speech, and movement Impairs immune functions (with low selenium) Associated with fat malabsorption

urolithiasis

Toxicity: Ca*, P, Mg *Ca decreases risk of uroliths in ruminants

hemolysis

Toxicity: Cu

jaundice

Toxicity: Cu

Cardiac arrest

Toxicity: K

hypercalcemia

Toxicity: Mg

cerebral cortical edema

Toxicity: Na

head pressing

Toxicity: Na, sulfate (associated with polioencephalomalacia)

chocolate brown blood

Toxicity: Nitrate Microbes convert Nitrate -> Nitrite Nitrite converts Hb-> metHb= choco brown blood

opisthotonos

Toxicity: Sulfate, cyanobacterium Deficiency: B1

hemorrhagic gastritis with vomiting in pigs

Toxicity: Vit D

mineralization of soft tissue

Toxicity: Vit D

metastatic Calcification

Toxicity: Vit D (heart, blood vessels, kidneys)

acute renal failure, colic, death in horses

Toxicity: Vit K3

Selenium

Trace mineral Antioxidant - part of *glutathione peroxidase* enzyme system -*Thyroxine* production, basal metabolism, body temp RDA: 55ug/day UL 400/day

Selenium Sources/Functions

Trace mineral needed in small amounts Amounts in foods depend on amounts in soil High absorption efficiency (50-90%) Sources: Organ meats, pork, seafood, nuts, wheat, rice Antioxidant, part of glutathione peroxidase enzyme system decreases free radicals, sparing vitamin E Production of thyroxine, thyroid hormone maintain basal metabolism and body temperature

Dietary supplements do not require government approval before entering the market, and manufacturers alone decide whether their products are safe and effective. a. True b. False

True

Groups of people with high fruit and vegetable intakes often have low rates of cancer. a. True b. False

True. Groups of people with high fruit and vegetable intakes often have low rates of cancer, particularly for cancers of the mouth, throat, lung, stomach, colon and rectum. See page 273

Vitamin C supplements may enhance iron absorption, making iron overload likely in some people. a. True b. False

True. Since vitamin C enhances iron absorption, supplementation of vitamin C may make iron overload likely in some people. See page 245

Vitamin B6 helps convert tryptophan to niacin in the body. a. True b. False

True. Vitamin B6 aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. See page 257

What amino acid is Niacin synthesized from?

Tryptophan.

Spina bifida

Type of NTD spinal cord protrudes through back and may be covered in skin or thin membrane

Anencephaly

Type of NTD in which the brain is undeveloped and the skull is incomplete

What will destroy riboflavin?

UV light.

Nutritional related concerns for teenage girls

Under-nutrition neg affects adolescent girls by: Affecting ability to learn & work max productivity; Increasing risk of poor obstetric outcomes for teen mothers; Arresting healthy development of future children; Affecting sexual maturation and growth: and Preventing the attainment of normal bone strength and the development of healthy teeth if a youth doesn't get enough calcium.. .

BMI Classifications

Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obesity class 1,2, and 3, extreme overweight

Evaluate the use of chloride therapeutically

Use after excessive vomiting, sweating or diarrhoea, in metabolic alkalosis (ph of tissue elevated above norm level bc loss hydrogen) & low gastric hydrochloric acid

Evaluate the use of sodium therapeutically

Use in excess perspiration, vomiting, diarrhoea, diuretic use, strict vegetarianism

Evaluate the use of potassium therapeutically

Use in periods of growth & pregnancy, muscular weakness & cramping, stress, low blood sugar, alcoholism, & prolonged diarrhoea, diabetic acidosis (lack insulin leads to high blood sugar levels, presence ketones in urine & blood, certain acids (known as ketoacids) in blood requiring hospitalisation), heart disease, hypertension, & prolonged diuretic use - high animal protein, sodium, sugar diets all increase need for potassium

Which of the following adults is most likely to suffer from osteomalacia? a. lacto-ovo-vegetarian b. an individual who consumes fruits, vegetables, grains, eggs, cheese, and fish only c. vegan d. an individual who consumes a variety of foods from each of the food groups in the USDA Food Guide

VEGAN. As discussed on page 236, a lack of vitamin D may cause osteomalacia, a condition in which bone is suffering from inadequate mineralization. Reviewing the USDA Food Guide you will see that both calcium and vitamin D are primarily found in foods of animal origin and that, unless they carefully plan their diet, a vegan is at a great risk of not consuming sufficient amounts of these nutrients.

Disordered Eating

Variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviors used to reduce weight

Therapeutic use of vitamin B12

Vegans & strict vegetarians need to supplement w/ B12 - Note: adequate intakes of folate can mask B12 deficiency - B12 injections aid sufferers of pernicious anaemia - may benefit alcoholism & malabsorption conditions like colitis (inflammation Large Intestine) - beneficial to insomnia, memory loss, fatigue, stress, attention deficit, mood swings & nervous irritability - may help those w/ degenerative joint disease

Food Sources for Tocopherois (Vitamin E)

Vegetable oils, fish oils

What are the daily servings of each food category to meet nutritional needs of teenagers

Vegetables 3-5 servings daily. 1 cup raw leafy veg, 3/4 cup veg juice, or 1/2 cup other veg, raw or cooked. Fruits 2-4 servings daily. 1/2 cup of sliced fruit, 3/4 cup of fruit juice, or medium-size whole fruit i.e apple, banana or pear. Whole Grains 6-11 servings daily. Each serving = 1 slice bread, 1/2 cup of rice or 1 ounce of cereal. Protein 2-3 servings of 2-3 ounces of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. May consist 1/2 cup cooked dry beans, 1 egg, or 2 tablespoons of peanut butter for each ounce of lean meat. Dairy products 2-3 servings (cups) daily of low-fat milk or yogurt, or natural cheese (1.5 ounces=one serving). Zinc Studies indicate zinc may improve memory & school performance, especially in boys. Good sources of zinc = oysters, beef, pork, liver, dried beans & peas, whole grains, fortified cereals, nuts, milk, cocoa, and poultry. Calories Due to all growth & activity, adolescent boys need 2,500-2,800 daily, girls need 2,200 daily. Best to get these calories from lean protein, low-fat dairy, whole grains, and fruits and veggies. Calcium Many teens do not get sufficient amounts of calcium, leading to weak bones and osteoporosis later in life. Encourage teens to cut back on soda and other overly-sugary foods, which suck calcium from bones. The 1,200 mg of calcium needed per day should come from dairy, calcium-fortified juice and cereal, and other calcium-rich foods such as sesame seeds and leafy greens like spinach. Iron Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, & weakness. Boys need 12 mg each day & teen girls, who often lose iron during menstruation, need 15 mg. Iron-rich foods include red meat, chicken, beans, nuts, enriched whole grains, and leafy greens like spinach and kale.

Effects of high doses of Vitamin A in pregnancy

Vit A likely safe pregnant /breast-feeding women when taken recommend amounts <10,000 units daily. Larger amounts possibly unsafe as Vit A can cause birth defects & liver toxicity. Especially important for pregnant women to monitor Vit A from all sources during 1st 3 months pregnancy. Forms Vit A found food:animal products, primarily liver, some fortified breakfast cereal & dietary supplements - check ingredients in supplements so don't double up receiving too much 1 nutrient.

Additional supplementation required by pregnant vegetarian / vegan mothers

Vit B12 - not readily available vegetarian food sources, supplement essential for pregnant vegetarians. Vegans, who don't consume dairy or eggs, are even more at risk of a deficiency. B12 deficiency can lead to birth defects &increase risk of miscarriages and premature birth. Iron - multivits + those for pregnant women, are iron-free. Vegetarians may need supplementation w/ iron to avoid developing anemia. Low iron intake during pregnancy can lead low birth weight & premature delivery. Iron from animal sources i.e beef, chicken & oysters, more easily absorbed by body than non-heme/ vegetarian iron. Thus supplement may be needed for vegetarians. Folic Acid - Best sources fruits & veg, which vegetarians naturally eat. But dietary sources not enough during pregnancy, as body needs more folic acid than normal to prevent birth defects. A problem w/ pregnant vegetarians is they may skip folic acid supplementation as they feel confident veggie-rich diet enough - folic acid supplements may be needed till 12th week pregnancy. Vitamin D and Calcium - Vit D works w/ calcium to help bone development. W/out adequate sun exposure, baby at risk for poor bone growth in uterus. Vegetarians eating dairy are likely getting enough calcium, but strict vegetarians need amend diet or supplement. Few hrs wk sun exposure helps body get enough vit D. Vit C - aids in calcium absorption

Use of Vitamin D theurapeutically

Vit D may assist in prevention and treatment of rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis and bone fracture - is indicated in use for pregnancy growth, post menopausal & for elderly - used for topical treatment of psoriasis - may be used in adjunct to treatment some forms arthritis - may have some value in treatment of some cancers like skin, bone, colon, prostate & breast cancer - can be used for muscle spasm /weakness

Night blindness and xerophthalmia are the early and late stages of a deficiency of which vitamin? a. vitamin A b. niacin c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin D

Vitamin A

Vitamins needed for pregnancy

Vitamin A & Beta Carotene (770 mcg) -Helps bones & teeth grow - Liver, milk, eggs, carrots, spinach, green & yellow veg, broccoli, potatoes, pumpkin, yellow fruits, cantaloupe Vitamin D (5 mcg) - Helps body use calcium and phosphorus; promotes strong teeth & bones- Milk, fatty fish, sunshine Vitamin E (15 mg) - Helps body form & use red blood cells & muscles - Veg oil, wheat germ, nuts, spinach, fortified cereals Vitamin C (80 - 85 mg) - antioxidant that protects tissues from damage helps body absorb iron; builds immune system - Citrus fruits, bell peppers, green beans, strawberries, papaya, potatoes, broccoli, tomatoes B VITAMINS : Thiamin/B1 (1.4 mg) - Raise energy level regulates nervous system - Whole grain, fortified cereals, wheat germ, organ meats, eggs, rice, pasta, berries, nuts, legumes, pork Riboflavin/B2 (1.4 mg) - Maintains energy, good eyesight, healthy skin - Meats, poultry, fish, dairy products, fortified cereals, eggs Niacin/B3 (18 mg) - Promotes healthy skin, nerves & digestion - High-protein foods, fortified cereals & bread, meats, fish, milk, eggs, peanuts Pyridoxine/B6 (1.9 mg) - Helps form red blood cells; helps morning sickness - Chicken, fish, liver, pork, eggs, soybeans, carrots, cabbage, cantaloupe, peas, spinach, wheat germ, sunflower seeds, bananas, beans, broccoli, brown rice, oats, bran, peanuts,walnuts Folic Acid/Folate (600 mcg) - Helps support the placenta, & prevents spina bifida & other neural tube defects - Oranges/ juice, strawberries, green leafy veg, spinach, beets, broccoli, cauliflower, fortified cereals, peas, pasta, beans, nuts

Common nutrients deficiencies in older adults

Vitamin A,C,D,B12,calcium iron

Vitamin required for folate metabolism

Vitamin B12 needed for folate metabolism

Function of Riboflavin

Vitamin B2 - sensitive to light & unstable in alkalis- contains 3 linked 6-membered rings w/ sugar alcohol attached to middle ring- name from yellow colour Component of 2 coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) & flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - Essential for carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism & also supports antioxidant function - necessary for tissue maintenance - especially skin around mouth, eye tissues & mucous membranes - needed to activate folate - essential for normal growth & reproduction

Nutrient required for B6 activation

Vitamin B2 is required to convert B6 into its active form

Deficiency symptoms of B6

Vitamin B2 is required to convert B6 into its active form - deficiency Vit B2 can affect functions B6. - leads to decrease in PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) leading to dermatological & neurological complaints - relatively rare precipitated by medicated like L-DOPA - result depression, confusion, convulsions, general irritability, weakness, impaired immunity, cheilosis, glossitis, insomnia & poor coordination

Function of pantothenic acid

Vitamin B5 - adequate intake(acceptable intake established by Food & nutrition Board where insufficient data avail to set RDA's): 5mg/day - set as amount needed to replace urinary excretion - daily value used on food & supplement labels is 10mg - Vit B5/pantothenic acid converted to coenzyme A, which is essential in metabolism & needed for synthesis of acetylcholine - necessary for transmission of impulses - forms acyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid metabolism - B5 also involved in production of antibodies for immune function & helps in stress response

Which of the following is correct concerning vitamin B6? a. The body's requirement for B6 is proportional to protein intakes. b. It is not possible to reach toxic levels of B6 since it is a water-soluble vitamin. c. It is effective in aiding sleep disorders. d. It is effective in curing carpal tunnel syndrome.

Vitamin B6 plays so many roles in protein metabolism that the body's requirement for vitamin B6 is roughly proportional to protein intakes. See pages 257-258

B-Vitamins that function with Riboflavin

Vitamin B6, niacin, thiamin & folate in numerous metabolic pathways

Rickets

Vitamin D Deficiency in child inadequate calcification, enlargement of long bone ends, rib deformities

Formation of active form of Vitamin D

Vitamin D, as either D3 or D2, does not have significant biological activity. Must be metabolized within body to hormonally-active form known -1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

Which of the food groups provides the richest sources of vitamin E? a. oils group b. fruits group c. vegetables group d. milk, yogurt, and cheese group

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and as such the oils group provides foods that are the richest in this vitamin (pages 240-241).

Nutrients with antioxidant properties

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta-carotene (phytochemical and Vita A precursor), Vitamin A, Selenium

Vitamin K

Vitamin important for blood clotting

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)

Vitamin needed as a pregnancy supplement to help prevent birth defefts

Vitamin D

Vitamin needed for Calcium absorption

Vitamin C

Vitamin that boosts the function of the immune system

Vitamin E

Vitamin used to improve cellular development and skin repair (reduces scarring)

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A D E and K

The antioxidant vitamins are: a. retinol, vitamin D, and biotin. b. vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. c. vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate. d. vitamin D, thiamin, and riboflavin.

Vitamins E, C, and beta-carotene are antioxidant vitamins, compounds typically found in plant foods that significantly decrease the adverse effects of oxidation of living tissues. See page 234

Vitamins/Minerals Involved in Antioxidant Functions

Vitamins: Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin A Minerals: Selenium Copper Iron Zinc Manganese

Fat soluble and water soluble nutrients

Water • absorbed directly into the blood • travel freely • excess excreted into the urine • needed in frequent doses (1-3 per day) Fat • absorbed into the lymphatic system and then the blood • requires a protein or lipid carrier for transport • can accumulate in the liver or adipose tissue • needed in periodic doses (weeks or months) Which vitamins are water soluble and fat soluble Water • Water Soluble Vitamins: • Thiamin (Vitamin B1) • Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) • Niacin, nicoamide, nicotinic acid • Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyriodoxamine (Vitamin B6) • Folate (Folic acid) • Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) • Biotin • Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Fat • A (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) • D (Cholecalciferol) • E (tocopherol) • K (phylloquinone, menaquinoe, menadione)

Vitamin C

Water soluble "A-scorbic" acid 2 forms: ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid Functions:synthesis of: -collagen (prevents *scurvy*) -DNA -Bile -Neurotransmitters (serotonin) -Carnitine (transports long-chain fatty acids) -Hormones (epinephrine, steroids) -Ensures appropriate levels of thyroxine hormone

Vitamin C Toxicity

Water soluble, extra is excreted Consuming excess from food is not toxic Only supplements can lead to toxic doses Megadoses At least 10 times the recommended amount over prolonged time Can cause nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds & abdominal cramps Harmful for people with hemochromatosis (excess iron accumulation)

Vitamin C Functions

Water-soluble Must be consumed on a regular basis Chemical form: ascorbic acid Vitamin C Functions Synthesis of: Collagen - helps prevent scurvy DNA Bile Neurotransmitters (serotonin) Carnitine - long-chain fatty acid transport Hormones (thyroxine, epinephrine, steroid hormones)

Functions of Beta-Carotene

Weak antioxidant, fights lipid oxidation in cell membranes Enhances immune system Protects skin from UV ray damage Protects from damage, preventing or delaying age-related vision impairment

Low-Grade Inflammation

Weakens plaque in blood vessels -likely to burst, break away, lodge in blood vessels of heart or brain, close off blood supply = <3 attack -*C-reactive protein (CRP)* increase risk for heart attack -Marker for inflammation (blood test) -High risk for heart attack in the presence of normal cholesterol levels

When healthy men are given supplements of ________ their homocysteine values drop significantly. a. vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 b. vitamin K c. vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D d. vitamin A, beta-carotene, and retinol

When healthy men with elevated homocysteine are given supplements of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, their homocysteine values drop significantly. See page 258

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Vitamin A (precursor beta-carotene), Selenium

Which nutrients contain antioxidant properties?

What is an antioxidant? a. An antioxidant prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin. b. An antioxidant is an enzyme needed for the digestion of oxygen. c. An antioxidant prevents damage to cell structures that may be caused by oxidation. d. An antioxidant is required for the digestion of lipids.

While essential to human life, oxygen is capable of inflicting severe damage on cell structures. As discussed on page 234, antioxidants prevent damage to cell structures that may be caused by oxygen-induced oxidation.

Dietary sources of potassium

White Beans Potassium in 100g 1 cup cooked (179g) 561mg (16% DV) 1004mg (29% DV) Other Beans High in Potassium (%DV per cup): Adzuki (35%), Soy (28%), Lima (28%), Kidney (20%), Great Northern (20%), Pinto (18%) and others at an average of 15% DV per cup cooked. #2: Dark Leafy Greens (Spinach) Potassium 100g (Raw) 1 Cup (Raw - 30g) 1 Cup (Cooked - 180g) 558mg (16% DV) 167mg (5% DV) 839mg (24% DV) Other Greens High in Potassium (%DV per cup cooked): Swiss Chard (27% DV), Kale (8% DV), and Collards (6% DV). #3: Baked Potatoes (With Skin) Potassium 100g Average Potato (173g) 535mg (15% DV) 926mg (26% DV) Warning: Potatoes are high in simple carbohydrates and not recommended for people with diabetes. Sweet potatoes are actually better for regulation blood sugar, an average baked sweet potato with skin (114g) provides 542mg (15% DV) of potassium. . #4: Dried Apricots Potassium 100g 1/2 cup (65g) 1162mg (33% DV) 755mg (22% DV) Warning: Dried Apricots are high in sugar. . #5: Baked Acorn Squash Potassium 100g 1 cup cubed (205g) 437mg (12% DV) 899mg (26% DV) Other Squash High in Potassium (%DV per cup baked): Hubbard (21%), Butternut (17% DV), Zucchini (14% DV), Average Winter Squash (10% DV). #6: Yogurt (Plain, Skim/Non-Fat) Potassium 100g 1 cup (245g) 255mg (7% DV) 625mg (18% DV) Other Yogurt High in Potassium (%DV per cup): Whole-Fat (11% DV), Chocolate Yogurt (24% DV). . #7: Fish (Salmon) Potassium 100g 1 3oz fillet (85g) 628mg (18% DV) 534mg (15% DV) Other Fish High in Potassium (%DV per 3oz fillet (85g)): Pompano (15% DV), Lingcod (14% DV), Halibut (13% DV), Yellowfin Tuna (13% DV), Anchovies (12% DV), Mackerel (10% DV), Herring (10% DV) and most other fish at an average of 10% DV. #8: Avocados Potassium 100g Average Avocado (201g) 1/2 Cup Pureed (115) 485mg (14% DV) 975mg (28% DV) 558mg (16% DV) #9: Mushrooms (White) Potassium 100g 1 cup sliced (108g) 396mg (11% DV) 428mg (12% DV) Other mushrooms high in potassium (%DV per cup sliced): Portabella (9% DV), Brown or Crimini (9% DV), Enoki (7% DV), Shiitake (5% DV), Maitake (4% DV). #10: Bananas Potassium 100g Average Banana(118g) 1 Cup Mashed (225) 358mg (10% DV) 422mg (12% DV) 806mg (23% DV)

Food Sources for Chromium (Micro-element)

Whole grains, brewer yeast, meat

Food Sources for Manganese (Micro-element)

Whole grains, nuts, eggs

Food Sources for Silicon (Micro-element)

Whole grains, nuts, eggs

Dietary sources Vitamin E

Widely distributed in foods - wheat germ & veg & seed oils best sources best = safflower oil w/ most alpha-tocopherol - Also leafy veg, legumes, peanuts, almonds, eggs, unrefined grains - animal foods poor source vit E

Evaluate use of calcium therapeutically

Widely used therapeutically - indicated in pregnancy & lactation, muscular spasm, weakness or cramping, tetany, teeth conditions & menopause or osteoporosis

Vitamin E Food Sources

Widespread in foods, particularly those containing vegetable oils Vegetable oils (olive, safflower, sunflower, canola, soybean) Nuts Seeds Wheat germ Soybeans Destroyed by exposure to oxygen, metals, ultraviolet light, and heat Little in deep-fried and processed foods

Vitamin E

Works as an antioxidant.

Bile

Yellow/green fluid produced by liver stored in gall bladder

Who are at risk for binge drinking

Young adult age group - high school group

Nutrient needed for enzyme that metabolises alcohol

Zinc

Deficiency of Folate

_ *Macrocytic anemia* - Elevated homocysteine - *Neural tube defect*

thrifty gene theory

a gene causes people to be energetically thrifty, people with this gene expend less energy than other people and therefor gain weight

Haemoglobin

a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color -Ex. function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, A conjugated protein, found in red cells, effective at carrying oxygen from regions of high partial pressure (e.g. lungs) to regions of low partial pressure o oxygen (e.g. respiring tissues)

A body mass index of 40 represents no health risk. possible health risk. a high risk for health problems. a value that is not on the nomogram.

a high risk for health problems.

Water

a person can only survive for a few days w/o this most crucial nutrient on daily basis most lost through urine needed to remove waste

BMI

a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters 705(weight in ibs)/height^2 inches 18.5 to 24.9 (normal) 25 to 29.9 (overweight) 30 to 39 obese (60% of USA) +40 horribly obese

Hunger can be defined as starvation. a physiological drive to find and eat food. a sensation caused by distension of the stomach and small intestine. a psychological drive to eat.

a physiological drive to find and eat food.

Transferrin

a plasma protein that transports iron ions in the bloodstream

Ferritin

a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen

Goiter

a welling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland

Signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning

a. Confusion, stupor b. Vomiting c. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) d. Severe dehydration e. Seizures f. Slow or irregular breathing and heartbeat g. Blue-tinged or pale skin h. Low Body temperature (hypothermia) i. Unconsciousness

water soluble nutrients

absorbed directly into the blood, travel freely, excess excreted into the urine, needed in frequent doses

fat soluble nutrients

absorbed into the lymphatic system and then the blood, requires a protein or lipid carrier for transport, can accumulate in the liver or adipose tissue, needed in periodic doses

Calcium

absorption requires vitamin D functions form and maintain bones and teeth assist in muscle contraction deficiency osteoporosis hypocalcemia: caused by kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, or low PTH production

sarcopenia

age related progressive loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function

A fad diet for weight loss can result in quick weight loss. usually fails because habits are not changed. may be nutritionally inadequate. All of these choices are correct.

all

A sound program for weight reduction should include control of total energy intake. increased physical activity. modification of food habits. All of these choices are correct.

all

A weight-loss program is probably a fad diet if it recommends expensive nutrient supplements. uses testimonials from famous people to promote the diet. promotes quick weight loss. guarantees weight-loss success for everyone. All of these choices are accurate.

all

Before recommending treatment for obesity, the health professional should assess current health status. take a family history of obesity-related disease. determine fat distribution in the patient. All of these choices are accurate.

all

By keeping a detailed food diary, the individual who is trying to lose weight can discover emotions that lead to poor eating habits. social influences affecting eating and food choices. external cues that lead to overeating. All of these choices are accurate.

all

Eating disorders frequently co-occur with which of the following psychological disorders? depression substance abuse anxiety disorders All of these choices are accurate.

all

Maintenance of weight loss is fostered by eating breakfast. having a regular exercise plan. self-monitoring. All of these responses are correct.

all

Repeated self-induced vomiting may cause tears in the esophagus. stomach ulcers. electrolyte imbalances. tooth demineralization. All of these choices are correct.

all

The semi-starvation of anorexia nervosa results in many physiological changes, such as decreased basal metabolism. lanugo. iron-deficiency anemia. dry, scaly, cold skin. All of these choices are accurate.

all

To calculate basal energy needs using the equations developed by the Food and Nutrition Board, one needs information about the individual's age. weight. height. gender. All of these choices are accurate.

all

To counteract the binge, the bulimic patient may induce vomiting. take laxatives. over-exercise. All of these choices are accurate

all

What is basal metabolism

amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest (equat. (weight/kg)x 24) the minimum metabolic activity required to sustain life in resting but awake person.

3500

amount of kcal's in 1lb of fat

pepsin

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids.

Hyperglycemia

an excess of glucose in the bloodstream,often associated with diabetes

Bulimic patients often have a problem with recognizing nutritious food choices. eating enough food to maintain a healthy body weight. obesity. an inability to control responses to impulse and desire.

an inability to control responses to impulse and desire.

Which of these might be a consequence of vitamin C supplementation? a. a decreased risk of dementia b. an increased risk of oxidative damage c. a decreased risk of diabetes d. an increased risk of an HIV infection

an increased risk of oxidative damage. There is no evidence to suggest that otherwise healthy people who consume adequate diets obtain any benefit from vitamin C supplementation. As discussed on pages 264-265, high doses of vitamin C may correlate with an increase in markers of oxidation in the blood. In addition, high doses of vitamin C increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease when taken by women who are diabetic.

Galactosaemia

an inherited autosomal recessive disorder in which an affected individual fails to produce the enzyme galactase and is unable to digest the sugar galactose - treated w/ lactose free diet

ATP

an organic compound used by cells as a source of energy, energy is stored in the phosphate bonds and when they are broken they release energy

vitamin a sources

animals (liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods) and plants

Negative impacts on nutritional status of older adults

annual income medication physical changes lower physical activity

A condition of self-induced semi-starvation is called bulimia. anorexia nervosa. kwashiorkor. baryophobia.

anorexia nervosa.

choline

assist in homocysteine metabolism, obesity and malnutrition

Functions of chromium

associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose

soluble fiber

associated with reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, lowering cholesterol and blood glucose levels

proper weight gain for 2nd and 3rd trimesters

average 1 lb per week

The body's total daily energy expenditure includes basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity. basal metabolic rate, height and weight. body mass index, food intake and number of hours a person sleeps. none of these choices are correct.

basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity.

The energy spent in maintaining all involuntary processes in the body at rest, awake, and in a non-absorptive state is called resting metabolism. thermogenesis. thermic effect. basal metabolism.

basal metabolism

For most adults, the greatest portion of their energy expenditure is for physical activity. basal metabolism. thermic effect of food. None of these choices are correct.

basal metabolism.

energy RDA

based on the average energy intake for each age and sex group

where protein digestion begins

begins in the stomach, where hydrochloric acid breaks down protein structure and activates pepsin

metabolism of carbs

begins with digestion in the small intestine where monosacharides are absorbed into the blood stream. Blood sugar concentrations are controlled by three hormones: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. If the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high, insulin is secreted by the pancreas

Functions of bioflavonoids

bioflavonoids are helpful in absorption of vitamin C and protect the multifunctional vitamin C molecule from oxidation, thereby improving and prolonging its functioning. Therefore involved in maintaining health of collagen indirectly that holds the cells together by forming basement membranes of cells, tissues, and cartilage. Main function bioflavonoids is increase strength of capillaries and to regulate their permeability. capillaries link the arteries to the veins. They deliver oxygen and nutrients to the organs, tissues, and cells and pick up carbon dioxide and waste and carry them through the veins and back to the heart. By its support of capillaries, vitamin P helps prevent hemorrhage and rupture of these tiny vessels, which could lead to easy bruising. Also, capillary strength may help protect us from infection, particularly viral problems. Bioflavonoids also can reduce amount of histamine released from cells

Process of alcohol fermentation

biological process in which sugars like glucose, fructose & sucrose converted into cellular energy thereby producing ethanol & carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is an anaerobic process. - Fermentation is process where yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol & carbon dioxide. Yeast are tiny single-celled fungi that contain special enzymes responsible for this reaction. The word equation for this process is: Glucose + yeast alcohol + carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas bubbles out of fermenting solution into air leaving mixture of ethanol & water. It's important no air present or yeast will produce ethanoic acid - the chemical found in vinegar.

glucose

blood sugar used to supply cellular energy, the most abundant in carbs

sodium storage and excretion

body continually regulates sodium. When a person eats too much or too little sodium, intestines and kidneys respond to adjust concentrations to normal. During the course of a day, intestines absorbs dietary sodium while kidneys excrete nearly equal amount of sodium into theurine. The concentration of sodium in the blood depends on total amount of sodium and water in arteries, veins, and capillaries (the circulatory system). Thebody regulates sodium and water in different ways, but uses both to help correct blood pressure when it is too high or low If body has too little sodium (called hyponatremia), body can eitherincrease sodium levels or decrease water in the body. Too high a concentration of sodium (hypernatremia), can be corrected either by decreasing sodium orby increasing body water.

The major goal for weight reduction in the treatment of obesity is the loss of weight. body fat. body water. body protein.

body fat

In general, which food group(s) provides foods that are rich in vitamin C? a. milk, yogurt, and cheese group, and oils group b. grains group and meat, poultry, fish, dried peas and beans, eggs, and nuts group c. solid fats and added sugars group d. fruits group and vegetables group

both the fruits group and the vegetables group provide vitamin C.

sources of selenium

brazil nuts, lobster and crab are the main ones, but include organ meats, pork, seafood, egg, milk, nuts, seeds, wheat, rice

catabolism

breakdown or degradation of larger more complex molecules to smaller basic molecules, breaks down proteins, lipids, and carbs

Haemosiderin

brown granular pigment derived from haemoglobin, which is the form of stored iron. Iron stains blue with Prussian blue stain

lactic acid

by product of anaerobic metabolism; used during high and low intensity

nonessential amino acids

can be made by our bodies

Vitamin D

can be synthesized by the body by exposure to UV light from the sun functions regulates blood calcium levels deficiency rickets (children, bowing of legs) osteomalacia (adults)

Deficiency symptoms of folate

can occur due to certain medications like methotrexate, barbiturates &contraceptive pill - long term use of antibiotics & chemotherapy can cause deficiency symptoms if intake of folate is not increased - alcoholics & elderly may be at risk of deficiency due to poor diet - common in pregnancy & low veg diet Result in: glossitis, gastrointestinal disturbances, & megaloblastic anaemia - condition wherein red blood cells are large & immature & cannot carry oxygen properly - other symptoms: include irritability, grey hair, fatigue, forgetfulness & skin disorders - Folate is essentially non toxic but excess amounts can mask B12 deficiency

choline toxicity

can result in a fishy body odor

Therapeutic use of Vitamin C

cancer, immune stimulant, colds/flu, CV dz and atherosclerosis, free radical protection, glaucoma, allergies, asthma, DM, gout, connective tissue weakness

Which of the following foods has the highest amount of vitamin C? a. whole-wheat bread b. yogurt c. cantaloupe d. sirloin steak

cantaloupe. Fruits and vegetables, and not just citrus fruits, are excellent sources of vitamin C. See pages 246-247

Functions of molybdenum

catalyst cofactor metabolism of amino acids Aids in action of some enzymes

enzymes

catalyst; proteins that cause chemical changes in other substances to speed up bodily processes

process of dehydration

caused inadequate intake or abnormal loss (i.e. diarrhoea, vomiting, haemorrhage, burns, excessiver perspiration or urinating -blood pressure falls (plasma shift) and decreased GRF (kidney conserves water) Symptoms of dehydration •Dry lips, skin, tongue •Decreased excretion of urine and its color •Confusion •Raised body temperature •Flushed skin •Lack of energy

zinc deficiency

causes infections with poor wound healing

high fat, low carb, high protein diets

causes ketosis, nutritionally inadequate and requires supplements, causes constipation, diarrhea, nausea, headaches, ketone breath, insomnia, fatigue

vitamin D deficiency

causes rickets in children, and osteomalacia in adults

4-6 months

cereals are introduced to babies at this time, rice usually first

Dietary sources phosphorus

cheese; dried beans; eggs; fish; milk products; nuts; seeds; organ meats; poultry; whole grains -Main food sources are protein foods of meat & milk. Meal plan providing adequate calcium & protein,provides adequate phosphorus. Whole-grain breads/cereals contain more phosphorus than refined flour cereals/breads, but this is storage form phosphorus (phytin), not absorbed by humans. Fruits & veg contain small amounts phosphorus.

dietary sources of magnesium

chocolate; dry beans and peas; green leafy vegetables; meats; nuts; seafood; whole grains; bananas; oranges

sources of soluble fiber

citrus fruit, berries, oat products, and beans

Primary method of BMI

classify individuals as beingoverweight or obese, to estimate relative risk for diesase compared to normal weight

Function of B6

coenzyme involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism - assist in making red blood cells stored in muscle cells, amino acid/protein metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin; epinephrine; histamine); hemoglobin synthesis; glycogenolysis: release of glucose from liver

Thiamin (b1)

coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate required for metabolism of carbs and branched chain amino acids and production of DNA and RNA

cohesion and adhesion

cohesion water bond to water, adhesion water bond to anything else hydrophilic, capillary action both work to move water up tree roots

Functions of ultra trace mineral silicon

collagen formation and bone mineralization strengthen collagen and elastin collagen/bone/cartilage formation

riboflavin (B2)

component of 2 coenzymes, FMN and FAD, involved in oxidation reduction reactions in energy metabolism. Is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Light Sensitive

Pantothenic Acid

components of coenzymes for fatty acid metabolism. Required for building new fatty acids

Vitamins

compounds that help regulate many vital body processes, including the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of other nutrients - nutrients that don't provide energy or build body tissue, but help regulate these and other body processes

organic nutrients

consists of carbs, fat protein, vitamins, contains carbon

polysaccharides

consists of many glucose unites linked together to form a long chain and are considered the storage form of glucose

inorganic nutrients

consists of minerals and water and has no carbon

A factor that can decrease BMR is consuming a low-energy diet. having a high fever. long endurance exercise. being pregnant.

consuming a low-energy diet.

shiitake mushrooms

contain pantothenic acid

the protein RDA

contains a large safety factor, designed to cover the need to replace protein containing tissue on a daily basis

Which of these methods of food preparation would maximize the retention of water-soluble vitamins? a. cook foods in oil b. cook foods for long periods of time c. cook foods in water d. cook foods at a high temperature

cook foods in oil. Since, as discussed on page 242, water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water they would be leached out and lost to the cooking water (see Table 7-5 on page 247). However, since water-soluble vitamins are not soluble in lipids, such as oils, little is lost to cooking oil.

Which of these methods of food preparation would maximize the retention of fat-soluble vitamins? a. cook foods in oil b. cook foods for long periods of time c. cook foods in water d. cook foods at a high temperature

cook foods in water. Since, as discussed on page 227, fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in oil little would be leached out and lost if the food was cooked in water. However, since fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in lipids, such as oils, there would be considerable loss to cooking oil (see Table 7-5 on page 247).

fluoride toxicity

creates porous tooth enamel, teeth become stained and pitted

folate

critical for cell division of very early embryos, can cause neural tube defect if not consumed enough

xerostomia

declined salivary production

Consumption of a very-low-calorie diet increases BMR by about 10% to 20%. decreases BMR by about 10% to 20%. has no effect on BMR.

decreases BMR by about 10% to 20%.

ketosis

decreases blood glucose and insulin levels and reduces appetite

Deficiency and toxicity symptoms calcium

deficiency: stunted growth in children, bone loss in adults (related to osteoporosis) Toxicity: constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney disfunction

Deficiency and toxicity of sodium

deficiency= hyponitremia, nausea/vomiting, dizzy, cramps, high intake= high blood pressure, kidney stones, anorexia, ataxia confusion, depression, dermatosis dizziness, fatigue, flatulence, hallucinations headaches, hypotension, illusions, infections lethargy, memory loss, muscular weakness seizures, taste loss, weight loss SODIUM TOXICITY anorexia, cognitive dysfunction, congestive heart failure, edema (especially low protein diets), hyperactivity, hypertension, hypertonia irritability, polydipsia, polyuria, renal failure seizures/tremors, weight gain

rickets

delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head, lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen, muscle spasms

Problems associated with excess alcohol consumption including gastrointestinal damage, liver damage, brain damage, cardiovascular problems, cancer & toxicity of foetus

depresses production of immune system proteins -depresses the secretion of antidiuretic hormone,increasing urination and water loss -reduces use of fat in the liver, resulting in a high LDL and triglyceride blood level Encourages accumulation of body fat especially in the central abdominal area ('beer belly') because fat metabolism is disrupted - Gastrointestinal function: Gastritis (inflamed / swollen stomach lining), Pancreatitis (inflammation), Reduced villae, Reduced enzyme production, nutrient digestion & absorption - Liver function: Fatty liver, reduced function & vitamin status - alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis (liver tissues accumulate so much fat that they burst and are replaced by connective scar tissue), liver - Coronary heart disease: Reduced blood lipids VLDL's , pancreatic damage - reduced insulin release - type 2 diabetes, increase risk CHD, -- moderate alcohol consumption - reduced HDL, reduced platelet aggregation, increased antioxidant status may reduce LDL oxidation --beneficial effects of alcohol - reduced CHD -Nervous system: Thiamin deficiency - peripheral neuropathy - nerves don't work properly, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Dementia, Cerebellar damage affecting balance Fetal alcohol syndrome: raised acetaldehye levels in utero: - impaired fetal DNA production - growth retardation - increased risk of childhood learning difficulties Drinking alcohol during pregnancy threatens the fetus with: Irreversible brain damage, Growth retardation, Mental retardation, Facial abnormalities, Vision abnormalities

the four d's

diarrhea, dermatitis, death, depression

metabolism of proteins

dietary proteins are first broken down (catabolism) to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastrointestinal tract; amino acids are further broken down to a-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids.

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing foods

where fat digestion begins

digestion begins in the small intestine

pancreatic amylase

digests carbs

pancreatic lipase

digests fat

protease

digests protein

Extrusion reflex

disappearance of what reflex is asking baby is physically ready to eat solid foods

set point theory

each person's weight stays within a small range, the body compensates for changes in energy balance and keeps a person's weight at his/her set point

hemeiron

easily absorbed, found in animal base foods

allergenic foods

egg whites, cow's milk, peanuts, tree nuts

sources of cholesterol

egg yolk, meat, fish and shell fish, poultry, dairy products

Bioelectrical impedance assesses body composition based on the principle that atomic nuclei behave like magnets when an external magnetic field is applied across the body. adipose tissue is more dense than lean body tissue. electrical conductivity is greater in lean tissue than in adipose tissue. fat-free mass is proportional to total body potassium.

electrical conductivity is greater in lean tissue than in adipose tissue.

All of the following are useful behavior modification principles for weight control EXCEPT eliminating favorite foods from one's diet. working out with a friend. recording eating behaviors to identify situations that contribute to overeating. shopping from a grocery list.

eliminating favorite foods from one's diet.

A "thrifty metabolism" is a genetic predisposition that causes a person to expend higher-than-average energy at rest. enables a person to store fat readily. enables a person to expend fat readily. None of these choices are accurate.

enables a person to store fat readily.

Basil metabolic rate

energy expended to maintain basal or resting functions of the body, the highest proportion of total energy expenditure, used to maintain life when the awake body is completely at rest

ways fat digests

enters the small intestine, bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the small intestine, lie produced by the liver and is stored in the gall bladder, bile disperses fat into smaller droplets, pancreatic enzymes break fat into two separate fatty acids and a monoglyceride

heat of vaporization

evaporative cooling, high, pulls heat from body, keeps you cool

Signs bulimia nervosa

evidence of binge eating, purging, trips to bathroom after eating, use of laxatives/diuretics, follow of excessive rigid exercise regimens, normal weight but obsessed with food/weight, cuts or calluses on back of hands/knuckles, discolored teeth, damaged esophagus, bruises easily (Anemic), puffy cheeks/chipmunk cheeks from purging

hemochromatosis

excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage

side effects of alcohol during pregnancy

fetal alcohol syndrome, malformations of face, limbs, and heart, developmental disabilities

side effects of smoking during pregnancy

fetal growth and development may be impaired, increases risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm delivery, and low birth weight

Lanugo is a substitute for missing adipose tissue. an insulator of body organs. fine downy hair covering the body. cessation of the menstrual cycle.

fine downy hair covering the body.

critical nutrients during pregnancy

folate, vitamin b12, c, a, d, calcium, iron, zinc, sodium, iodine

Reliable indicators of safe food

follow expiration fate on food -food order or appearance is not always a safe indicator

vitamin d functions

for bones, required for calcium/phosphorus absorption

function of fat in foods

for taste, smell, and flavor

RDA (recommended dietary allowance)

formally the principle nutrition standard for americans, it is based on the average energy intake for each age and sex, estimates risk of deficiencies over time

Diseases linked with free radicals

free radicals damage low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), cell proteins, and DNA Increase risk for chronic diseases -heart disease -various cancers -diabetes -cataracts -alzheimer's disease -parkinson's

Food Sources of Vitamin C

fresh fruits and veggies destroyed by heat and oxygen can be leached into boiling water minimize loss by steaming, microwaving and stir-frying

fructose

fruit sugar sweetest of all, abundant in fruit and honey saps, used to sweeter a variety of food products

Zinc

function function of immune system interference with copper and iron absorption. Results in either a copper or iron deficiency

Vitamin K

function: blood-clotting factors that promote vitamin K absorption: gastrointestinal bacteria produce vitamin K the amount of dietary vitamin K needed depends on intestinal health

Vitamin B12

function: healthy blood cells deficiency **pernicious anemia**

Magnesium

functions a mineral found in bone structure deficiency hypomagnesemia (low blood calcium and osteoporosis)

Vitamin A

functions antioxidant; essential for proper vision (distinguish between light and dark)

Folate

functions critical for cell division of very early embryos deficiency macrocytic anemia neutral tube defect**

Fluoride

functions development and maintenance of teeth and bones deficiency dental cavities (caries)

Phosphorous

functions forms hydroxyapatite crystals; critical role in bone formation toxicity excessive vitamin D supplements can cause high phosphorous levels (muscle spasms)

Copper

functions require for iron transport deficiency typically due to zinc and iron intake in supplements

Vitamin C

functions of vitamin C antioxidant; strengthens resistance to infection Deficiency: scurvy

the three monosaccharides

galactose, glucose, fructose

how fat digestion works in the stomach

gastric lipase works only in an acidic environment and it acts on triglycerides containing short and medium chain fatty acids

The highest rate of weight-loss success and maintenance among people with morbid obesity is seen with very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs). jaw wiring. gastroplasty. commercial weight-loss programs.

gastroplasty.

vitamin b6

group of 6 related compounds, part of a coenzyme plp for more than 100 enzymes in amino acid metabolism. Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin, helps to make red blood cells

alcohol

has 7 kcals per gram

fat

has 9 kcals per gram

The best-known role of vitamin D is to: a. act as an antioxidant. b. help synthesize proteins that help clot the blood. c. help maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels. d. release energy from the energy nutrients.

help maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels. Vitamin D is the best-known member of a large cast of nutrients and hormones that interact to regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels, and thereby maintain bone integrity. See page 235

results of excess protein

high cholesterol and heart disease, possible bone loss, excess calcium excretion, increases risk of kidney disease

benefits of breastfeeding

high quality nutrition, protection from allergies, assisting the mother in weight loss, suppressing ovulation, opportunity for bonding, convenient, cost efficient

Ghrelin

hormone from stomach that stimulates appetite -increased when hungry and decreases 1 hr after eating

The set-point theory proposes that body temperature determines how many calories are burned. humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat. metabolism can be reset at different stages of life. None of these choices are accurate.

humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat.

surface tension

hydrogen bonds give you surface tension, gives eco systems, water striders

state deficiency symptoms of magnesium

hyperexcitability, dizziness, muscle cramps/ weakness & fatigue.Severe deficiency can cause hypocalcemia, low serum potassium levels (hypokalemia), retention sodium, low circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), neurological & muscular symptoms (tremor, muscle spasms, tetany), loss appetite, nausea, vomiting, personality changes & death from heart failure. Magnesium plays important role in carbohydrate metabolism & deficiency may worsen insulin resistance,often preceding diabetes, or possible insulin resistance. Deficiency can cause irregular heart beat.

Satiety is largely regulated by the pituitary gland. cerebral cortex. hypothalamus. liver.

hypothalamus.

insulator and density

ice less dense than water, insulates lakes, rigid hydrogen bonds

manganese toxicity

impairs the nervous system, causing spasms and tremors mimicking parkinsons

cholesterol

important in the structure of brain and nerve cells, a component of every cell, is a precursor of bile, functions as an emulsifier, vitamin D, estrogen and testosterone,

traits of bulimia nervosa

impulsive, low self esteem, extroverted, erratic personality style that seeks attention, excessive exercise

steps cancer is composed in

initiation, promotion, and progression

The most successful treatment for anorexia nervosa involves isolation from the family and forced tube feeding. dietary counseling on an outpatient basis by a registered dietitian. inpatient psychological, nutritional, and medical therapy, often involving the whole family. use of diuretics.

inpatient psychological, nutritional, and medical therapy, often involving the whole family.

gestational diabetes

insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy

three hormones blood sugar concentration are controlled by

insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine

Absorption of vitamin B12 requires: a. iron. b. extrinsic factor. c. intrinsic factor. d. niacin.

intrinsic factor, a compound made by the stomach,

All of the following types of drugs can interfere with the body's use of folate EXCEPT: a. aspirin. b. intrinsic factor. c. oral contraceptives. d. antacids.

intrinsic factor.

Oxidation

is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons

A weight-reduction program can be considered successful only when the weight loss exceeds 10% of starting weight. is maintained. results in a BMI of below 25. All of these choices are correct.

is maintained.

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy is stored as fat in adipose tissue. increases the thermic effect of food. increases the basal metabolic rate. is excreted in the urine

is stored as fat in adipose tissue.

The essential difference between anorexia and bulimia is age of onset. Bulimia begins in early childhood. is gender. Men are far more likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa when they enter their teens. is that anorexic patients are much more secretive, while bulimia patients are much more open about their eating disorder. is that the bulimic turns to food during a crisis or problem, whereas the anorexic turns away from food.

is that the bulimic turns to food during a crisis or problem, whereas the anorexic turns away from food.

All the following are true statements about basal metabolism except it supports the work that goes on in the body all the time. it is the amount of calories you need to sustain life . it is the sum total of all involuntary activities necessary to sustain life. it accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure.

it accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure.

All of the following are correct about beriberi EXCEPT: a. it was first observed in East Asia where polished rice was a staple food. b. it is characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and paralysis. c. it is due to a niacin deficiency. d. in alcoholics, it is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

it is due to a niacin deficiency.

4 kcal/g

kcal/g in carbohydrates

4 kcal/g

kcal/g in protein

The best way to handle a situation in which you "go off" your meal plan for weight loss is to go ahead and eat anything you want. skip eating tomorrow. assume lapses will occur and re-establish the program but feel guilty. learn from the experience by identifying triggers so that a repeat can be avoided.

learn from the experience by identifying triggers so that a repeat can be avoided.

examples of insoluble fiber

lignin's cellulose, hemicelluloses

The primary intent of gastroplasty is to speed transit time. limit stomach volume. prevent snacking. All of these choices are correct.

limit stomach volume.

pyruvic acid

limited oxygen pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

Anorexic individuals have trouble maintaining normal body temperature because of loss of body fat as insulation. lack of appropriate clothing as the person tries to show off his/her extreme thinness. increased synthesis of the thyroid hormone. wearing baggy clothes.

loss of body fat as insulation.

side effects of illegal drugs during pregnancy

low birth weight, premature delivery, and miscarriage, withdrawal symptoms in the baby, greater risk for attention deficit disorders, behavioral problems, decreased cognate abilities, sleeplessness developmental delays, and impaired learning

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Compared to men, the basal metabolic rate of women is lower. higher. no different.

lower

b12 and folate deficiency

macrocytic anemia

hydroxyapatite

major component and an essential ingredient of normal bone and teeth

pancreas

manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes

obstacles to breastfeeding

many harmful substances are passed into breast milk including drugs, caffeine, otc medications etc, hiv is passed through breast milk, conflicts w/ mothers employment

waist circumference

measuring waist circumference assesses abdominal fat content

iron absorption enhancers

meat, stomach acid, vitamin c

Dietary sources of potassium

meats; fish; potatoes; tomatoes; carrots; bananas; apricots; canaloupe; dried fruit; nuts; seeds; chocolate; milk products, citrus fruits & watermelon Leafy vegetables Grape, cranberry, apple, fowl, coffee, tea, cola beverages

Waist circumference that increase risk

men >40 inch and women >35, risk is equal to a BMI of 25 to 34.9

Thiamin deficiency symptoms

men: 1.2 mg/day; women: 1.1 mg/day - food labels & supplements state 1.5mg Activity of transketolase in red blood cells used to set RDA , Beri Beri - disease - first seen in india where rice was polished (germ and bran removed) BeriBeri:severe, chronic deficiency characterized by ataxia (muscle weakness and loss of coordination), pain, mental disorientation, and tachycardia (rapid beating of heart), enlarged heart, cardiac failure, apathy, short term memory loss, irritability, anorexia, weight loss. Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome: acute neurological condition cause by severe thiamine deficiency usually due to heavy alcohol consumption symptoms: unsteady gait, mental confusion, inability to transfer memory from short to long term, client unresponsive to environment; treated as emergency with immediate thiamine injection Ocular symptoms: double vision, cross eyes, rapid eye movements - alcohol diminshes thiamin absorption & excretion (assumed genetic pedisposition)

Schofield equation

method of estimating BMR in calories of adult men & women - commonly used by dieticians as means of estimating total calorie intake required to maintain current body mass. This figure can be used to design dietary regime placing subject in calorie deficit or surplus, depending on whether weight loss or gain is intended clinical outcome.

Vitamin K requirements

micrograms-EDR 2 micrograms (ug) per kg body weight 1/2 from diet & 1/2 synthesised in intestine by bacteria - requirements increased w/ IBS, diarrhoea & excess antibiotic / laxative use- needs increase w/ age

possible side effects of caffeine during pregnancy

miscarriage, preterm births, low birth weight

>40

morbid obese

what is a high birth weight

more than 8.8 lbs

Night blindness

most common disease of vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin requirements infants

most important vits minerals Energy: 0-6months: 650 kcal/day; 6-12months: 850 kcal/day, ~100kcal per kg Fat: 0 - 6 months - 31g/day 7 - 12 months - 30g/day Vitamin & minerals: Vitamin A -Breast milk natural, excellent source vitamin A. Promoting breastfeeding is the best way to protect babies from Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency is rare in breastfed babies Vitamin B1 (thiamine) - If mom is getting enough thiamine, then milk has enough for baby and supplements are not needed. If mom is thiamine-deficient, then adding additional thiamine to mom's diet should increase the amount of thiamine in her milk (since this vitamin is water-soluble) to necessary levels. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Supplements are not recommended for breastfed babies, as riboflavin deficiency rare developed countries. Levels of riboflavin in human milk quite constant & usually affected only by large maternal supplements (3x the maternal RDA). Vitamin B6 - If mom gets adequate amounts of vitamin B6, additional supplements not necessary. If mom is not getting enough vit B6, adding additional vitamin B6 to mom's diet will increase levels in milk to required levels for baby. Vitamin B12- Infants of well-nourished mothers with adequate vit B12 intake don't need vit B12 supplements. It's recommended mothers who do not eat animal protein or those at risk for vit B12 deficiency get adequate amounts of vit B12 during pregnancy & lactation via supplements or fortified foods. Vitamin C - Breastfed babies shouldn't be routinely supplemented w/ vit C except in cases of obvious scurvy (vit C deficiency). FDA requirements for nursing mothers for vitamin C = 100 mg/day. Supplements of vit C for mother do not alter the amounts in breastmilk, as they remain fairly constant no matter what mother's intake levels (assuming no scurvy) Calcium- Breastfed babies don't need additional calcium over that which they get from breastmilk & (in second 6 months) complementary foods. Excess calcium not found to have a benefit. Vitamin D - babies rarely need vit D supplements. Babies only require supplements if baby has very little exposure to sunlight, both mother and baby have darker skin / pigmentation & require more sun exposure to generate an adequate amount of vitamin D, Mother is deficient in vitamin D Vitamin E - Vitamin E supplements for mothers and their breastfed babies are not indicated. Fluoride - Currently there is no conclusive evidence indicating that fluoride supplements in infancy improve a breastfed baby's dental health. Adequate fluoride in human milk Folic acid (folate) - deficiency not reported in breastfed, full-term infants, and supplements are not recommended. Iron- required to be supplemented after 6 months Vitamin K - Baby's vit K stores at birth are very low. Vit K is needed for proper blood clotting & deficiency causes a syndrome: hemorrhagic disease of newborn. Increasing mom's vit K intake increases amount of vit K in her milk or via injection at birth Niacin - Niacin deficiency in breastfed infants in developed countries is extremely rare, and no supplementation is recommended. Zinc - Healthy full-term breastfed babies don't need additional zinc past breast milk intake & (after 6-8 months) from complementary foods. Good sources of zinc include meat (especially red meat) and yogurt. Signs of mild zinc deficiency include: lessened appetite, lowered immune function, limited activity, growth faltering. Low birth weight, small for gestational age and premature infants are at risk for zinc deficiency.

essential amino acids

must be obtained from foods, cannot be produced by our bodies

vitamin K

needed for blood clotting

Biocarbonate

neutralizes chyme and raises PH to 7 or more

pellagra

niacin deficiency, symptoms are often referred to as the 4 d's

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A

night blindness, xeropthalmia, poor growth, reproductive failures, reduced egg production, corneal dying, triangular gray spots on eye, cornea softening, corneal degeneration and blindness,impaired immunity, hair follicles plugged with keratin forming white lumps

coenzymes

non-protein substances that enhance or are required for enzyme activity. Many B vitamins functions as coenzymes

18.5-24.9

normal weight

Symptoms bulimia nervosa

normal, high or low body weight (but sees self as overweight) recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of excessive amounts of food in a relatively short period of time; often secretive), coupled with fearful feelings of not being able to stop eating during the bingeing episodes self-induced vomiting (usually secretive) excessive exercise or fasting after eating peculiar eating habits or rituals inappropriate use of laxatives, diuretics or other cathartics irregular or absence of menstruation anxiety discouraged feelings related to dissatisfaction with themselves and their bodily appearance depression preoccupation with food, weight and body shape scarring on the back of the fingers from the process of self-induced vomiting Other signs you may notice include: dehydration swollen face sore throat tooth decay or cavities dry, flaky skin constant upset stomach heartburn constipation weight fluctuations

galactose

not free in nature, component of lactose, milk, sugar, and some polysaccharaides

passive diffusion

nutrients pass through bloodstream without carrier or energy

30-39

obese

traits of anorexia

obsessive compulsive behaviors, perfectionism, socially inhibited, compliant, emotionally restrained

Reduction

occurs when atoms gain electrons

Carbohydrates

one of three macronutrients preferred energy cellular function source for brain and all cells

glucagon

opposite of insulin, increases glucose by converting glycogen to glucose

160F

optimal temperature for ground beef,pork,lam,veal and eggs

145F

optimal temperature for pork,fish, beef steak and roasts

25-29.9

overweight

biotin

part of coenzymes involved in metabolism of carbs, fat, and proteins, important for gluconeogenesis

iron absorption inhibitors

phytates (tea, coffee, legumes, rice) polyphenols( red wine/ oregano) vegetable protein; fiber, calcium-milk, sory

The major health risk from frequent vomiting due to bulimia nervosa is potassium imbalance. constipation. lanugo. swollen glands.

potassium imbalance.

digestion of fat in the small intestine

primary site of fat digestion, bile acids emulsify digested fat, cck stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase, pancreas releases lipase, fat is broken down to monoglycerides and fatty acids

anabolism

process of making new molecules from smaller ones, critical for growth repair, maintenance and synthesis of body tissue and requires energy

insoluble fiber

promotes regular bowel movements

Functions of boron

promoting bone metabolism, brain health, and immunity

specific heat

protects from rapid temperature loss, high so takes long to heat up, amount energy takes to raise 1g 1 degree c (4.2 joules)

eating disorder

psychiatric condition involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long term eating patterns harming the body

Anorexia nervosa can be defined as compulsive eating. purging. hyperactivity. psychological denial of appetite.

psychological denial of appetite.

Preformed vitamin A

ready for body to use and only found in animal foods: liver, eggs yolk, fortified or whole milk, cheese - also low fat fortified milk products, margarine and cereals fortified with vit A - a family of substances called retinoids that are in a form that your body readily uses

25-35 lbs

recommended weight gain for pregnancy if you are normal weight

<15 lbs

recommended weight gain for pregnancy if you are obese

15-25 lbs

recommended weight gain for pregnancy if you are overweight

28-40 lbs

recommended weight gain for pregnancy if you are underweight

35-45 lbs

recommended weight gain for pregnancy if you have twins

sources of iron

red meat, poultry fish, shellfish, eggs, leafy green vegetables, legumes and dried fruit

Carotene sources

red, orange, yellow, deep green veggies, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli

Eating disorders not otherwise specified are not really an eating disorder but more of a perception of having one. occur when a person can't decide whether to become an anorexic or bulimic. refers to a broad category that includes symptoms from both anorexia and bulimia. None of the answers are correct.

refers to a broad category that includes symptoms from both anorexia and bulimia.

Which of these methods of food storage would maximize the retention of the vitamins in a food item? a. leave out on a kitchen counter b. store the food in an oven c. refrigerate d. leave on top of a refrigerator

refrigerate. As discussed on page 227, vitamins are organic compounds and thus tend to break down if they are not kept at cool temperatures such as those found in refrigerators. See Table 7-5 on page 247 for more tips for preserving vitamins when preparing or storing foods.

insulin

regulates blood from getting too high or too low, decreases glucose

Body mass index

relationships b/w body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat

copper

required for iron transport, a big source is SEAFOOD

facilitated diffusion

requires a carrier of protein

active transport

requires carrier of protein and energy

Health problems from bulimia nervosa

serious electrolyte problems irregular menstrual periods dehydration swollen face sore throat tooth decay dry, flaky skin constant upset stomach heartburn constipation depression weight fluctuations

Good food sources of vitamin B12 include: a. dark green vegetables, corn, and cabbage. b. sirloin steak, cottage cheese, and tuna. c. citrus fruits, dairy products, and zucchini. d. potatoes, broccoli, and whole-wheat bread.

sirloin steak, cottage cheese, and tuna. Vitamin B12 is present only in foods of animal origin. See pages 256, 257

iron deficient anemia

small red blood cells that do not carry enough hemoglobin

List external factors that influence satiety and hunger

smell, taste, look, odour, pre-learned behaviours, likes / dislikes, social or religious requirements/ restrictions, greater choice, food on sale 24/7, improved preservation methods of food, foods requiring little prep, snacking /grazing, peer effects, ethnicity,

waning

starting with iron fortified infant cereals made rom rice or barley

Obesity

state of adiposity in which body fatness is above the ideal, 30 to 39.9

overweight

state which weight exceeds a standard based on height 25 to 29.9 or greater

Keeping tempting snack foods stashed in the cupboards or freezer instead of leaving them in plain view is an example of cognitive restructuring. chain-breaking. self-monitoring. stimulus control.

stimulus control.

glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals, digestible polysaccharide

starch

storage form of glucose in plants, digestible polysaccharide, found in grains

7-10 months

strained or finely chopped meats, mashed egg yolk, finger foods, and teething crackers are introduced to infants

6-8 months

strained single vegetables, fruits, and fruit juices are introduced

How does soft drink consumption contribute to poor bone health? a. the consumption of soft drinks often displaces the sugars required for calcium absorption b. the consumption of soft drinks promotes the excretion of fluoride c. the consumption of soft drinks kills the intestinal bacteria that produce vitamin K d. the consumption of soft drinks often displaces vitamin D-fortified milk in the diet

the consumption of soft drinks often displaces vitamin D-fortified milk in the diet. Unless it is diet soft drinks that are being consumed, soft drinks are high in sugar. As discussed on page 236, teenagers may choose to consume soft drinks rather than vitamin D-fortified milk. Vitamin D (page 235), unlike added sugars, is required for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, two minerals essential to bone health. Vitamin D also plays a role in the regulation of calcium balance within the body

Where is vitamin K stored

the liver

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into ________; water-soluble vitamins are absorbed into ________. a. the lymph; capillaries b. capillaries; capillaries c. capillaries; the lymph d. the lymph; the lymph

the lymph; capillaries. As discussed on pages 227-228 and seen in Table 7-2 (page 228), fat-soluble vitamins, like other fat-soluble nutrients, are absorbed into the lymph and then are transported in the blood bound to transport proteins. In contrast, like other water-soluble nutrients, water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the watery medium (blood) contained within capillaries.

scurvy

the most common vitamin c deficiency disease, bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness

epidemiological studies

the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations

All of the following are characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT: a. they may be toxic in excess. b. they require bile for absorption. c. they dissolve in lipids. d. they are easily absorbed and excreted in urine.

they are easily absorbed and excreted in urine. Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted in the urine, while fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted because they tend to build up in the tissues. See page 228

water soluble vitamins

thiamin (B1), riboflavin(B2), niacin, Pyridoxine(B6), folate, cobalamin (B12), ascorbic acid, (Vitamin C)

beri beri

thiamin deficiency results in muscle wasting and nerve damage

factors that increase cancer risk

tobacco use, sun exposure, nutrition, environmental/occupational exposure, low level of physical activity

A healthy weight for an individual should not be based exclusively on weight, but on amount of lean body tissue. energy intake versus energy expenditure. body size of family members. total amount of body fat, location of body fat, and presence or absence of weight-related medical problems.

total amount of body fat, location of body fat, and presence or absence of weight-related medical problems.

Sources of salmonella

undercooked or raw meat, poultry,seafood,egg

>18.5

underweight

Typical behviours of bulimic person

unexplained weight fluctuations dizziness fainting fatigue irritability or moodiness going to the bathroom often, especially after meals food disappearance from the kitchen

metabolic alkalosis

use of NaCO3 (bicarb) as buffer to Cl- loss in lactation

Therapeutic uses of copper

used supplementary treatment of iron deficiency anaemia, - beneficial in high pollution intake, lowered immune states, arthritis, & high cholesterol

how did you obtain waist circumference

using a non-stretchable tape measure , measure the distance around the smallest area of the waist. measure umbilicus below rib cage

disordered eating

variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviors used to reduce weight

my plate

visual representation of dietary guidelines for americans

Which vitamin supplement has caused malformations of a fetus? a. vitamin C b. thiamin c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin A

vitamin A

Which vitamin is mismatched with its deficiency? a. vitamin D - pernicious anemia b. vitamin C - scurvy c. thiamin - beriberi d. niacin - pellagra

vitamin D - pernicious anemia, Vitamin D deficiency is manifested as rickets, while vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia. See page 236

universal solvent

water both charges, solute being dissolves, solvent does dissolving, hydrophilic loves water (+/-), hydrophobic hates water (no charge), ampipathic (both)

classes of nutrients

water, minerals, (micro) vitamins, carbs proteins, fat (macro)

low birth weight infants

weigh less than 5.5 lbs, number one cause is poor maternal nutrition

Orlistat (alli)

weight loss medication reduces amount of fat absorbed by digestive tract to be used in conjunction with diet and regular exercise

iron deficiency

what deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world

sources of insoluble fiber

whole grains, seeds, legumes, fruits and vegetables

when BMR deacreases

with age and during energy restriction

when BMR increases

with more lean body mass, during stress, and periods of growth

bile

yellow green fluid produced by liver and stored in gallbladder

Which of the following is NOT a possible toxicity symptom associated with vitamin C excesses? a. nausea b. yellowing of the skin c. rashes d. diarrhea

yellowing of the skin

9-12 months

yogurt, soft cheese, mashed legumes, pasta, soft table foods, and scrambled or boiled eggs are introduced to infants

The best predictor of your basal metabolic rate is your exercise pattern. what you had for breakfast. your lean body mass. environmental temperature.

your lean body mass.

List functions phosphorus

• Assists in the formation of bones and teeth. It works with calcium to harden bones and teeth. • Assists in the release and storage of energy. • Is a structural part of cell membranes. • Is a structural part of genetic material (DNA and RNA) -Transfer and release energy as ATP 2. Component of phospholipids, DNA and RNA 3. Metabolism of fats, carbs and proteins

BMR

• Basil metabolic rate (BMR) • Energy expended to maintain basal or resting functions of the body • The highest proportion of total energy expenditure • BMR increases with more lean body mass, during stress, and periods of growth • BMR decreases with age and during energy restriction (fasting or starvation) • Energy used to maintain life when the awake body is at complete rest • Circulation • Respiration • Temperature maintenance • Synthesis of new tissue • Nerve activity • Hormone secretion

Iron absorption

• Enhancers- meat, stomach acid, vitamin c • Inhibitors- phytates (tea, coffee, legumes, rice and w.g), polyphenols(red wine/oregano), vegetable protein: fiber, calcium-milk, soy, w.g

Early warning signs of anorexia nervosa

• Falling off the growth curve (losing weight needlessly) • No longer eating with the family • Saying things like "I hate my body" or "I feel fat." • Being very anxious or depressed but guarded about why. • Going on a diet needlessly. - cuts food very small pieces - Drinks lots of water and/or diet soda - Eliminates certain foods or food groups - Wont eat out with friends and family - May exercise compulsively become irritable and hostile distant form friends and family

Kcals per gram of fat, protein and CHO

• Fat - 9 kcal per g. • Protein - 4 kcal per g. • Carbs - 4 kcal per g. • Alcohol - 7kcal

Nutrition goals before conception

• Goals • Achieve and maintain a healthy bodyweight • Choose an adequate and balanced diet • Be physically active • Avoid harmful influences • Avoid teratogens: substances that cause birth defects - includes alcohol and illegal drugs • Avoid other possible hazards - smoking, caffeine, medications, some herbs and supplements

Heme

• Hemeiron- easily absorbed found in animal based foods

Gestational Diabetes

• Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy • Occurs in approximately 7% of all U.S. pregnancies • Condition resolves after birth occurs • Usually begins 20 - 28 gestation

Insulin, glucagon

• Insulin- regulates blood from getting too or too low ; decreases glucose • Blood • Glucagon - opposite of insulin; increases glucose; by converting glycogen to glucose • pancreases

Vitamin K Functions

• It's a fat soluble vitamin needed for blood clotting • Factors that promote vitamin K absorption • Gastrointestinal bacteria produced vitamin K • The amount of dietary vitamin K needed depends on intestinal health • Factors that impair vitamin K absorption • Impaired dietary fat absorption

Bicarbonate

• Neutralizes chyme • Raises PH to 7 or more

Night blindness

• Night blindness is the most common disease of vitamin A deficiency Other problems: • Corneal drying (xerosis) • Triangular gray forming spots on eye (bilot's spots) • Softening of the cornea (keratomalacia) • Corneal degeneration and blindness (exophthalmia)

Amount of nutrients needed during pregnancy

• One of the smallest increases recommended for energy • During the 2nd and 3rd trimesters an additional 350 - 450 calories daily • Nutrient enriched foods to obtain sufficient nutrients • Safe physician approved program of regular moderate physical activity • Increased energy intake during pregnancy spares protein for use in building fetal tissue • Protein and Carbs • 1.1 gm / kg body wt / day of protein • 175 gm per day of carbs • Fat • The percentage of calories obtained from fat do not change during pregnancy • Limit saturated fat and avoid trans fat • Fat is required by the newborn for temperature regulation and as an energy source • Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid is critical for neurologic and eye development • The micronutrients that are most critical during pregnancy include • Vitamin B12 • Vitamin C • Vitamin A • Vitamin D • Calcium • Iron • Zinc • Sodium • Iodine • Folate • Required for cell division • Critical in the first 28 days for the development of the neural tube • Folate deficiency is associated with neural tube defects

All organic and inorganic dietary nutrients

• Organic consists of carbohydrates fat protein and vitamins and contain carbon. • Inorganic consists of minerals and water and has no carbon

Pancreatic enzymes

• Pancreatic amylase - digest carbs • Pancreatic Lipase - digest fat • Protease - digests proteins

Absorption; Passive, facilitated, and active transport

• Passive - nutrients pass through bloodstream without carrier or energy • Facilitated - requires a carrier of protein • Active - requires carrier of protein and energy

Pyruvic acid Lactic acid

• Pyruvic acid • Limited oxygen pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (by product of intense activity) • Lactic acid • By product of anaerobic metabolism; used during high and low intensity

Carotene Sources

• Red, orange, yellow, deep green • Carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli

Caffeine

• Stimulant that crosses placenta and reaches the fetus • 1 to 2 no harm • Miscarriage, preterm births, low birth weight.

Fluid needs for all populations

• The need for fluid increases to 3 liters per day for • Increase in the mother's blood volume • Regulating body temperature • Production of amniotic fluid to protect and cushion the fetus • Combat fluid retention and constipation • Prevent urinary tract infections

Vitamin functions/Redox reactions

• Thiamin (B1) - coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate required for metabolism of carbs and branched chain amino acids and production of DNA and RNA. • Riboflavin (B2) - component of 2 coenzymes (FMN and FAD) involved in oxidation reduction reactions in energy metabolism. Is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Light sensitive (use opaque milk cartons). • Pantothenic Acid - components of coenzymes for fatty acid metabolism. Required for building new fatty acids. • Niacin - nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Coenzyme (NADP and NAD) assisting with energy metabolism of carbs and fatty acids. NAD is made from tryptophan (amino acid). • Vitamin B6 - group of 6 related compounds. Part of a coenzyme (PLP) for more than 100 enzymes in amino acid metabolism. Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin. Helps to make red blood cells. • Biotin - part of coenzymes involved in metabolism of carbs, fat, and proteins. Important for gluconeogenesis. • Choline - assist in homocysteine metabolism. Obesity and malnutrition

MyPlate

• Visual representation of dietary guidelines for Americans

Low birth weight infants - definition and complications of

• Weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth • Low birth weight infants are 40 times more likely to die the first year compared to normal weight infants • Usually due to preterm births - may or may not be related to nutrition • Small for gestational stage - full term babies with low birth weight • Number 1 cause of SGA babies is poor maternal nutrition

Which of these methods of food preparation would MAXIMIZE vitamin loss via food preparation? a. steam b. boil c. cut and consume raw d. microwave for a short period of time

•Cook fruits and vegetables in a microwave oven, or quickly stir fry, or steam them over a small amount of water to preserve heat-sensitive vitamins and to prevent vitamin loss in cooking water. Recapture dissolved vitamins by using cooking water for soups, stews, or gravies. •Avoid high temperatures and long cooking times.