Nutrition 200 Exam #2

what influences basal metabolism?

weight, height, gender, body temperature, thyroid hormone, age, pregnancy, use of caffeine and tobacco, nervous system activity, body temperature

what is the waist circumference that determines "central obesity" or men and women?

women: over 35 inches men: over 40 inches

conditionally essential

"semi essential" there are times when your body has higher demands for amino acids, and your body can't make it ex. being sick

RDA for protein

0.8 g/kg of healthy body weight

healthy BMI

18.5-24.9

how many calories is 1 lb of fat?

3,500 kcal

obese BMI

30 or more

how many essential and nonessential amino acids are there?

9 essential 11 nonessential 20 amino acids total

what is the concept of HAES?

Health at Every Size should acknowledge that well being and healthy habits are more important than the number on the scale

What is ADH? and what does it do?

alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that starts the breakdown of alcohol immediately

what is the basic structure of the amino acid?

amino group connected to a carbon, which is connected to a carboxylic acid group

where does a FATTY ACID molecule enter the cycle if it needs to be used for fuel?

an acetyl coA molecule breaks off of a fatty acid chain and enters the TCA cycle

where does most of alcohol metabolism take place?

liver

who has a higher metabolism generally?

men

Vegan

no animal products or bi-animal products

lactovegetarian

doesn't eat animal flesh, but does eat dairy products

lactoovovegetarian

doesn't eat animal flesh, but does eat eggs and dairy

roux-en-y gastric bypass

small cut is made on the stomach, and connected to the lower esophageal sphincter, causes food to only go to the new "pouch" like stomach which is the size of a medicine measuring cup. no parts of the stomach are removed. 68% of excess weight is lost. most common weight loss surgery, very minimal complications. restrictive and mal absorptive because stomach absorbs less food, and you don't get as hungry since less hormones are released in the stomach

laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)

part of the stomach is completely removed (60-80%). some metabolic influence, not as much mal absorption. 61% of excess weight is lost.

hunger

physiological (internal) drive to eat triggered by chemical messengers in the brain stomach growls, light headed, headaches, moody

overweight BMI

25-29.9

steps of breaking down a glucose molecule

1. glycolysis to 2 pyruvate 2. 1 carbon is removed from each pyruvate to make Acetyl CoA 3. Acetyl CoA is either stored or used for energy if stored: bunch of acetyl coA are combined to become a fatty acid chain If used for energy: 4. acetyl CoA goes into TCA cycle 5. oxaloacetate removes a carbon from the acetyl CoA 6. another carbon comes off for waste, left with 4 carbons 7. H+ gets released during breakdown of Acetyl CoA 8. H+ and electrons go to the ETC and get converted to ATP

where is alcohol absorbed

20% in stomach 80% in small intestine

extreme obesity BMI

40 or more

what are the end products of metabolism?

ATP, CO2, H2O

How does glucose get turned into a fatty acid molecule to be stored as fat?

a bunch of Acetyl CoA molecules get bundled together to make a fatty acid chain

laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

banding is inserted around the top of the stomach, connected to a hollow tubing leading to a port which is placed right under the skin. a few weeks after the surgery, port is filled with saline, and travels up to the banding, causing pressure on the stomach and creates a pouch. restrictive surgery: makes someone eat less, but no metabolic influence. 50% of excess weight is lost

underweight BMI

below 18

pepsin

breaks down large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides begins breakdown of protein

protease

breaks down small polypeptides into tri-peptides, dipeptides, and sometimes amino acids

what does alcohol consumption affect?

decreases b-oxidation (fat burn) decreases TCA cycle activity stimulates triglyceride storage causes more fat to be stored

what are the 2 main drug categories used for weight loss?

fat absorption inhibitors & anorexins

what food groups keep you fuller for longer?

fats and proteins keep you fuller for longer than carbs ex. chocolate can keep you fuller for longer because it has fat

complementary protein

getting all essential proteins from 2 different food groups ex. rice and beans

Where does an AMINO ACID molecule enter the cycle if its needed to be used for fuel?

goes into the TCA cycle as acetyl coA, or if its a pyruvate then a carbon will come off to become acetyl coA then go into TCA cycle (depends on substituent group)

what causes the denaturation of proteins?

heat, acid, alkaline, agitation, enzymes

leptin

hormone that increases metabolism and satiety, decreases food intake, and suppresses appetite

characteristics of intuitive eaters

only eat when you're hungry eat for physical reasons, NOT emotional pays attention to hunger and fullness relies on internal hunger and satiety cutes, not appetite usually appreciate and accept their bodies more reject the diet mentality honors hunger: stop eating when you're full, and don't have the need to eat until your plate is empty

appetite

psychological (external) drive to eat response to smell, look, though, or taste of food ex. smell of fresh baked cookies

what are the times in life when the number of fat cells increases in number?

puberty and pregnancy

anorexia disorder

refusal to maintain a healthy body weight obsessive fear of gaining weight self image is distorted continues to feel hungry, but only eats very small amounts of food 90% are young females considered a mental health disorder

what is the deamination of an amino acid?

removing the amine group

bulimia disorder

restraining of food intake for a period of time, followed by a binging period (uncontrollable feeling of needing to eat an excessive amount of food) results in feelings of guilt and low self esteem purge: vomiting, laxatives, enemas, diuretics, over exercising may have cuts on knuckles (from sticking fingers down mouth to force vomiting) poor dental health (stomach acid wears away enamel)

what are the 3 bariatric surgeries?

roux-en-y gastric bypass laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)

peptidase

splits tri-peptides and dipeptides into amino acids

Ghrelin

stimulates appetite, promotes energy storage, secreted in the stomach

how do anorexin drugs work?

suppresses appetite, changing the chemistry in your body to make you not feel hungry, causing you to eat less

what is basal metabolism?

the minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake, body alive energy needed to keep someone in a coma alive

how does body consumption (fat mass vs muscle mass) influence blood alcohol concentration?

the more muscle mass you have, the more evenly alcohol will get distributed throughout the muscles the more body fat you have, the higher your BAC level will get in a shorter period of time

what is the thermic affect of food?

the number of calories/amount of energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients (10% of cals)

glycolysis

the splitting/breakdown of glucose into 2, 3 carbon pyruvate

satiety

the time you are satisfied/full after a meal

how do fat absorption inhibitors work?

they block digestive enzyme activity in small intestine so fat doesn't get broken down and absorbed has GI tract complications because food isn't being digested