Nutrition 251 Exam 4 Study Guide
Approximately how many calories does a moderately active 6-year-old boy need daily?
1400 to 1600
How much weight should a woman gain if her pre-pregnancy BMI is 23?
25 to 35 pounds
__________ are a child's tendency to want to eat only a limited selection of foods.
Food Jags -When a child will only eat the same food meal after meal
__________ deficiency can lead to developmental delays such as diminished mental, motor, and behavioral functioning.
Iron
Which program provides nutritious, reduced-price or free lunches to school children?
National School Lunch Program
An example of an iron-rich meal or snack would be __________.
The carrot, raisin, and chickpea salad is an excellent iron-rich snack. The raisins and chickpeas have iron, and the vitamin C in the carrots aids in iron absorption.
When should low fat milk be introduced into a child's meals (if the child will be drinking milk)?
The dietary guidelines for americans, 2010 and the academy of pediatrics recommends that all children 2 years and older drink low-fat milk to promote bone health.
Morning sickness can be alleviated by eating __________.
ginger-containing products
Risk Factors for Gestational diabetes
*Being overweight *Being over 25 years old *Having a history of higher than normal blood glucose levels *Having a family history of diabetes *Being of hispanic, african american, native american, or pacific islander descent *Having previously given birth to a very large baby >9lbs. or a still born *Having had gestational diabetes in the past
The recommended intake of calcium for children ages 9 to 18 is __________.
1300 mg
During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs to consume an additional __________ calories daily.
340
Babies generally begin consuming solid foods at __________ months of age.
4 to 6
It is recommended that children between the ages of 1 and 8 should consume __________ of vitamin D daily.
600 IU
he average growth of school-aged children is __________ pounds a year.
7
Over __________ of children do NOT meet the recommendations for vegetable intake.
90%
What % of US children fail to meet the recommendations for vegetable intake?
90%
What is the issue with allergy testing that results in people mistakenly believing that they have a food allergy?
A food allergy occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies specific proteins in food (e.g., albumin in egg) as "the enemy" invading the body. When this occurs, the body's immune system, thinking the individual is under attack, produces immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies against the food, triggering an allergic reaction that can range from mild (e.g., rash, hives, itching) to severe (e.g., respiratory distress, anaphylactic response). A food allergy test indicates whether a person has an allergic reaction (e.g., increased IgE production) to various foods. In contrast, a food intolerance is a gastrointestinal reaction to a food, beverage, additive, or compound found in foods that produces widespread symptoms ranging from diarrhea, gas, and abdominal cramping to headaches and sinus congestion.
A full-term pregnancy lasts about __________ weeks.
A full-term pregnancy lasts about 38 weeks. From Conception-Birth and is usually divided into 3 roughly equal 13 week trimesters.
__________ can be used to assess whether a child is developing at a rate comparable with that of other children of the same age and gender.
A growth chart
What problem (manifested in behavior) has iron-deficiency anemia in children been linked to?
A review of studies investigating iron deficiency in children with ADHD found that children with the most severe iron deficiencies were also the most inattentive,impulsive, and hyperactive.
What is an allergy?
An allergy is an immune reaction that occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies specific types of protein (e.g., albumin in egg) as "the enemy" that is invading the body and must be stopped! When this occurs, the body's immune system, thinking the individual is under attack, produces immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies against the culprit, triggering an allergic reaction that can range from mild (e.g., rash, hives, itching) to severe distress such as asthma or constricting of the airways in the lungs, which prevents breathing. These symptoms are known as an analyphylactic response.
How much weight does an infant typically gain in the first year of life?
An infant doubles his or her birth weight by about 6 months of age and triples by the age of 12 months.
What are the benefits to breastfeeding?
As noted in the video, breastfeeding does significantly reduce the number of diseases, such as ear infections, respiratory diseases, and diarrhea, that babies can suffer from. A recent article by Duijts et al (2010), published in the scientific journal Pediatrics, examined the associations of duration of exclusive breastfeeding with infections in the upper respiratory, lower respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts in infancy. The article concluded that "Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of 4 months and partially thereafter was associated with a significant reduction of respiratory and gastrointestinal morbidity in infants."
What is the relationship between breast fed babies, formula fed babies and obesity?
Breast-feeding, especially if continued beyond six-months, may help reduce the risk of childhood obesity. The reason for this isn clear, but could be associated with the tendency of breast-fed infants to gain less weight during the first year of life than formula-fed babies. the lower weight gain may be due to breast-fed infants having more control over when they start and stop eating than their bottle-fed counter-parts. If a caregiver controls how much food is consumed, rather than the child's internal cues, the result could be chronic overfeeding.
The fluid that is expressed from the mother's breast immediately after birth that contains immune factors is called __________.
Colostrum, the fluid that is expressed from the mother's breast after birth, contains immune factors that protect the infant.
What significant health problem (for the unborn fetus) is related to low folic acid intake in pregnant women?
Consuming the DRI of Folic acid beginning one month prior to conception and continuing through the early weeks of pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of.. neural tube birth defects such as; anencephaly and spina bifida
What nutrients do pregnant women have an increased need for during the first trimester?
Folate Iron Zinc & Copper Calcium Vitamin D
What is one of the obstacles to breastfeeding that have not been addressed by the government in conjunction with its ad campaign?
Healthy People 2020 Health Objectives for the Nation acknowledge that much more needs to be done in the workplace in order to support breastfeeding mothers. Maternal and Child Health (MICH) Objective 22 encourages worksites to "Increase the proportion of employers that have worksite lactation support programs." In 2009, only an estimated 25% of employers reported providing an on-site lactation/mother's room.
What is a reasonable weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?
Healthy women on average gain 27.5 lbs during pregnancy. Healthy weight having BMI of 18.5-24.9 should gain 25-35 lbs. Healthy weight gain provides adequate growth so that the baby will reach a healthy weight of 6.5-8.5 lbs.
What food should be withheld from baby during the first year of life because of its potential to cause botulism?
Honey may carry spores of Clostridium botulinum, which can cause botulism.
Which agency or organization regulates all infant formula sold in the United States?
Infant formula is regulated in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration. (FDA)
__________ deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency among young children.
Iron
What 2 vitamins are required in increased amounts during pregnancy due to their role in the synthesis of red blood cells?
Iron & Zinc and Copper
When are an infant's iron stores exhausted (at approx. what age?)
Iron-rich foods, such as enriched cereals, should be introduced around 6 months, as the infant's iron stores are depleted at about this time. Premature infants who have lower iron stores may need supplementation before 6 months.
What contaminant is potentially high in fish and may be harmful to a developing fetus?
Methylmercury. This form of mercury can harm the nervous system of the developing fetus, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy.
How many babies are born to women and girls under the age of 20 in the US each year?
More than 410,000 babies are born to girls under the age of 20 in the US annually. Because e a teenaged girl's body is still growing, she has higher nutrient needs than does a normal adult woman
How many times does a child need to be exposed to a new food prior to feeling more comfortable about eating it?
New foods may need to be offered 10 times or more before they are accepted.
What is the best way for parents to encourage children to develop healthy food preferences?
Parents have tremendous influence over shaping their child's food preferences. One way to help small children accept a varied diet it to eat a varied diet themselves. Involving children in the food shopping,selection, and preparation of meals is another way to encourage them to enjoy a variety of foods.
Carole Ann is very overweight""her BMI is 28""-and is expecting her first child. Her obstetrician has told her that to avoid complications, she must limit her weight gain during her pregnancy to __________ pounds.
Pg. 632 Recommended Weight Gain during Pregnancy <18.5--28 to 40 18.5-24.9--25-35 25-29.9--15 to 25 >30--11-20
What is pica? What contributes to its development?
Pica is the abnormal, compulsive intake of non edible items such as laundry starch, burnt matches, corn starch, clay dirt,paint chips, or baking soda. Pica is more common in African American women and those with a family history of this type of eating. Pica has been associated with low blood levels of iron which led to the theory that these women were seeking out non food substances that contain this mineral. Some say that pica causes the iron deficiency
The organ that allows nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to be exchanged between a mother and fetus is the __________.
Placenta All the exchange occurs between the Umbilical cord.
Processed meat has been identified as being unhealthy. Why?
Processed meats have been identified as being unhealthy because they contain sodium, preservatives, and saturated fats. When consumed over time, these chemicals are associated with an increased risk for heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Females are encouraged to consume less than a 1-ounce serving of processed meat no more than two to three times per week. Men are encouraged to consume no more than 3 ounces of processed meat no more than three to four times per week.
What is hyperemesis gravidarum? What are the potential dangers associated with it?
Rare cases less than 1% of pregnancies some women experience hyperemesis gravid arum, which is excessive vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and loss of electrolytes and weight loss. By lack of nutrients and decreased appetite may limit the overall tissue and organ growth of the fetus.
What is a good first food to introduce to infants?
Rice cereal ( the least allergy causing food)
In general, what is a good age to begin introducing sold food to infants?
Solid food- other than breast milk or formula given to an infant, usually around 4-6 months. Physical readiness must be met in order ; -Tongue-thrust reflex faded -Does the infant have head and neck control -Swallow with ease -able to sit with support -have the ability to turn their head to indicate they're full
What is gestational diabetes? What does its occurrence during pregnancy predict about the development of Type 2 diabetes later in life?
Sometimes a pregnant woman develops high blood glucose levels during pregnancy and is diagnosed with gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes occurs in about 7% of pregnancies in the US and manifests after approx. the twentieth week. Women with gestational diabetes and their babies are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes , as well as hypertension and being overweight later on in life.
A meal of a hot dog in a bun contains __________ milligrams of sodium.
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults reduce their daily sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) and further reduce intake to 1,500 mg among children, which is about one-half a teaspoon. That is why it is stunning to realize that one hot dog and bun contains approximately 1,000 mg sodium—two-thirds of maximum daily allotment for a child and almost one-half for an adult.
Conception
The moment when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
What is the daily recommendation for fiber for children 4-8?
The recommended daily intake for fiber is 19 grams for 1-3 year olds and 25 grams for 4-8 year olds.
Which of the following symptoms are true allergic reactions foods?
True allergic reactions to foods, caused by the production of immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies, trigger symptoms that can range from mild (e.g., rash, hives, tickling in the throat, or itching) to severe distress such as asthma or constricting of the airways in the lungs, which prevent breathing. These symptoms are known an as anaphylactic response.
Infants are born with a sterile gut; therefore, they need an injection of __________ to ensure that their blood will clot.
Vitamin K promotes blood clotting and is produced by intestinal bacteria.
To assess whether a child's growth rate is comparable to those of other children of the same age and gender, a doctor will use __________.
a growth chart
A rapid increase in height and weight is called __________.
a growth spurt
The stage of the life cycle between ages 9 and 19 years is called __________.
adolescence
When exercising while pregnant, a woman should __________.
avoid contact or high-impact activities
What is a necessary milestone for an infant to be started on solid foods?
being able to swallow with ease
Green tea, which contains a compound that inhibits folic acid, is an example of a(n) __________ and should be avoided during pregnancy.
botanical
Honey should NOT be given to an infant due to the increased risk of __________.
botulism
Adolescents who eat __________ generally have a healthier body weight.
breakfast
What macromineral is critical in the development of peak bone mass in adolescents?
calcium
Known as "pre-milk," this component of breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infections.
colostrum
What is a child's responsibility when it comes to mealtime?
decide how much to eat at mealtime
What is an adult's responsibility when it comes to controlling a child's eating?
decide what food is offered and when it is offered
Adolescents can be at risk for developing __________ because of poor body image and peer pressure.
eating disorders
Researchers have found that eating __________ is associated with better nutritional intakes for teens.
family meals
Young children need to eat __________.
frequent, small meals and nutrient-dense foods
Adolescents' caloric needs differ based on their __________.
gender and activity level
What is a likely cause of ADHD?
genetics
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is known as __________.
gestational diabetes
Common digestive discomforts during the third trimester of pregnancy include __________.
heartburn and constipation
Why is it recommended that honey NOT be given to infants?
honey contains endospores from clostridium botulinum
Excessive vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and loss of electrolytes is called __________.
hyperemesis gravidarum
Cow's milk should NOT be fed to human infants because it has __________.
inadequate protein content and the iron is poorly absorbed
Adolescents need __________ for adequate muscle growth.
iron
The production of milk in a woman's body after childbirth is called __________.
lactation
The protein in breast milk that protects against pathogens by binding with the iron that is required by the pathogens is known as __________.
lactoferrin
Consuming paint chips, small pieces of metal, and soil can lead to __________ in small children.
lead poisoning
A baby weighing less than 5 ½ pounds at birth is a __________ baby.
low-birth-weight
Women who have diabetes during pregnancy are at risk for having a baby with __________.
macrosomia
Pregnant and nursing women should limit the amount of certain types of fish they eat because fish __________.
may contain high levels of methylmercury
Parents can play a role in children's eating behaviors, so it's a good idea for parents to __________.
model eating a varied diet.
The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends limiting of "screen" time for children to be limited to how many hours daily?
no more than 2 hours daily
Infants who are allowed to sleep with a bottle are at risk for __________.
nursing bottle tooth decay
Approximately _______ of U. S. children and adolescents are currently overweight or obese.
one-third
Type 2 diabetes is becoming more prevalent in children due to an increase in __________.
overweight and obesity rates
Some pregnant women may develop __________, which is a craving for eating nonfood substances such as dirt or laundry soap.
pica
High blood pressure and protein in the urine during pregnancy could indicate that the woman has __________.
preeclampsia
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the synthesis of breast milk?
prolactin
A baby who weighs less than the 10th percentile at birth is known as being __________.
small for gestational age
Which of the following conditions/habits is associated with a high-risk pregnancy?
smoking
The government-funded program that provides food assistance for nutritionally at-risk mothers is __________.
the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
During pregnancy, it is common for women to experience heartburn due to _________
the growing fetus pushing up on the stomach
According to the CDC, what % of US children aged 2-5 are affected by tooth decay?
the potential for tooth decay begins as soon as the teeth start to emerge form the gums, so parents and caregivers must encourage tooth-friendly dental practices as early as possible. In 2011 the CDC reported that tooth decay affects more than 1/4 or 25% of US children aged 2-5.
School-aged children do NOT eat as frequently as toddlers because __________.
they can consume more food at one time and are less hungry between meals
The forceful protrusion of the tongue in response to an oral stimulus, such as a spoon, is called __________.
tongue-thrust reflex.
How many servings of fruit are recommended by Healthy People 2020 for kids older than 2?
two
Increasing rates of childhood obesity are contributing to rising rates of __________ in school-aged children.
type 2 diabetes
What is the rule of thumb regarding portion sizes for toddlers and preschoolers?
use of a child sized plates and cups. The rule of thumb is to serve one tablespoon of food per year of age. A two year old for example would require two tablespoons of food.
Breast milk has an insufficient amount of which of the following nutrients?
vitamin D
Which of the following is one of the treatment goals for overweight children?
weight maintenance