Nutrition 251- Final exam

Toxicity of Folate

May mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency

Increases iron absorption

Blood loss Pregnancy Anemia Vitamin C intake

formation of blood cells vitamins

Folate, vitamin B-6

Property of Vitamin A

Important for vision

Dietary chloride may contribute to the effects of sodium chloride on _________ blood pressure

Increasing

Osteoporosis: More than 3 drinks of _______ per day and ______ physical activity are also risk factors

Alcohol; low

Property of Vitamin E

Antioxidant

Avoided or limited during pregnancy

Aspirin (NSAIDs) Caffeine Vitamin A supplements Alcohol

Steps for lactating women to take to reduce contaminants entering their breast milk

Avoid freshwater fish from polluted waters Wash and peel fruits and vegetables

Obesity: They provide ______ calories a day often in _______ form, and tend to be used if a person has obesity-related diseases that are not well controlled

400 to 800; liquid

Food processing can also affect a food's mineral content: refining a grain ________ the mineral content of the food

Decreases

Diets with __________ protein may increase _________ excretion

Excessive; calcium

Negative health outcomes of novelty/low-fat/ low carb diets

Malnutrition Flatulence Ketosis Halitosis Constipation

This may _______ affect bone health

Negatively

Osteoporosis: A failure to maintain adequate bone mass in the body first leads to a state of ________ called low bone mass which can progress to osteoporosis

Osteopenia

Dietary sources of potassium

Potato, squash, bananas, orange juice, dried beans, whole grains

Dietary sources of sulfur

Protein foods

This early breast milk provides _______ and is _______ in color.

antibodies and immune properties; yellowish

Major minerals

calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium

Sources of manganese

nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea

Celebrity testimonials

"A hall-of-farmer star baseball player claims the Cereal Diet is what made me such a great player"

The energy providing nutrient _________ is also important for healthy bones

Protein

The cells grow larger because there is a continuous formation of _____

RNA

DASH: Low-fat or fat-free dairy products are part of the DASH diet and adherents should aim to get _______ servings of these foods per day

2-3

Studies of identical twins provide some insight into the contribution of nature (genetics) to body weight. When identical twins are raised apart, they tend to show ______ weight-gain patterns, both in overall weight and in body fat distribution. Nurture- eating habits and nutrition, which vary between twins who are raised apart, seem to have _______ to do with weight-gain patterns than nature does.

Similar; less

The Upper Level for chloride parallels the Upper Level for ___________

Sodium

Toxicity of Vitamin C

Stomach inflammation Kidney stones

Expensive supplements

"For just $49.99 a month, this Extreme Supplement pack will burn fat while you sleep"

Limiting food selections

"The Chopped Salad Diet promises three meals of chopped salad a day will shed pounds"

Promoting quick weight loss

"The College Reunion Diet promises you will lose twenty pounds in the next two weeks"

No need to exercise

"The Super Berry Diet will cure your weight loss problems and no need for physical activity"

Calorie intake for young children (2-3 years)

1000-1400

Calorie intake for preschool children (4-5 years)

1200-1600

Calorie intake for young school aged children (6-8 years)

1200-2000

Calorie intake for older school aged children (9 years and up)

1600-3200

DASH: Each day, someone following the DASH diet should aim for ________ of fruit and the same number of servings of vegetables

4-5

Research suggests that genes account for up to ________ percent of weight differences between people. The genes may be those that determine body type, metabolic rate, and the factors that affect hunger and satiety

40-70

DASH: The DASH diet recommends that followers eat ______ servings of grain products per day, with most of those coming from whole grains.

6-8

Property of Vitamin K

Activates blood clotting factors

Out of baked salmon, brown rice, green beans, fat free milk and a fresh orange; which provides the most Vitamin D?

Baked Salmon

Some individuals are thought to have a genetic predisposition for _______ because they inherit a "thrifty metabolism" that uses energy _______. This metabolism enables them to store fat readily and use ______ energy to perform tasks than a typical individual

Being obese; Frugally; Less

Chain-breaking

Bill used to go to the snack bar for a large bag of peanuts at his son's t-ball game, just because he always eats peanuts with baseball; now he bypasses the snack bar

Classifications for a vitamin

Body can't make substance or sufficient quantities on its own When substance is absent and deficiency symptoms arise, but then are cured with supplement Body can't synthesize enough to maintain health

Minerals not yet defined as essential

Boron, Arsenic, Nickel

Stimulus control

Brenda has asked her receptionist to put baked goods that are usually open on the break room counter into a package to be stored in the cabinet

Chloride helps maintain acid-base balance and dispose of __________ by way of exhaled air

Carbon dioxide

What factors determine when an infant is ready for solid foods?

Child no longer thrusts tongue forward and pushes out food when introduced Can sit up with support Can control own head and neck Puts hands or toys in mouth

What ways does childhood BMI measurement differ from adult BMI measurements?

Childhood BMI uses height and weight and is gender-and-age-specific, whereas adult BMI just accounts for height and weight

The chloride ion should not be confused with the element __________

Chlorine

Breastfeeding provides some advantages that are not achieved with formula feeding; one primary advantage is the production of ______, the initial form of breast milk.

Colostrum

Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than are minerals from plant products because the _________ inhibit absorption

Components of fiber

Hormones (progesterone) slow the speed of digestion and relax sphincters and intestinal muscles; iron supplements; fetus compresses the GI tract

Constipation

Adequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and Vitamin _____ is needed to build and maintain healthy bones

D

Osteoporosis: Low intake of Vitamin ____ and the mineral ______ may also cause low bone mass

D; Calcium

A person who consumes inadequate dietary protein may be expected to experience what?

Decrease immune function Fluid imbalance Loss of lean body mass

Factors influencing water loss

Dry environments, Altitude, and Exercise

Placenta hormones; expanded blood volume; enlarging uterus compresses blood vessels in the legs, which slows down blood circulation and the removal of waste products (including water)

Edema

People who experience significant ________ are members of a cultural or ethnic group that prefers ______ body weight, have a social network of ________ friends, or get insufficient sleep are _____ likely to carry excess body fat

Emotional stress; Higher; Overweight; More

Osteoporosis: It may also occur in women with too little _______, which may be caused by _______, amenorrhea, or an oophorectomy

Estrogen; Menopause

Fluoride comes from which sources?

Fluoride enhanced water supply Fluoridated toothpaste

Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy

Gain weight at a rate to parallel the weekly recommended rise in prenatal weight gain Schedule meals into daily calendar so that eating happens frequently Gain weight through the remainder of pregnancy

Opponents of the set-point theory argue that is incorrect because people tend to ______ weight as they age. This argument suggests that this theory should be called the _______ point

Gain; Settling

Obesity: _________ may be recommended for those who are morbidly obese (BMI> _____), have been obese for at least _____ years with several non surgical attempts to lose weight, and have no history of _______ or major _______ disorders.

Gastroplasty; 40; 5; Alcoholism; Psychiatric

A chloride deficiency is ____________

Generally unlikely

Those with limited incomes tend to have a _______ risk of obesity

Greater

Chloride is a component of the ______ produced in the stomach

HCl

Expanding uterus crowds abdominal organs and compressed them, reducing the stomach's ability to stretch; hormones (progesterone) slow speed of digestion and relax sphincters and intestinal muscles

Heartburn

A thyroid disorder that may cause a person to be obese is ________

Hypothyroidism

Enriching grains doesn't restore a grain to its original mineral value; the only mineral added back during enrichment of grain products is ______

Iron

What is the best source of iron for a 12-month-old child?

Iron fortified breakfast cereal or small amounts of lean meat

Best sources of Animal origin

Iron, Zinc

Behaviors to support weight management

Reduce energy intake by 500 kcal per day Eat breakfast Pack healthy snacks for a long day on campus Plan physical activity into the day Keep a food journal

Chloride also is found in ___________, olives, rye, lettuce, a few fruits, and some vegetables

Seaweed

Functions of trace minerals

Serves as a part of immune function Serves as part of hormones Serves as cofactors for enzymes

The _______ proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat content, which the body closely regulates

Set-point theory

Included during pregnancy

Synthetic folic acid Low to moderate intensity physical activity Low-fat or nonfat milk Iron fortified breakfast cereals

Almost all the chloride in the diet is from _________

Table salt

Dietary sources of chloride

Table salt, processed food, seaweed, rye, some vegetables

Dietary sources of sodium

Table salt, soup, chips, processed food, preservatives, leavening agents

Cognitive restructuring

Tina has stopped organizing happy hour with margaritas and tortilla chips after a stressful day at work; instead she now conducts an after-work walking group to release stress

Nutrient supplementation may be necessary for whom?

Vegans Women with excessive menstrual bleeding Individuals with allergies/limited food intake.

Obesity: ________, or modified ______, are used to treat severe obesity if more traditional dietary changes have failed

Very-low-calorie diets; fasts

Another type of anemia that clinically looks like folate-related anemia because of the enlarged red blood cells is called pernicious anemia and is a result of insufficient _______ intake.

Vitamin B-12

antioxidant nutrients

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Vitmanin A, Beta-Carotene, Selenium

DASH: For non-meat protein sources, the DASH diet recommends 4-5 servings of nuts, seeds or legumes per ______

Week

Self-monitoring

Wendy thought she was eating 1500 Cals a day and was concerned when she began gaining weight; so she started a food journal and saw she was really consuming 2,200 Cals

Dietary sources of Magnesium

Wheat bran, green vegetables, nuts, chocolate, beans

True statement about Zinc

Zinc deficiency in North America is rare because of the wide distribution of zinc in foods

Dietary sources of phosphorus

Dairy products, bakery products, food additives, meat

Dietary sources of calcium

Dairy products, canned fish, leafy vegetables, tofu

Pregnancy-related hormones increasing sense of smell

Nausea and vomiting

Lowest to highest water content

1. Butter 2. Steak 3. Banana 4. Tomato

A thyroid disorder that may cause a person to have limited fat stores is _________

Hyperthyroidism

Energy metabolism vitamins

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin B-12

Trace minerals

Zinc, Copper, Iron

Order of carcinogensis

1. Alteration of cellular DNA 2. Increased cell division 3. Uncontrolled growth and tumor development 4. Cells travel to other sites and form more tumors

Food preparation and Pellagra Prevention

1. Niacin in corn is bound by a protein in the corn that makes it unusable by the body 2. When preparing tortillas, Hispanic people in North America traditionally soak corn in a basic solution like lime water 3. The bound niacin is released 4. Released niacin is then usable by the body 5. Risk of pellagra in this population is eliminated as usable niacin is available in the body

Effects of dehydration- Thirst to death

1. The body experiences thirst 2. Reduced movement and apathy 3. Tingling in arms, headache, heat exhaustion 4. Muscle cramps and general incapacity 5. Failing kidney function

Fluid conservation actions

1. The body senses decreased blood volume 2. Pituitary gland- Release of antidiuretic hormone 2a. Adrenal gland- Release of aldosterone 3. Adrenal gland- Kidneys retain more sodium 4. Increased water retention by the kidney

Toxicity of Niacin

Liver damage

Contingency management

Louis knows that if he goes home after work he will never leave again to go to the gym; now he packs his gyms clothes and takes his bag to work

Over time, this causes the folate deficiency condition called ________ or megaloblastic anemia

Macrocytic anemia

Property of Vitamin D

Maintains skeletal health

Best sources of Plant origin

Manganese, Molybdenum

A genetic disorder that affects muscles and skeleton characterized by long arms and low fat stores is ________

Marian Syndrome

Towards the end of the first week of breastfeeding, the initial milk has transitioned to ______

Mature milk

Toxicity of Vitamin B-6

Nerve damage

True statements about cancer

Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes The environment plays a role in the development of cancer

Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in those with a history of _________ fracture in a first degree relative

Osteoporotic

Spinach contains a good amount of calcium, but the _________ in spinach binds calcium, reducing its __________

Oxalic acid; bioavailability

Decreases iron absorption

Phytic acid in diet Oxalic acid in the diet Polyphenols in tea, coffee, and other beverages Excessive intake of zinc, manganese, and calcium

Salt substitutes usually contain ___________

Potassium chloride

A genetic disorder characterized by shortness and uncontrollable appetite, leading to obesity is _________

Prayer-Willi Syndrome

With insufficient folate intake, precursor ________ cannot divide because they cannot form enough new _____ for the two new nuclei, and so the cells grow progressively larger.

Red blood cells; DNA

This later breast milk tends to be _____ in color.

bluish