Nutrition #3

Vitamin

a complex organic molecule that regulates certain metabolic processes. Vitamin meets the following criteria. , 1. The body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health. , 2. The compound naturally occurs in commonly eaten foods. , 3. Signs and symptoms of a healthy problems (deficiency disorder) eventually occur when the substance is missing from the diet. , 4. Good health is restored, if the deficiency disorder is treated early by supplying the missing substance. ,

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

affects people whose diets lack sufficient protein as well as energy; children are more likely to be affected by PEM than adults. In impoverished developing countries, PEM is a major cause of childhood death. , Two types of PEM: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. ,

Denaturation

altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids and physical agitation.

What Happens to Proteins in the Body

1. Stomach- proteins undergo denaturation by stomach acid, and partial digestion by Pepsin. , 2. Small Intestine further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including Trypsin and Chymotrypsin. , 3. Small Intestinal Cells final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. , 4. Liver after being absorbed amino acids enter the hepatic portal veins and travel to the liver. , 5. Colon very little dietary protein is excreted in feces. ,

Q: How do cells take up water, and how do they deal with an excess or lack of water?

A: Water molecules are very small compared to phospholipids that some of the molecules can slip across the plasma membrane.

Non-Essential***

Alanine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamate

Amino Acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and the source of Nitrogen in different molecules. , Functions, the units used when making protein. They are a part of Brain, Nerve, Muscle and Blood. , 95% of hormones (Peptides). , Makes up ALL proteins , After water it's the most abundant in our body

Essential

Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Lysine

Choline

Major Function: neurotransmitter and phospholipid synthesis; methionine metabolism It is widely distributed in foods and human biosynthesis Major Deficiency: Liver damage. , Major Toxicity: Fishy body odor and reduced blood pressure. ,

Vitamin E (MDTF)

Major Functions : Antioxidants, protects cell membrane. Conditions that lead to deficiency : N/A Deficiency effects : nerve damage, red blood cell breakage. Food Sources : vegetable, nuts.

Vitamin K (MDTF)

Major Functions : Blood clotting, bone health. Conditions that lead to deficiency : Vitamin-K deficiency leads to excessive bleeding Deficiency effects : hemorrhage. Food Sources : liver, cabbage family.

Vitamin A (MDTF)

Major Functions : Vision, immunity, reproduction, growth. , Conditions that lead to deficiency : Without vitamin-A the mucus producing cells will deteriorate and no longer produce mucus to protect against pollutants and infectious agents (First to be effected by deficiency of Vitamin A). Excess vitamin-A can be toxic Deficiency effects : Blindness, infection, slows down growth or development. Food Sources : eggs,

Vitamin D (MDTF)

Major Functions : bone growth and absorption of calcium. Conditions that lead to deficiency : Excess intake of Vitamin-D can cause the body to deposit calcium in soft tissues. Deficiency effects : leg rickets (). Food Sources : sunlight, eggs, fatty fish.

Potassium and Magnesium

P: the major positively charged ion found inside cells, has functions that are similar to those of sodium. Potassium-rich diets may lower blood pressure Magnesium is a cofactor for numerous chemical reactions and is needed for nerve and heart function

Minerals with Known or Possible Roles in the Body

Possible Essential Minerals Silicon(Si)

Sources of Vitamins in The Body

Some vitamins are obtained via supplements. , Some via diet (naturally occurring as well as enriched or fortified). , Few are made. , While some are produced by bacteria found in the colon and absorbed into blood. , Small intestine is the primary site of vitamin absorption but, we do NOT absorbed 100% of our vitamins. ,

Nitrogen Balance

The body conserves Nitrogen by recycling amino acids, but each day, it loses some protein and nitrogen. , Positive Nitrogen balance, the body retains more nitrogen that it loses; {pregnancy, growth, recovering from illness or injury} Negative nitrogen balance, the body loses more nitrogen than it retains.{Inadequate protein intake or GI tract disease, increased protein losses resulting from certain kidney diseases or blood loss}

Vitamin-C (Ascorbic Acid)

The body uses vitamin-C to synthesize and maintain collagen, a major protein in Connective Tissue (Bone, cartilage). , also functions as an antioxidant. , Fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, are generally good sources of it. , Scurvy is the vitamin-C deficiency disease.

Sodium (Na)

The major positively charged ion found outside cells, is vital for maintaining fluid balance and transmitting nerve impulses. , The typical American diet provides high amounts of sodium, primarily from processed and canned foods Diets high in Sodium are associated with increased risk in hypertension

Facts to know

Thirst is the primary regulator of fluid intake Too much water in Extracellular space so it's more diluted...which leads to water entering the cells (Especially brain cells) too much water leads to the cells swelling and bursting

Vitamin E (info)

Vitamin-E functions primarily as antioxidant. , By donating electrons to electron seeking compounds, vitamin-E neutralizes them. , Plant oils and products made from these oils are generally rich sources of vitamin.

Marasmus (Starvation)

Wasting the loss of organ and muscle proteins as the body tears down these tissues to obtain amino acids for energy metabolism. , Skin and Bone. ,

Water

Water's Functions in the body: 1. A solvent. , 2. Major component of blood, saliva, sweat, mucus, tears and joint fluid. , 3. Removes wastes. , 4. Helps transport substances. , 5. Lubricates tissues. , 6. Regulates body temperature. , 7. Helps digest foods. , 8. Participates in chemical reactions. , 9. Helps maintain proper blood pH. ,

facts to know

We can survive for weeks, even months, if our diet lacks macronutrients and vitamins. But if we do NOT have any water, our life will end within a week or two. , mineral nutrients are key components of body structures and play vital roles in metabolism, water balance, muscle movement, and various physiological processes. ,

Celiac Disease

an INHERITED condition that causes malabsorption of nutrients. , People with the disease cannot eat foods that contain Gluten, because the body's response to the protein damages villi in the small intestine. , no cure.

Proteins

are organic compounds that contain Nitrogen. , a relatively small amount of protein contributes to the body's energy needs. , Proteins are composed of Amino Acids, Typical amino acids have nitrogen-containing or Amino, Acid, and R-groups.

Dehydration

body water depletion

Antioxidants

can protect the cell's plasma membranes and DNA from radicals (Vitamin-E) (strawberries , any berries)

High-quality or complete protein

contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support growth in children. Most animal proteins {chicken, eggs, beef, etc.} are high-quality protein

Osmosis

diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane

Major Minerals

essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100mg or more per day

Trace Minerals

essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100mg per day

Kwashiorkor

form of under-nutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein. , Big belly. ,

Pepsin

gastric (released by stomach) enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides

Calcium (Ca)

is a major structural component of bones and teeth, and the mineral is necessary for blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and cell metabolism. , Calcium absorption depends on vitamin-D. , Milk and Milk products are rich calcium sources. ,

Diffusion

is a type of passive transport. Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from an area of high concentration (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm). IMPORTANT: The rate or speed of diffusion increase with increasing temperature because any substance has more energy, and therefore moves faster, at warm temperature than at cooler temperatures.

Vitamin-D (info)

is both a hormone and a vitamin. , increases calcium and phosphorus deposits in bone, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, and reduces excretion of calcium by kidneys. , fatty fish and fortified milk, are dietary sources of the vitamin. , Infants and children who do NOT obtain enough vitamin-D may develop rickets. , Excess intake of Vitamin-D can cause the body to deposit calcium in soft tissues.

Aquaporin

is special tunnel like protein complex that allow rapid uptake of large amount of water into cells

Nitrogen

is the element cells need to make a wide arrangements of important biological compounds with structural or metabolic functions in the body.

Protein Turnover

is the process of breaking down old or unwanted proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins.

low-quality or Incomplete protein

lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

Deamination

removal of the Nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid

Radical

substance with an unpaired electron acts as an arrow attacking by hitting a vulnerable molecule within cells such as DNA

Transamination

transfer of the Nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid

Hyperthermia

very high body temperature

Urea

waste product of amino acid metabolism

Hydration

water status