Nutrition and Diet Therapy BOIL-1322 Exam 4

__________ is a common symptom in the third trimester of pregnancy as the growing baby puts pressure on the mother's stomach.

Heartburn

These include recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). These may be used to increase weight gain and meat production in cattle.

Hormones

___________________ is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Which of the following is true about irradiation of foods?

It extends shelf life.

Why is preeclampsia dangerous?

It increases the risk of low birth weight babies.

Which of the following statements is true about E. coli?

It is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea.

Individuals must be school-aged children.Children from families with incomes below 130% of poverty level are eligible for free meals.

National School Lunch Program

________________ can cause symptoms like numbness, tingling, headaches, and dizziness.

Neurotoxins

Their use may be avoided in favor of integrated pest management (IPM). Consumers may reduce exposure to these by washing and peeling fruits and vegetables. These include organophosphates and sex pheromones.

Pesticides/Herbicides

______________ usually involves avoidance of new foods, while a _____________ represents a preference for a certain limited number of foods at the exclusion of others.

Picky eating food jag

Please choose the correct statements about food insecurity and poverty.

Political sanctions can lead to food insecurity. Individuals with a disability or chronic illness are more likely to experience food insecurity. Racial, gender, and ethnic discrimination can contribute to poverty and food insecurity worldwide.

______________ may occur when hunger is prolonged.

Starvation

Which of the following is true about the working poor?

They are steadily employed in low-wage jobs.

Which of the following is true about childhood type 2 diabetes?

Treatment involves the entire family.

______________ occurs when an individual's nutrient and/or energy needs are not being met through diet.

Undernutrition

Food jags are not uncommon during this stage. Frequent meals are necessary due to high activity level and small stomach size.

Young Children

Adolescent bone growth occurs along the ______________.

epiphyseal plates

For individuals born around 1900, the ___________ was around 47 years.

life expectancy

Older mothers are more likely to conceive ___________ than younger mothers are.

multiples

Which foods are most commonly associated with food-borne illnesses caused by Salmonella?

poultry and eggs

Boycotts or trade embargoes used by one group to apply political pressure on another are called ___.

sanctions

To increase the amount of iron in children's diets, consider ___.

serving enriched breakfast cereals

The government _________ program helps ensure the production of crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans.

subsidy

Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant should avoid eating __________.

swordfish

Produce that is in season __________.

tastes better and is often less expensive

An infant's ______________ protects against choking.

tongue-thrust reflex

If Monica fears she has eaten food that may cause listeriosis, how soon might she experience symptoms of the illness?

up to 3 months

What is true about the norovirus?

It is the most common cause of foodborne illness.

The developmental stages during which cells of the fetus rapidly grow and differentiate to form body structures are called ___.

critical periods

To prevent bacteria from multiplying, keep foods at or below this temperature:

40° Fahrenheit

Which of the following statements is true about a sustainable food system?

A sustainable system conserves natural resources.

How many servings of produce do you need per day?

At least four cups

unpasteurized milk sashimi and sushi made with raw fish alcoholic beverages

Avoid During Pregnancy

_____________ is reduced when large farms focus production on one type of crop.

Biodiversity

The healthy Average Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for toddlers are different from those for adults:

Carbohydrates should comprise 45% to 65% of daily kilocalories. Fats should comprise 30% to 40% of daily kilocalories. Proteins should comprise 10% to 20% of daily kilocalories.

low-fat sources of calcium and vitamin D green leafy vegetables

Consume During Pregnancy

Which lifestyle change makes the most sense for Sofia to prioritize?

Decrease caffeine to 12 oz or less of coffee per day. Reducing caffeine consumption would be a good first step since 4 to 5 cups of coffee (32 to 40 oz) is excessive. Some research has found a link between 500 mg or more of caffeine and delayed conception. Sofia is currently consuming up to 425 mg per day.

Which federal agency must approve most additives used in foods?

FDA

Which statement accurately describes life expectancy in the United States?

It has increased significantly since 1900.

New foods must be offered ___ times or more before they are accepted.

New foods must be offered ___ times or more before they are accepted.

Risk for dehydration increases due to diuretic use, decreased mobility, and less effective thirst mechanisms. Muscle mass and physical activity decline, leading to a decrease in calorie needs.

Older Adults

Which of the following statements about organic versus conventional produce is true?

Organic produce is nutritionally the same as conventional produce, but it can be more expensive.

Which of the following is true about feeding children?

Parents are responsible for what their children eat.

__________________ are synthetic chemicals that do not break down over time. They exist in the food supply due to industrial pollution.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Tia looks into food assistance programs to help her provide nutritious food for her family. For which programs is her family most likely to be eligible?

SNAP National School Lunch Program The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and National School Lunch Program are designed for low-income families to obtain nutritious food for home and nutritious meals for their children in school.

Choose the correct statements about food preservation.

Salt and sugar can be used to preserve foods. Sulfites help prevent oxidation and browning in some foods. An individual can contract botulism if food is canned improperly.

Please choose the correct statements about nutrition for older adults.

Severe arthritis can impact mobility as well as diet choices. any older adults have difficulty absorbing vitamin B12 from food.

The ___ is a food assistance program that provides nutritious food, education, and referrals to health care professionals.

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

Individuals may select foods of their choosing from the grocery store, with the exception of items like alcohol, tobacco, nonfood items, vitamins, and hot foods. This program has the largest scope, serving 46.5 million Americans per month in 2014. A low-income individual of any age has the potential to receive benefits.

Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP)

Where can you donate your time to help the nutritional status of hungry people in your community?

a food bank

All farming is part of a wide field called ___________, which includes areas like food production, distribution, marketing, finance, management, and retail sales.

agribusiness

Chronic malnutrition is the long-term outcome of consuming a diet that contains __________.

an imbalance of nutrients

Severe ___________ can impact mobility, making it difficult to obtain and prepare meals.

arthritis

Which food is most likely to contain carcinogens?

bacon

Foodborne illness, or food poisoning, is usually caused by _____.

bacteria

You should wash your hands __________.

before you eat on site or with a sanitary wipe if soap and water are not available

Food and water can be a target of ______________, where a dangerous agent is used to frighten, threaten, coerce, injure, and/or kill individuals.

bioterrorism

In healthy individuals, __________________ increases through early adulthood.

bone mineral density (BMD)

Honey may be contaminated with bacteria that cause _________ in infants, but do not present a problem for older children or adults.

botulism

The "4 Cs" of food safety are ___.

cleaning, combating cross-contamination, cooking, chilling

Farmers are sometimes paid by the government to grow ____________________, which can reduce production of less commonly grown fruits and vegetables.

commodity crops

A __________________ can provide nutritious food and socialization for older adults.

congregate meal

An example of a food jag is ___.

eating only peanut butter sandwiches

Animals are often confined to a ________ to maximize the amount of weight they gain before slaughter.

feed lot

To ensure that toddlers obtain adequate nutrients, it is important to ___.

feed them nutrient-dense foods

To reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in infants, the mother-to-be should consume adequate amounts of ___ prior to conception.

folic acid

A _______________ refers to an immune reaction to a specific food and may result in a rash, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and even death.

food allergy

Consumers can help with _____________ by watching for and reporting any suspicious food products.

food biosecurity

Many older adults experience ______________ due to factors like limited income, poor health, or impaired mobility.

food insecurity

A long history of safe use may lead to a "_______________" classification.

generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

A pregnant women with elevated blood glucose levels may be diagnosed with _______________.

gestational diabetes

The use of fossil fuel to produce, process, and transport food contributes to ____.

greenhouse gases

Infants and children may experience _______________, or improper development, due to lack of proper nutrition.

growth stunting

Food insecurity exists worldwide, and global food production is __________ the needs of the world's population.

higher than

Physical discomfort due to inadequate food is known as ________.

hunger

A contributing factor to childhood obesity and the low level of physical activity among children is __________.

increased screen time

The most common nutrient deficiency among infants and young children is ___ deficiency

iron

Some fish contain naturally-occurring ____________.

marine toxins

Large quantities of _______________ can cause short-term symptoms in individuals sensitive to it.

monosodium glutamate (MSG)

Chemically based organophosphates affect the ___ system of the pests they destroy.

nervous

Rates of ___________ have doubled in children in the past 30 years.

obesity

People who are least likely to experience food insecurity are ___.

people with steady, well-paid jobs

Parents and health care providers can identify a child's current ____________ for weight or length by noting measurements on a ______________.

percentile growth chart

Forms of ____________________ may include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia.

pregnancy-induced hypertension

Farmers use genetically modified plants to ___.

produce disease-resistant crops

If you are on a limited budget, your best bet is to buy:

produce that is on sale or in season.

Antibiotics are used in food-producing animals to ___.

promote growth

Most commercially made infant formulas are modified from __________.

soy or cow's milk

Prolonged very low food security can lead to ___.

starvation

Barbara decides to increase her consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and reduce the number of times a week she eats red meat for dinner to one. She also decides to limit the number of meals eaten at restaurants to two per week. The healthful dietary changes Barbara makes out of concern for her future breast cancer risk may also decrease her risk of ___________.

stroke

A ______________ conserves natural resources and can be maintained indefinitely.

sustainable food system

Chronic malnutrition can result in ___.

tissue breakdown

After her prenatal appointment, Monica went to eat lunch at the hospital cafeteria. Which of the following menu items should she select in order to meet her goal of reducing the risk of listeriosis, but still eat a healthful lunch?

turkey burger with Swiss cheese and tomatoes on a whole-wheat bun

What is the most effective means of preventing Hepatitis A?

vaccination

Older adults often require more ___.

vitamin B12

Vegans may need a reliable source of ___.

vitamin B12

All infants born in the United States receive an injection of which nutrient at birth?

vitamin K

To clean fruits and vegetables, it is best to ___.

wash them under cold running tap water

Monica learned her risk of foodborne illness is reduced if she prepares and stores high-risk foods appropriately. Which of the following precautions will help her reduce the risk?

washing hands after handling and cooking hotdogs heating luncheon meat using separate cutting boards for meats, such as sausage, and produce

A breastfeeding woman should drink about __________ cups of water and beverages daily:

13

Wash your hands for at least ___ seconds.

20

Peer pressure often influences eating and lifestyle behaviors. Body image concerns and disordered eating behaviors may emerge during this period. Females need additional iron to support menstruation.

Adolescents

Scientists inserted the Bt gene into corn to make it resistant to the corn borer. Golden rice is yellow because it contains beta-carotene, which the plant can now manufacture because genes for certain enzymes were inserted in the rice genome.

Biotechnology/Genetic Engineering

Please choose the correct statements about breast-feeding.

Breast-feeding is typically less expensive than formula feeding. Women with AIDS or active tuberculosis should feed formula rather than breast-feed. Breast-feeding can reduce an infant's risk of infection, allergies, and certain chronic diseases.

Choose the correct statements about marketing and labeling.

The term "natural" on food labels has no standardized definition. Most food advertising is for processed foods and packaged foods.

What is the best way to minimize bacteria and dirt on your fruit?

Wash it at home.

Which two conditions with a dietary etiology are occurring more frequently in children and teens?

obesity and type 2 diabetes

Approximately $10 billion is spent annually on advertising by food companies. What percentage of this is spent on candy and gum, and what percentage on fruits and vegetables?

19 percent, 3 percent

What minimal percentage of organic ingredients must foods contain to display the USDA organic seal?

95

Refrigerate leftover food within 2 hours. Divide large pots of soup into smaller batches before cooling.

Chill

Tia meets with a dietitian in her physician's office and together they brainstorm ways to increase the consumption of more healthful foods, like lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables, at home, school, and while Tia herself is at work. Which recommendations are reasonable given Tia's situation?

Choose salads, fruits, and leaner meat choices from the menu at work if free or discounted meals are offered. Arrange for her children to participate in the National School Lunch Program. Bring more healthful snacks to work. Check for the availability of frozen fruits and vegetables at the local convenience stores.

Wash hands correctly before and after handling food. Wash fresh fruits and vegetables before preparing and/or eating.

Clean

Thaw meat on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. Thoroughly wash cutting boards used for cutting raw meat before slicing fresh vegetables on them.

Combat Cross-Contamination

sodas and sports drinks caffeinated beverages cooked fish and seafood

Consume with Caution During Pregnancy

Which lifestyle change would you recommend for Matthew to improve the couple's chance of conception?

Decrease alcohol consumption. Begin a more balanced diet along with regular exercise. There are many possible reasons for Matthew's low sperm count. In addition to any treatments recommended by their physician, Matthew would benefit from decreasing his alcohol treatment, eating a more healthful diet rich in antioxidants, and exercising to lose weight.

Which U.S. government agency conducts a risk assessment of food pesticides?

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

______________ refers to the inability to satisfy basic food needs due to lack of financial resources or other problems.

Food insecurity

Which of the following habits would you recommend Barbara try in order to decrease her cancer risk?

Get 30 min of exercise per day. Increase consumption of legumes.

What is good advice regarding packing perishable food?

Keep your cooler out of the sun. Keep your cooler closed tightly. Put items right next to the cold pack.

This program serves pregnant and lactating women, plus children under 5 years old.

Special Supplemental NutritionProgram for Women,Infants and Children (WIC)

Which social/environmental change is most likely to help Tia improve her nutrition status?

improved quality and selection of foods at local stores

Throughout the world, ____________________ are characterized by lower levels of economic productivity and higher rates of food insecurity.

least-developed countries

Matthew and Sofia are packing lunches to take to work. Which of the following lunch choices is highest in folate?

lentil stew with enriched pasta and spinach greens salad Dark leafy greens are high in folate. A half a cup of cooked lentils provides about 45% of the Daily Value of folate. Enriched pasta contains folate as well.

Most of the corn produced is used for ___.

livestock feed

A ____________ is paid by a food company to persuade politicians to vote on legislation that supports the interests of the food company.

lobbyist

The word organic when applied to produce means __________.

the produce was grown without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and bioengineering

___________ are salts used in cured meats like ham and hot dogs.

Nitrates

Teenaged mothers are more likely to ___.

develop pregnancy-induced hypertension

Calculate what percentage of total energy intake came from each macronutrient. Total fats 49.7 g Total carbohydrates 170.7 g Total protein 67.4 g

32% kilocalories from fats 49% kilocalories from carbohydrates 19% kilocalories from proteins

To alleviate morning sickness, the pregnant woman can ___.

eat small, frequent meals high in carbohydrates

What percentage of the American public are farmers?

2 percent

Do not use color as an indicator of how well-cooked meat is. Use a food thermometer to make sure meat has reached an appropriate internal temperature.

Cook

The United States is the largest worldwide producer of corn, with most farms located in the __________.

Corn Belt

Which federal agency coordinates efforts to safeguard and protect food and water in the United States from bioterrorism?

Department of Homeland Security

Meals are delivered to an individual's home or to community sites.Individuals must be over 60 years of age to be eligible for this program.

Meals on Wheels America