Nutrition and Drugs Midterm Vocab

adequate Intake

(AI): The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate-used when an RDA cannot be determined.

element

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons

essential nutrient

This must be supplied by food, because the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs, Water is the most _________________________.

liver

What Organ processes and stores many nutrients, makes cholesterol and bile (prepares fat and fat-soluble vitamins for digestion and absorption)

double blind studies

Where neither the participants nor the researcher knows the participant's group assignment

nutrient Density

______ ______ describes food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol (Broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, OJ, lean meats)

placebo

a fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure

correlation

a relationship between variables

daily value

a set of nutrient intake standards developed for labeling purposes

enrichment

addition of specific amounts of iron and certain B vitamins to cereal grain products after they have been lost in the making of the product.

physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

carbohydrates

are a major source of energy (Often identified by the chemical name ending in "-ose" (glucose or fructose) , Simple ____________: group of _____________ that includes sugars , High fructose corn syrup: caloric sweetener that is often added to food

minerals

are elements that are found in the earth's crust, such as calcium, iron, and zinc

DRIs

are various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans

chemical bond

attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule

heartburn

backflow of irritating stomach contents into the esophagus

Nutrients

chemicals necessary for proper body functioning

Lipids

class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water

food insecurity

defined as a concern about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food

solubility

describes a substance's ability to dissolve and form a solution

empty calories

describes food or beverage that supplies excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol (Bacon, candy, snack chips, soda, etc. )

energy density

energy value of food in relation to the food's weight (Nuts are energy dense)

solution

evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds

bioavailability

extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food

villi

finger-like projections that line the small intestine

epiglottis

flap that folds down over trachea (windpipe) when you swallow

lymph

fluid in the lymphatic system

mucus

fluid that lubricates and protects certain cells

megadose

generally defined as 10 times the recommended amount of a vitamin or mineral

case-control study

individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

evidence based

information that is based on results of scientific studies

electrolytes

ions of minerals that conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water

Lifestyle

is a person's way of living such as dietary practices and physical activity habits

quackery

is promoting useless medical treatments

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

is the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health.

epidemiology

is the study of occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations

lower gastroesophageal sphincter

located at the end of the esophagus; controls opening and closing of stomach

lacteal

lymph vessels in the villus that absorb fat

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

macronutrient intake ranges that are nutritionally adequate and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases

homeostasis

maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival

molecule

matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together (such as H20 or C6H12O6)

pH

measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

calorie

measure of food energy; ________ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1o Celsius

exchange system

method of classifying foods into numerous lists based on macronutrient composition

chyme

mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

biotechnology

modifying living things (especially plants and animals) to make improved products

enzyme

molecule (protein) that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

compound

molecule that contains 2 or more different elements

DNA

molecule that contains coded instructions for synthesizing proteins

peristalsis

muscular contractions that move small amounts of food and beverages through intestinal tract

GI Tract

muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus

electrons

negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus in a "cloud"

dietary supplement

nutrient preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products

macronutrients

nutrients needed in large amounts daily; provide energy (Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Protein )

micronutrients

nutrients needed in small amounts (Vitamins,Minerals)

moderation

obtaining adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure

lumen

open space (Where food travels through)

chylomicron

particle formed by small intestinal cells that transports lipids in the bloodstream

variable

personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome

risk factor

personal characteristic that influences chances of developing disease, Genetic background, Age, Environment, Access to health care, Psychological factors,

testimonials

personal endorsements of products

protons

positively charged particles in the nucleus

pseudoscience

presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

digestion

process by which molecules in food are mechanically and chemically broken down

absorption

process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream

chemical reaction

process that changes atomic arrangement of molecules

Treatment group

receives treatment

anecdote

reports of personal experiences

nutrition

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses those substances

Nutrient requirement

smallest amount of a nutrient needed to maintain defined level of health

capillaries

smallest blood vessels

cell

smallest functioning unit in a living organism

Deficiency disease

state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

organelles

structures within cells that perform specialized functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, & ribosomes

anatomy

study of cells and other body structures

physiology

study of how cells and body structures function

chemistry

study of the composition and characteristics of matter and the changes that can occur to it

cohort study

study that measures variables in a group of people over time

antioxidant

substance that protects other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain environmental and certain factors (Fruit and vegetables have high numbers of this)

phytochemical

substances found in plant foods that are not classified as "nutrients" but are beneficial to health (Plants make hundreds of these)

bases

substances that accept hydrogen ions

acids

substances that donate hydrogen ions

genetic Modification

techniques that alter an organism's DNA (Increases production, Considered safe by FDA)

fortification

the addition of nutrients to food that were not there to begin with

H+

the chemical formula for a hydrogen ion

Duodenum

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.

Control group

the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.

jejunum

the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.

malnutrition

the state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished

Ileum

the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum

metabolism

total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells

esophagus

tube connecting pharynx to stomach

Diet

usual pattern of food choices

diet

usual pattern of food choices

arteries

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

veins

vessels that return blood to the heart

EAR Estimated Average Requirement

— amount of a nutrient that should meet needs of 50% of healthy people

UL

— highest average amount that is unlikely to be harmful when consumed daily

RDA

— standards for recommended daily intakes that meet needs of ~98% of healthy people