Nutrition and Drugs Midterm Vocab
adequate Intake
(AI): The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate-used when an RDA cannot be determined.
element
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons
essential nutrient
This must be supplied by food, because the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs, Water is the most _________________________.
liver
What Organ processes and stores many nutrients, makes cholesterol and bile (prepares fat and fat-soluble vitamins for digestion and absorption)
double blind studies
Where neither the participants nor the researcher knows the participant's group assignment
nutrient Density
______ ______ describes food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol (Broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, OJ, lean meats)
placebo
a fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure
correlation
a relationship between variables
daily value
a set of nutrient intake standards developed for labeling purposes
enrichment
addition of specific amounts of iron and certain B vitamins to cereal grain products after they have been lost in the making of the product.
physiological dose
amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
carbohydrates
are a major source of energy (Often identified by the chemical name ending in "-ose" (glucose or fructose) , Simple ____________: group of _____________ that includes sugars , High fructose corn syrup: caloric sweetener that is often added to food
minerals
are elements that are found in the earth's crust, such as calcium, iron, and zinc
DRIs
are various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans
chemical bond
attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule
heartburn
backflow of irritating stomach contents into the esophagus
Nutrients
chemicals necessary for proper body functioning
Lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water
food insecurity
defined as a concern about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food
solubility
describes a substance's ability to dissolve and form a solution
empty calories
describes food or beverage that supplies excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol (Bacon, candy, snack chips, soda, etc. )
energy density
energy value of food in relation to the food's weight (Nuts are energy dense)
solution
evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds
bioavailability
extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them
sustainable agriculture
farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food
villi
finger-like projections that line the small intestine
epiglottis
flap that folds down over trachea (windpipe) when you swallow
lymph
fluid in the lymphatic system
mucus
fluid that lubricates and protects certain cells
megadose
generally defined as 10 times the recommended amount of a vitamin or mineral
case-control study
individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition
evidence based
information that is based on results of scientific studies
electrolytes
ions of minerals that conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water
Lifestyle
is a person's way of living such as dietary practices and physical activity habits
quackery
is promoting useless medical treatments
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
is the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health.
epidemiology
is the study of occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
lower gastroesophageal sphincter
located at the end of the esophagus; controls opening and closing of stomach
lacteal
lymph vessels in the villus that absorb fat
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
macronutrient intake ranges that are nutritionally adequate and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases
homeostasis
maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival
molecule
matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together (such as H20 or C6H12O6)
pH
measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
calorie
measure of food energy; ________ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1o Celsius
exchange system
method of classifying foods into numerous lists based on macronutrient composition
chyme
mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food
biotechnology
modifying living things (especially plants and animals) to make improved products
enzyme
molecule (protein) that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
compound
molecule that contains 2 or more different elements
DNA
molecule that contains coded instructions for synthesizing proteins
peristalsis
muscular contractions that move small amounts of food and beverages through intestinal tract
GI Tract
muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus
electrons
negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus in a "cloud"
dietary supplement
nutrient preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products
macronutrients
nutrients needed in large amounts daily; provide energy (Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Protein )
micronutrients
nutrients needed in small amounts (Vitamins,Minerals)
moderation
obtaining adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure
lumen
open space (Where food travels through)
chylomicron
particle formed by small intestinal cells that transports lipids in the bloodstream
variable
personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome
risk factor
personal characteristic that influences chances of developing disease, Genetic background, Age, Environment, Access to health care, Psychological factors,
testimonials
personal endorsements of products
protons
positively charged particles in the nucleus
pseudoscience
presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
digestion
process by which molecules in food are mechanically and chemically broken down
absorption
process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream
chemical reaction
process that changes atomic arrangement of molecules
Treatment group
receives treatment
anecdote
reports of personal experiences
nutrition
scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses those substances
Nutrient requirement
smallest amount of a nutrient needed to maintain defined level of health
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
cell
smallest functioning unit in a living organism
Deficiency disease
state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet
organelles
structures within cells that perform specialized functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, & ribosomes
anatomy
study of cells and other body structures
physiology
study of how cells and body structures function
chemistry
study of the composition and characteristics of matter and the changes that can occur to it
cohort study
study that measures variables in a group of people over time
antioxidant
substance that protects other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain environmental and certain factors (Fruit and vegetables have high numbers of this)
phytochemical
substances found in plant foods that are not classified as "nutrients" but are beneficial to health (Plants make hundreds of these)
bases
substances that accept hydrogen ions
acids
substances that donate hydrogen ions
genetic Modification
techniques that alter an organism's DNA (Increases production, Considered safe by FDA)
fortification
the addition of nutrients to food that were not there to begin with
H+
the chemical formula for a hydrogen ion
Duodenum
the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.
Control group
the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.
jejunum
the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.
malnutrition
the state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished
Ileum
the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum
metabolism
total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells
esophagus
tube connecting pharynx to stomach
Diet
usual pattern of food choices
diet
usual pattern of food choices
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
veins
vessels that return blood to the heart
EAR Estimated Average Requirement
— amount of a nutrient that should meet needs of 50% of healthy people
UL
— highest average amount that is unlikely to be harmful when consumed daily
RDA
— standards for recommended daily intakes that meet needs of ~98% of healthy people