BBH 302 Exam 3
census on LGBTQI populations
2010 census was the first to have actual data on this population, as if they never existed before
Which of the following is NOT a reason why LGBT research is hard to conduct?
Asking about sexuality is illegal
disparity or difference: higher obesity rates in men
BOTH a disparity and difference
disparity or difference: life expectancy between men and women
BOTH disparity and difference
What was the major conclusion from the Unequal Treatment Brief Report?
Bias, prejudice, and stereotyping accounted for the major disparities in health care
Which of the following are NOT one of the 3 pathways through which segregation contributes to health disparities?
Disparities in access to Full-Service, Chain Supermarkets
Housing Policy Social Policy Economic Policy Education Policy All equal?
Health Policy
Fragmentation is an example of:
Healthcare systems- level factors
Results from the Braveman article showed a consistent health-wealth gradient in all but which of the following racial/ethnic groups?
Hispanics
According to the IOM, which groups have been neglected by researchers? Select all that apply.
LGBT elders Transgender individuals Bisexual individuals
Which group was found to have an elevated risk for suicide and depression?
LGBT youth
Sexual Minority:
Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual individuals
LGBTQI:
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning, Intersex
Sex Health Paradox:
The observation that females have higher rates of morbidity but lower rates of mortality, compared to men.
disparity or difference: higher rates of lung/bronchus cancer in men
disparity
act or error of omission
not referring someone for a critical diagnostic test, despite the fact that the screening was available
gender minority
transgender and intersex
disparities
usually have some ethical issue at its source. For example, uninsured or under-insured populations report lower rates of preventive screenings and wellness visits than well-insured populations.
Choose all of the following potential explanations for cervical cancer disparities in lesbian and bisexual women.
- fear of sexual orientation disclosure -discrimination -fewer cancer screening visits
The prevalence rates are higher for Blacks than Whites for:
Cardiovascular disease Asthma Diabetes
Micropolitan Statistical Area:
County or counties associated with at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 inhabitants
One of the major explanations for residential segregation is the fact that Blacks prefer to live in Black neighborhoods.
False
The idea that sex differences contribute to gendered realities is equally as plausible as the idea that gender contributes to biological expression.
False
The reading concluded that the main pathway linking sex and gender with disease and mortality patterns is biology.
False
Which of the following is a potential biological explanation for women's greater life expectancy, compared to men?
Females' ability to bear children
Match the four conceptual perspectives with their definitions.
Life course perspective: emphasis on how life experiences influence life stages Minority stress model: emphasis on stigma- induced stress experienced by sexual and gender minorities Intersectionality perspective: emphasis on how an individuals many identities interact to form a multidimensional person Social ecology perspective: emphasis on an individual's social influences, such as family, community, and society
Intersectionality
Overlapping of social categories ex. being a black, low income, gay woman
Regarding the sources of healthcare disparities outlined in the Unequal Treatment Brief Report, patient preferences is an example of:
Patient- level factors
Clinical uncertainty is an example of:
Provider- level factors
When studying health disparities, Braveman et al. emphasized the importance of considering which two factors, both separately and together?
SES and race/ ethnicity
Figure 3 examines links between religious attendance and health. _______________ was found to be a major risk factor for older men, making them more susceptible to morbidity and mortality.
Social Isolation
In which of the following LGBTQI populations is suicide a major disparity?
Transgender
Gender Minority:
Transgender and Intersex individuals
Having access to chain supermarkets increases one's access to fruits and vegetables at lower prices.
True
One limitation of the Braveman study is that, due to measurement error, the size of health disparities between groups may be even greater than indicated.
True
Sex-as-biology = within the body. Gender-as-society = outside of the body.
True
The findings show that Blacks at the same level of income or education as Whites consistently have poorer outcomes for several health conditions. From this finding, we can conclude that Blacks may not experience the same benefits in health as Whites at a particular income or education level.
True
The most affected people by American Apartheid are affluent Blacks trying to buy a house in White neighborhoods.
True
true or false: Men develop cancer at a faster rate than women, but women may be living with cancer for a longer period of time than men.
True
"isms"
We refer to "isms" throughout this course to describe any kind of discrimination against another person because of a particular characteristic. This may be discrimination due to race or ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, or any other characteristic. When we discuss racism, you will be encouraged to think about how the discussion could also apply to sexism, heterosexism, ageism, or other isms.
Sex
We refer to biological sex as male or female.
Gender
We refer to identity as male or female, regardless of biological sex.
Which of the following describes the sex health paradox?
Women have higher rates of morbidity, but lower rates of mortality compared to men.
Internalized Racism
acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth. example would be deciding not to take a recommended prescription because of a stereotype that drugs prescribed for Blacks must not be as good as drugs prescribed for Whites
Rural Area
all areas outside of an urban area or cluster
lowest earners
american indians and alaskan natives
Urban(ized) Area:
an area with a core population of 50,000+ inhabitants
Urban Cluster:
an area with at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people
Net Worth:
an indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts.
Inequalities
are akin to health disparities
highest earners
asians- high disparity
younger men commit suicide after
becoming a widow
older men who experience a divorce are more likely to
commit suicide
Metropolitan Statistical Area:
county/counties associated with at least one urbanized area. They are larger than cities and are sometimes referred to as regions (e.g., the NY metro region).
safe health paradox
differences in longevity: Social explanations Stress Ses smoking/drinking Risk taking and violence/harassment Occupational hazards Biological explanations: Genetic advantafes Childbearing advantage
Institutional Racism
differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race The idea here is that bias exists at the structural level, and is exhibited in differential access to material goods (e.g., high quality education, clean air or quality housing) and access to power (e.g., legal representation or voting rights).
Personally-Mediated Racism
differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intentions of others according to their race For example, being followed around a small store because of an assumption that you may steal (intentional) Prescribing the wrong drug because of a lack of knowledge about recent clinical data showing the drug is ineffective for certain racial/ethnic groups (unintentional).
what is a proxy for SES
education
who lives longer
females; which gives them more time to develop diseases like heart disease
similarities of the leading causes of death in males and females
heart disease is #1 alzheimers increased
women and blood pressure
high rates of uncontrolled blood pressure, may be related to SES
pancreatic cancer
higher in men
illicit drug use and LGB
higher use of drug use in LGB than heterosexuals
single male vs single female headed households
if a father becomes the parent, father usually is a higher earner widow- a man will have more support to help with kids so the male can continue working
How do the authors suggest correcting health disparities?
implementing policies
net worth
indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts
act or error of commission
individuals are given something, but it's the wrong something. For example, several clinical studies found that beta-blockers were not as effective as diuretics for treating hypertension in Blacks
differences
is something that can be attributed to simple differences in biology. For example, the prevalence of breast cancer is markedly higher in women than in men.
who has significantly high rates for thoughts of suicide and attempted suicide
lesbian and bisexual girls
sexual minority
lesbian, gay, and bisexuals
Leading sites of new cancer cases and deaths in women
liver and intraphetic bile duct
leading sites of new cancer cases and deaths in men
liver and intraphetic bile duct esphogus urinary bladder
gender difference in death rates
longevity; women are more likely to go to the doctor, but recieve more acts of omission and comission
ideation
main differences in suicide thoughts and attempted suicide
who has a higher prevalence rate for diabetes
men
smoking rates
men are more likely to admit they are smoking
substance use paradox
men are more likely to admit they are smoking
differences in obesity
men have a higher rate of obesity due to muscle mass, but typically higher in women
Commision
misdiagnosis
colorectoral cancer
more men
lung cancer
more men
kidney cancer
more men associated with diabetes
melanoma
more men than women
hypertension and gender differences
no big difference men are more likely to be underdiagnosed women are diagnosed later in life
omission
no diagnosis
Study the following maps closely to examine the ways in which each group is distributed across the U.S. Based on the definition of dissimilarity (distribution of a racial/ethnic group across a residential area) which group is most segregated?
non-hispanic whites
naturalized citizen
people born outside of the US but become citizens
major risk factor for older men, making them more susceptible to morbidity and mortality
physical activity
which 2 cancers are the highest in death rates
prostate and breast cancer
frequency of school victimization based on sexual orientatoin
rates are still high, but getting better over time
Inequities
refer to differences in the distribution or allocation of resources between groups. For example, inequities in access to full-service grocery stores or inequities in access to high-quality hospitals with state-of-the-art diagnostic procedures and equipment.
Socioeconomic Status:
refers to an individual's social and economic standing in society, and is based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. Related terms are social class or socioeconomic position.
socioeconomic status
refers to an individuals social and economic standing in society, based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. social class, socioeconomic position
females leading cause of death
septicemia reduced immune function flu/pnuemonia
disparity between men and women with blood pressure
social explanations women have less access to healthcare even tho they are more likely to utilize it
males leading cause of death
suicide unintentional injuries chronic liver disease and cirrhosis -homicide is not there anymore
Principal City
the largest area in a metropolitan or micropolitan area with at least 10,000 inhabitants
ages of heart disease
variation, but men between 55-64 years old
adult men report lower use of RX drugs when they are needed which explains
why women are living longer -men are lacking management
shift
women leave the home, have a job, come come, and have another job to do