BBH 302 Exam 3

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census on LGBTQI populations

2010 census was the first to have actual data on this population, as if they never existed before

Which of the following is NOT a reason why LGBT research is hard to conduct?

Asking about sexuality is illegal

disparity or difference: higher obesity rates in men

BOTH a disparity and difference

disparity or difference: life expectancy between men and women

BOTH disparity and difference

What was the major conclusion from the Unequal Treatment Brief Report?

Bias, prejudice, and stereotyping accounted for the major disparities in health care

Which of the following are NOT one of the 3 pathways through which segregation contributes to health disparities?

Disparities in access to Full-Service, Chain Supermarkets

Housing Policy Social Policy Economic Policy Education Policy All equal?

Health Policy

Fragmentation is an example of:

Healthcare systems- level factors

Results from the Braveman article showed a consistent health-wealth gradient in all but which of the following racial/ethnic groups?

Hispanics

According to the IOM, which groups have been neglected by researchers? Select all that apply.

LGBT elders Transgender individuals Bisexual individuals

Which group was found to have an elevated risk for suicide and depression?

LGBT youth

Sexual Minority:

Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual individuals

LGBTQI:

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning, Intersex

Sex Health Paradox:

The observation that females have higher rates of morbidity but lower rates of mortality, compared to men.

disparity or difference: higher rates of lung/bronchus cancer in men

disparity

act or error of omission

not referring someone for a critical diagnostic test, despite the fact that the screening was available

gender minority

transgender and intersex

disparities

usually have some ethical issue at its source. For example, uninsured or under-insured populations report lower rates of preventive screenings and wellness visits than well-insured populations.

Choose all of the following potential explanations for cervical cancer disparities in lesbian and bisexual women.

- fear of sexual orientation disclosure -discrimination -fewer cancer screening visits

The prevalence rates are higher for Blacks than Whites for:

Cardiovascular disease Asthma Diabetes

Micropolitan Statistical Area:

County or counties associated with at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 inhabitants

One of the major explanations for residential segregation is the fact that Blacks prefer to live in Black neighborhoods.

False

The idea that sex differences contribute to gendered realities is equally as plausible as the idea that gender contributes to biological expression.

False

The reading concluded that the main pathway linking sex and gender with disease and mortality patterns is biology.

False

Which of the following is a potential biological explanation for women's greater life expectancy, compared to men?

Females' ability to bear children

Match the four conceptual perspectives with their definitions.

Life course perspective: emphasis on how life experiences influence life stages Minority stress model: emphasis on stigma- induced stress experienced by sexual and gender minorities Intersectionality perspective: emphasis on how an individuals many identities interact to form a multidimensional person Social ecology perspective: emphasis on an individual's social influences, such as family, community, and society

Intersectionality

Overlapping of social categories ex. being a black, low income, gay woman

Regarding the sources of healthcare disparities outlined in the Unequal Treatment Brief Report, patient preferences is an example of:

Patient- level factors

Clinical uncertainty is an example of:

Provider- level factors

When studying health disparities, Braveman et al. emphasized the importance of considering which two factors, both separately and together?

SES and race/ ethnicity

Figure 3 examines links between religious attendance and health. _______________ was found to be a major risk factor for older men, making them more susceptible to morbidity and mortality.

Social Isolation

In which of the following LGBTQI populations is suicide a major disparity?

Transgender

Gender Minority:

Transgender and Intersex individuals

Having access to chain supermarkets increases one's access to fruits and vegetables at lower prices.

True

One limitation of the Braveman study is that, due to measurement error, the size of health disparities between groups may be even greater than indicated.

True

Sex-as-biology = within the body. Gender-as-society = outside of the body.

True

The findings show that Blacks at the same level of income or education as Whites consistently have poorer outcomes for several health conditions. From this finding, we can conclude that Blacks may not experience the same benefits in health as Whites at a particular income or education level.

True

The most affected people by American Apartheid are affluent Blacks trying to buy a house in White neighborhoods.

True

true or false: Men develop cancer at a faster rate than women, but women may be living with cancer for a longer period of time than men.

True

"isms"

We refer to "isms" throughout this course to describe any kind of discrimination against another person because of a particular characteristic. This may be discrimination due to race or ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, or any other characteristic. When we discuss racism, you will be encouraged to think about how the discussion could also apply to sexism, heterosexism, ageism, or other isms.

Sex

We refer to biological sex as male or female.

Gender

We refer to identity as male or female, regardless of biological sex.

Which of the following describes the sex health paradox?

Women have higher rates of morbidity, but lower rates of mortality compared to men.

Internalized Racism

acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth. example would be deciding not to take a recommended prescription because of a stereotype that drugs prescribed for Blacks must not be as good as drugs prescribed for Whites

Rural Area

all areas outside of an urban area or cluster

lowest earners

american indians and alaskan natives

Urban(ized) Area:

an area with a core population of 50,000+ inhabitants

Urban Cluster:

an area with at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people

Net Worth:

an indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts.

Inequalities

are akin to health disparities

highest earners

asians- high disparity

younger men commit suicide after

becoming a widow

older men who experience a divorce are more likely to

commit suicide

Metropolitan Statistical Area:

county/counties associated with at least one urbanized area. They are larger than cities and are sometimes referred to as regions (e.g., the NY metro region).

safe health paradox

differences in longevity: Social explanations Stress Ses smoking/drinking Risk taking and violence/harassment Occupational hazards Biological explanations: Genetic advantafes Childbearing advantage

Institutional Racism

differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race The idea here is that bias exists at the structural level, and is exhibited in differential access to material goods (e.g., high quality education, clean air or quality housing) and access to power (e.g., legal representation or voting rights).

Personally-Mediated Racism

differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intentions of others according to their race For example, being followed around a small store because of an assumption that you may steal (intentional) Prescribing the wrong drug because of a lack of knowledge about recent clinical data showing the drug is ineffective for certain racial/ethnic groups (unintentional).

what is a proxy for SES

education

who lives longer

females; which gives them more time to develop diseases like heart disease

similarities of the leading causes of death in males and females

heart disease is #1 alzheimers increased

women and blood pressure

high rates of uncontrolled blood pressure, may be related to SES

pancreatic cancer

higher in men

illicit drug use and LGB

higher use of drug use in LGB than heterosexuals

single male vs single female headed households

if a father becomes the parent, father usually is a higher earner widow- a man will have more support to help with kids so the male can continue working

How do the authors suggest correcting health disparities?

implementing policies

net worth

indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts

act or error of commission

individuals are given something, but it's the wrong something. For example, several clinical studies found that beta-blockers were not as effective as diuretics for treating hypertension in Blacks

differences

is something that can be attributed to simple differences in biology. For example, the prevalence of breast cancer is markedly higher in women than in men.

who has significantly high rates for thoughts of suicide and attempted suicide

lesbian and bisexual girls

sexual minority

lesbian, gay, and bisexuals

Leading sites of new cancer cases and deaths in women

liver and intraphetic bile duct

leading sites of new cancer cases and deaths in men

liver and intraphetic bile duct esphogus urinary bladder

gender difference in death rates

longevity; women are more likely to go to the doctor, but recieve more acts of omission and comission

ideation

main differences in suicide thoughts and attempted suicide

who has a higher prevalence rate for diabetes

men

smoking rates

men are more likely to admit they are smoking

substance use paradox

men are more likely to admit they are smoking

differences in obesity

men have a higher rate of obesity due to muscle mass, but typically higher in women

Commision

misdiagnosis

colorectoral cancer

more men

lung cancer

more men

kidney cancer

more men associated with diabetes

melanoma

more men than women

hypertension and gender differences

no big difference men are more likely to be underdiagnosed women are diagnosed later in life

omission

no diagnosis

Study the following maps closely to examine the ways in which each group is distributed across the U.S. Based on the definition of dissimilarity (distribution of a racial/ethnic group across a residential area) which group is most segregated?

non-hispanic whites

naturalized citizen

people born outside of the US but become citizens

major risk factor for older men, making them more susceptible to morbidity and mortality

physical activity

which 2 cancers are the highest in death rates

prostate and breast cancer

frequency of school victimization based on sexual orientatoin

rates are still high, but getting better over time

Inequities

refer to differences in the distribution or allocation of resources between groups. For example, inequities in access to full-service grocery stores or inequities in access to high-quality hospitals with state-of-the-art diagnostic procedures and equipment.

Socioeconomic Status:

refers to an individual's social and economic standing in society, and is based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. Related terms are social class or socioeconomic position.

socioeconomic status

refers to an individuals social and economic standing in society, based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. social class, socioeconomic position

females leading cause of death

septicemia reduced immune function flu/pnuemonia

disparity between men and women with blood pressure

social explanations women have less access to healthcare even tho they are more likely to utilize it

males leading cause of death

suicide unintentional injuries chronic liver disease and cirrhosis -homicide is not there anymore

Principal City

the largest area in a metropolitan or micropolitan area with at least 10,000 inhabitants

ages of heart disease

variation, but men between 55-64 years old

adult men report lower use of RX drugs when they are needed which explains

why women are living longer -men are lacking management

shift

women leave the home, have a job, come come, and have another job to do


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