Nutrition ch 4

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

two monosaccharides.

Which of the following is the most prevalent form of diabetes?

type 2

How many kcal of energy does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?

4

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is up to

65%

What is the KEY difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber?

Soluble fiber can be digested by bacteria in the colon; insoluble fiber cannot.

Alpha bonds

are easily digestible

Why are most types of fiber indigestible in the human GI tract?

beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down

In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune response destroys the

beta cells of the pancreas

Sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products?

chewing gum*

A disorder of the large intestine characterized by infected and inflamed pockets forming in the intestinal wall is

diverticulosis

Which of the following is caused by alcohol exposure by a fetus during pregnancy?

fetal alcohol syndrome

Bran is the part of a grain kernel that is very high in

fiber

In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the

glycogen

The complex carbohydrate that is the storage form of glucose in animals is

glycogen

Diabetes is essentially a condition of

impaired glucose regulation

Which hormone works to lower blood glucose?

insulin

Which of the following statements about soluble fiber is true?

it forms a gel when wet and is fermented

An adequate intake of carbohydrates

keeps the body from using proteins as energy.

Hector, who has type 2 diabetes, is looking through the pantry for a snack. Using the glycemic index as a guide, identify which of the following is the BEST choice to help Hector maintain a more stable glucose level. (Glycemic index values are listed in parentheses.)

kidney beans (28)

Which statement about simple carbohydrate is false?

maltose is table sugar

The term complex carbohydrates refers to

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

The MOST common source of added sugar in the U.S. diet is

soft drinks/sodas

Alcohol is absorbed directly from the small intestine and the

stomach

Trevor's doctor screens him for type 2 diabetes and finds that Trevor has a fasting blood glucose of 130 mg/dL. What does this mean?

Trevor has diabetes

Why is white wheat flour a less nutritious choice than whole-wheat flour?

White wheat flour retains only a fraction of wheat's fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

Which of the following would provide the MOST dietary fiber?

a serving of black beans

Which of the following is characteristic of alcohol dependence?

a strong need or urge to drink alcoholic beverages

Lactose intolerance is due to a(n)

deficiency of lactase.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of someone at risk of alcohol use disorder?

drinks a glass of wine daily in the evening

Which of the following is a state in which the body produces too much insulin even before a meal has been consumed?

fasting hypoglycema

Chronic drinkers may show few signs of impairment or intoxication even at high blood alcohol levels. This condition is known as

functional tolerance

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

galactose

Red blood cells and the brain rely on which of the following for energy?

glucose

Which monosaccharide is the preferred source of energy for the brain?

glucose

Which of the following is a potential health benefit of moderate alcohol consumption?

increased HDL cholesterol

A person who has been diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose

is considered pre-diabetic

A potentially life-threatening consequence of low-carbohydrate intake is

ketoacidosis

Gretchen is determined to lose weight, and has been following a very low-carb diet and running a 12-mile loop six days a week. As her body's glycogen stores become depleted, what fuel provides energy to her brain?

ketones

In the absence of carbohydrate, the body breaks down stored fat in a process called

ketosis

Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the

liver

How many grams of carbohydrate (per day) are recommended in healthy individuals to provide adequate fuel to the brain (RDA)?

130 grams

The Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber is

14 g/1000 kcal per day

In the United States, about how many adults aged 18 and older have an alcohol use disorder?

15 million

Approximately what percentage of American college students are overweight or obese, and therefore at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes?

35%

The Daily Value (DV) of fiber is 25 grams. If a product label indicates that it provides 20% of the DV, how much fiber does a serving contain?

5 grams

Alcohol provides how many kcal/g of energy?

7

Moderate alcohol consumption is BEST defined as

one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

Insulin is synthesized and released by the

pancreas

Which of the following is classified as an oligosaccharide?

raffinose

Glycogenolysis is the

release of stored glycogen from the liver into the blood.

Which of the following is a chemical found in red wine and grapes that may have health benefits?

resveratrol

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form

sucrose

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

sucrose

Gluconeogenesis is the

synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates.

Alcohol consumption, even at a moderate level, increases the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding if the drinker is

taking aspirin or ibuprofen

Binge drinking is defined as

the consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion by a man or four or more drinks by a woman.

The glycemic load is

the glycemic index multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate.

Which of the following is contributing to the increase in type 2 diabetes?

the increase in obesity rate

Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. Why?

they cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine present in aspartame

Which of the following is MOST associated with diets high in added sugars?

tooth decay

Which of the following is true regarding type 1 diabetes?

treatment always involves insulin therapy

The liver's ability to activate which of the following micronutrients may be impaired by chronic excessive alcohol consumption?

vitamin D

You are scanning the range of choices in the bread aisle at the grocery store. Which phrase on the package label indicates that the bread likely contains a high amount of fiber-rich carbohydrates?

whole wheat

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

xylitol

Why does carbohydrate digestion NOT occur in the stomach?

Acid in the stomach inactivates salivary amylase.

Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

It is the least common form of diabetes.

The first step in alcohol metabolism is triggered by

alcohol dehydrogenase

One class of enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates is

amylase

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which fasting blood sugar levels

are too low

Yogurt is tolerated better than milk by many lactose-intolerant people because

bacteria in yogurt help digest the lactose

Which part of a whole grain kernel contains most of the fiber as well as many vitamins and minerals?

bran

Sarah's doctor screens her for reactive hypoglycemia by having her consume a beverage very high in carbohydrate. If Sarah does have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you expect her blood glucose concentration to be approximately TWO HOURS after she drinks the beverage?

low as compared to a healthy individual

When two glucose molecules are joined together, they form

maltose

The digestive enzymes that break disaccharides into monosaccharides are located in the

microvilli

The type of carbohydrates that consist of only a single molecule are called

monosaccharides