Nutrition chap 1 & 2
'Which of the following are key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines pertaining to fat intake?
'Limit the intake of saturated fats to less than 10% of total calories. Most fats should come from plant oils
Moderation requires
- paying attention to portion sizes of foods - avoiding megadoses of nutrients
A sedentary 23-year-old woman with a desk job needs about ______ kcal per day.
1800
One kilogram is equal to how many pounds?
2.2 lbs
A very active 21-year-old male needs to consume up to ______ kcal per day.
3000
What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?
5 kcal
The RDAs are meant to cover the nutrient needs of
97% to 98% of nearly all healthy people.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
tumor
Abnormal growth of tissue
The recommended intake of biotin (a B vitamin) is 30 micrograms per day for adults. Studies show that adults who consume this much biotin are healthy, with no evidence of deficiency or toxicity. However, the precise human requirements for biotin have not been determined experimentally. The type of nutrient standard described is a(n)
Adequate Intake
When there is not sufficient research evidence to set a precise RDA for a nutrient, a(n) ______ is set. This is the amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health.
Adequate Intake (AI)
This is the amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health.
Adequate intake
are used when it is unethical or impractical to obtain data from human experiments.
Animal models
definitions of cardiovascular (heart) disease.
Any disease of the heart and circulatory system. Disease of the vessels of the heart. Characterized by the deposition of fatty material in blood vessels.
simple carbohydrates
Are composed of one or . two sugar units
Carbohydrates
Are not classified Essential or nonessential
heart attack
Blood flow to the heart tissue is blocked
mainly provide energy.
Carbohydrate
Each of the following nutrients can be broken down to yield energy. However, the body usually does not use much ______ to meet daily calorie needs. Instead, this nutrient is reserved for growth and maintenance of body tissues.
Carbohydrates
are a major source of calories for the body.
Carbohydrates
studies are observational studies that examine differences between people who have a condition and those with similar characteristic who do not have the condition.
Case control
What is formed when many glucose units are joined together?
Complex carbohydrates
Identify the dietary principles emphasized by the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.
Consume a variety of minimally processed foods. Use olive oil and other plant oils as the main sources of fat in the diet. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Identify the key recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans that pertains to sodium intake.
Consume less than 2300 milligrams of sodium per day
The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to decrease
Consumption of sodium
A linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons, or attraction is
Covalent bond
Select background factors that are important to consider when conducting an evaluation of nutritional health.
Current medications Economic status Health literacy level Social history Medical history
stroke
Decrease or loss of blood flow To the brain that results from a blood clot or other arteries in the brain
General goals for nutrient intakes and diet composition set by the United States Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are collectively called
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
With reference to nutrient standards, DRI stands for
Dietary Reference Intake
A mineral that separates into ions when dissolved and is able to conduct an electrical current.
Electrolyte
What term is used to describe the measurement of the calorie content of a food?
Energy density
A(n) ______ nutrient is a substance which, when left out of a diet, leads to poor health. The body either can't produce this substance or it can't produce enough of it to meet its needs.
Essential
What is used to determine the calorie needs of the average person for a specific weight, age, and sex?
Estimated Energy Requirement
Which of the following are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) Adequate Intakes (AI)
All lipids are soluble in water.
False
T/F An essential nutrient can be produced by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs.
False, essential nutrients must be consumed as part of the diet.
Which are nutrition components that must appear on the Nutrition Facts food label?
Fiber Calories Carbohydrates
Which factors can affect our food choices
Food customs, ads, economics, flavor
Phytochemicals
Fruits and vegetables are typically rich in phytochemicals
Which of the following accurately describe the Daily Value?
It is used on the Nutrition Facts panel of food labels. It is a generic standard. It is based on a 2000-kcal diet.
provide energy, insulate the body, and regulate some body processes.
Lipids
major classes of essential nutrients
Lipids, water, carbohydrates
key calorie source for the body.
Lipids.
Protein
Males up alarge part of bone and muscle also blood And body cells.
Most foods contain calories from various classes of energy-yielding nutrients. Which food listed below does not follow this pattern? Ice Cream Bread Margarine Chicken
Margarine
is a term used to describe the chemical processes in the body by which energy is produced in useful forms and vital activities are sustained.
Metabolism
Released by USDA in 2011 as a complement to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ______ remind(s) consumers how to build a healthy meal.
MyPlate
Proteins are similar in composition to carbohydrates except proteins have
Nitrogen
Which element do proteins have that carbohydrates lack?
Nitrogen
Which of the following components are optional on the Nutrition Facts panel of a food label?
Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Magnesium
"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim could be identified as suspicious because it
Promises a quick fix
Which of the following characteristics of nutrition claims can serve as "red flags" that signal poor nutrition advice?
Recommendations that promise a quick fix, recommendations based on a single study, claims that sound too good to be true
seizure
Results from electrical disruption in the brain
calorie
The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Calorie
The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water 1 degree Celsius.
What is the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Which are nutrition components that must appear on the Nutrition Facts food label?
Total calories, Fiber, carbohydrates and Sugar
Which types of fat should be minimized to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease?
Trans and saturated
Which types of fat should be kept to a minimum to help prevent disease of the cardiovascular system?
Trans fat
Do Lipids provide fewer calories per gram than carbohydrates.
True
Most body structures are made of protein.
True
True or false: When protein is consumed in excess of needs, the excess can be converted to and stored as fat.
True
Which of the following diet choices will help you comply with the Dietary Guidelines' key recommendations to avoid too much fat, sugar, and sodium?
Use the nutrition facts label to keep saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium low. Choose foods and beverages low in added sugars. Make most of your fat sources from fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
Select all the nutrients that are not present in adequate amounts in the diets of typical Americans.
Vitamin D, fiber, potassium
are involved in the regulation of growth and development, but they do not form body structures,
Vitamins
Choose the interactive tools available at ChooseMyPlate.gov to help consumers learn about the Dietary Guidelines.
What's Cooking? USDA Mixing Bowl USDA's 10 Tips Nutrition Education Series
What is the name for the psychological desire for food?
appetite
If you choose mostly nutrient-dense foods instead of empty calories, you are practicing dietary ______.
balance
The basic premise of the dietary guidelines for Americans includes which of the following statements? a. All nutrient needs should be met through dietary supplements to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health b. All nutrient needs should be met through intake of foods and supplements to ensure an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health c. All nutrient needs should be met through consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health
c. All nutrient needs should be met through consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health
Energy density of food is determined by comparing the ______ with the ______ of food.
calorie content; weight
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water are all
classes of nutrients
The Adequate Intake is based on the ______.
dietary intakes of people that appear to be maintaining nutritional health
Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients of public health concern because many Americans
do not get enough of them
If you eat double the serving size listed on the food label, you must ______ the % daily values and calories.
double
The absence of ______ from the MyPlate icon draws criticism from some experts in nutrition and health.
energy requirements serving sizes
Educational level, living conditions, and economic status are part of the ______ assessment.
environmental
When choosing a dietary supplement, avoid those for which the recommended dose would
exceed the UL for any nutrients
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are linked to
excess calorie intake
The body can derive all the essential nutrients from
foods and beverages
The quality of evidence supporting an RDA is ______ the quality of evidence supporting an AI.
greater than
Background information that may be needed to accurately determine nutritional and health status includes
healthy literacy level social history medications medical history economic status
A food is said to be nutrient dense if the nutrient-to-calorie ratio is
high
Hypertension
high blood pressure
What type of research provides the most convincing evidence about relationships between nutrients and health?
human experiments
Minerals are structurally simple, ______ substances.
inorganic
risk factors
is a term used when discussing aspects such as heredity, lifestyle, and nutritional choices that contribute to the development of a disease.
As a class of nutrients, _______ do not dissolve in water.
lipids
______ are at the top of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, which indicates they should be eaten least frequently.
meats and sweets
______ is the term that encompasses all of the chemical processes that occur in living cells.
metabolism
What are structurally simple, inorganic substances that regulate body processes?
minerals
Eating small portion sizes and planning your daily eating pattern so that you don't overconsume any nutrients is a healthful component of the diet known as
moderation
Science that links food and health
nutrition
Family health history must be carefully recorded and critically analyzed as part of a _____ assessment.
nutritional
Carbon
part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.
Hydrogen
part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.
Oxygen
part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.
Estimated Energy Requirements take ______ into account when determining an individual's energy needs.
physical activity age weight biologic sex
Overnutrition may result from
prolonged consumption of more nutrients than the body needs
Which of the following is the main structural material in the body?
proteins
Anthropometric measurements that help to determine nutritional status include
weight. skinfold thicknesses. height. body circumferences.
Health promoting compounds in animal products
zoochemicals
What piece of information on the food label informs the consumer about the typical amount of food eaten at one time?
serving size
The absence of______ from the MyPlate icon draws criticism from some experts in nutrition and health.
serving sizes energy requirements
Overconsumption of _____ is often linked to chronic disease.
sodium, saturated fat, calories
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
Hunger
the natural physical drive to eat, prompted by the body's need for food
satiety
the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to eat anymore
How do health professionals use the Recommended Dietary Allowances?
to evaluate a person's current dietary intake of nutrients
A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from ______ of foods to support metabolic functions.
variety