Nutrition chap 1 & 2

'Which of the following are key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines pertaining to fat intake?

'Limit the intake of saturated fats to less than 10% of total calories. Most fats should come from plant oils

Moderation requires

- paying attention to portion sizes of foods - avoiding megadoses of nutrients

A sedentary 23-year-old woman with a desk job needs about ______ kcal per day.

1800

One kilogram is equal to how many pounds?

2.2 lbs

A very active 21-year-old male needs to consume up to ______ kcal per day.

3000

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal

The RDAs are meant to cover the nutrient needs of

97% to 98% of nearly all healthy people.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

tumor

Abnormal growth of tissue

The recommended intake of biotin (a B vitamin) is 30 micrograms per day for adults. Studies show that adults who consume this much biotin are healthy, with no evidence of deficiency or toxicity. However, the precise human requirements for biotin have not been determined experimentally. The type of nutrient standard described is a(n)

Adequate Intake

When there is not sufficient research evidence to set a precise RDA for a nutrient, a(n) ______ is set. This is the amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health.

Adequate Intake (AI)

This is the amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health.

Adequate intake

are used when it is unethical or impractical to obtain data from human experiments.

Animal models

definitions of cardiovascular (heart) disease.

Any disease of the heart and circulatory system. Disease of the vessels of the heart. Characterized by the deposition of fatty material in blood vessels.

simple carbohydrates

Are composed of one or . two sugar units

Carbohydrates

Are not classified Essential or nonessential

heart attack

Blood flow to the heart tissue is blocked

mainly provide energy.

Carbohydrate

Each of the following nutrients can be broken down to yield energy. However, the body usually does not use much ______ to meet daily calorie needs. Instead, this nutrient is reserved for growth and maintenance of body tissues.

Carbohydrates

are a major source of calories for the body.

Carbohydrates

studies are observational studies that examine differences between people who have a condition and those with similar characteristic who do not have the condition.

Case control

What is formed when many glucose units are joined together?

Complex carbohydrates

Identify the dietary principles emphasized by the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.

Consume a variety of minimally processed foods. Use olive oil and other plant oils as the main sources of fat in the diet. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.

Identify the key recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans that pertains to sodium intake.

Consume less than 2300 milligrams of sodium per day

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to decrease

Consumption of sodium

A linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons, or attraction is

Covalent bond

Select background factors that are important to consider when conducting an evaluation of nutritional health.

Current medications Economic status Health literacy level Social history Medical history

stroke

Decrease or loss of blood flow To the brain that results from a blood clot or other arteries in the brain

General goals for nutrient intakes and diet composition set by the United States Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are collectively called

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

With reference to nutrient standards, DRI stands for

Dietary Reference Intake

A mineral that separates into ions when dissolved and is able to conduct an electrical current.

Electrolyte

What term is used to describe the measurement of the calorie content of a food?

Energy density

A(n) ______ nutrient is a substance which, when left out of a diet, leads to poor health. The body either can't produce this substance or it can't produce enough of it to meet its needs.

Essential

What is used to determine the calorie needs of the average person for a specific weight, age, and sex?

Estimated Energy Requirement

Which of the following are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) Adequate Intakes (AI)

All lipids are soluble in water.

False

T/F An essential nutrient can be produced by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs.

False, essential nutrients must be consumed as part of the diet.

Which are nutrition components that must appear on the Nutrition Facts food label?

Fiber Calories Carbohydrates

Which factors can affect our food choices

Food customs, ads, economics, flavor

Phytochemicals

Fruits and vegetables are typically rich in phytochemicals

Which of the following accurately describe the Daily Value?

It is used on the Nutrition Facts panel of food labels. It is a generic standard. It is based on a 2000-kcal diet.

provide energy, insulate the body, and regulate some body processes.

Lipids

major classes of essential nutrients

Lipids, water, carbohydrates

key calorie source for the body.

Lipids.

Protein

Males up alarge part of bone and muscle also blood And body cells.

Most foods contain calories from various classes of energy-yielding nutrients. Which food listed below does not follow this pattern? Ice Cream Bread Margarine Chicken

Margarine

is a term used to describe the chemical processes in the body by which energy is produced in useful forms and vital activities are sustained.

Metabolism

Released by USDA in 2011 as a complement to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, ______ remind(s) consumers how to build a healthy meal.

MyPlate

Proteins are similar in composition to carbohydrates except proteins have

Nitrogen

Which element do proteins have that carbohydrates lack?

Nitrogen

Which of the following components are optional on the Nutrition Facts panel of a food label?

Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Magnesium

"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim could be identified as suspicious because it

Promises a quick fix

Which of the following characteristics of nutrition claims can serve as "red flags" that signal poor nutrition advice?

Recommendations that promise a quick fix, recommendations based on a single study, claims that sound too good to be true

seizure

Results from electrical disruption in the brain

calorie

The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Calorie

The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water 1 degree Celsius.

What is the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Which are nutrition components that must appear on the Nutrition Facts food label?

Total calories, Fiber, carbohydrates and Sugar

Which types of fat should be minimized to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease?

Trans and saturated

Which types of fat should be kept to a minimum to help prevent disease of the cardiovascular system?

Trans fat

Do Lipids provide fewer calories per gram than carbohydrates.

True

Most body structures are made of protein.

True

True or false: When protein is consumed in excess of needs, the excess can be converted to and stored as fat.

True

Which of the following diet choices will help you comply with the Dietary Guidelines' key recommendations to avoid too much fat, sugar, and sodium?

Use the nutrition facts label to keep saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium low. Choose foods and beverages low in added sugars. Make most of your fat sources from fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.

Select all the nutrients that are not present in adequate amounts in the diets of typical Americans.

Vitamin D, fiber, potassium

are involved in the regulation of growth and development, but they do not form body structures,

Vitamins

Choose the interactive tools available at ChooseMyPlate.gov to help consumers learn about the Dietary Guidelines.

What's Cooking? USDA Mixing Bowl USDA's 10 Tips Nutrition Education Series

What is the name for the psychological desire for food?

appetite

If you choose mostly nutrient-dense foods instead of empty calories, you are practicing dietary ______.

balance

The basic premise of the dietary guidelines for Americans includes which of the following statements? a. All nutrient needs should be met through dietary supplements to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health b. All nutrient needs should be met through intake of foods and supplements to ensure an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health c. All nutrient needs should be met through consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health

c. All nutrient needs should be met through consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health

Energy density of food is determined by comparing the ______ with the ______ of food.

calorie content; weight

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water are all

classes of nutrients

The Adequate Intake is based on the ______.

dietary intakes of people that appear to be maintaining nutritional health

Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients of public health concern because many Americans

do not get enough of them

If you eat double the serving size listed on the food label, you must ______ the % daily values and calories.

double

The absence of ______ from the MyPlate icon draws criticism from some experts in nutrition and health.

energy requirements serving sizes

Educational level, living conditions, and economic status are part of the ______ assessment.

environmental

When choosing a dietary supplement, avoid those for which the recommended dose would

exceed the UL for any nutrients

Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are linked to

excess calorie intake

The body can derive all the essential nutrients from

foods and beverages

The quality of evidence supporting an RDA is ______ the quality of evidence supporting an AI.

greater than

Background information that may be needed to accurately determine nutritional and health status includes

healthy literacy level social history medications medical history economic status

A food is said to be nutrient dense if the nutrient-to-calorie ratio is

high

Hypertension

high blood pressure

What type of research provides the most convincing evidence about relationships between nutrients and health?

human experiments

Minerals are structurally simple, ______ substances.

inorganic

risk factors

is a term used when discussing aspects such as heredity, lifestyle, and nutritional choices that contribute to the development of a disease.

As a class of nutrients, _______ do not dissolve in water.

lipids

______ are at the top of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, which indicates they should be eaten least frequently.

meats and sweets

______ is the term that encompasses all of the chemical processes that occur in living cells.

metabolism

What are structurally simple, inorganic substances that regulate body processes?

minerals

Eating small portion sizes and planning your daily eating pattern so that you don't overconsume any nutrients is a healthful component of the diet known as

moderation

Science that links food and health

nutrition

Family health history must be carefully recorded and critically analyzed as part of a _____ assessment.

nutritional

Carbon

part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.

Hydrogen

part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.

Oxygen

part of the chemical structure of both proteins and carbohydrates.

Estimated Energy Requirements take ______ into account when determining an individual's energy needs.

physical activity age weight biologic sex

Overnutrition may result from

prolonged consumption of more nutrients than the body needs

Which of the following is the main structural material in the body?

proteins

Anthropometric measurements that help to determine nutritional status include

weight. skinfold thicknesses. height. body circumferences.

Health promoting compounds in animal products

zoochemicals

What piece of information on the food label informs the consumer about the typical amount of food eaten at one time?

serving size

The absence of______ from the MyPlate icon draws criticism from some experts in nutrition and health.

serving sizes energy requirements

Overconsumption of _____ is often linked to chronic disease.

sodium, saturated fat, calories

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

Hunger

the natural physical drive to eat, prompted by the body's need for food

satiety

the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to eat anymore

How do health professionals use the Recommended Dietary Allowances?

to evaluate a person's current dietary intake of nutrients

A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from ______ of foods to support metabolic functions.

variety