nutrition: chapter 1 - food for health, chapter 2 - nutrition guidelines, chapter 1 nutrition practice questions, Chapter 2 practice questions, Chapter 4 practice questions, Chapter 5 study questions, Chapter 6 study questions, Chapter 3 study questi...

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when there is an increase in total body proteins a. true b. false

b. false

Nutrients enter the bloodstream only through hepatic portal circulation a. true b. false

b. false

vitamin E supplements have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease. a. true b. false

b. false

which of the following foods is a good source of niacin? a. corn b. cheese c. chicken d. apple

c. chicken

Water functions as part of: a. tears. b. synovial fluid. c. saliva. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices

empty calorie limit

- # of kcal left to consume after you have met all nutrient needs from nutrient dense foods - calories from solid fats and/or added sugars - add calories to the food but few nutrients MyPlate has a calorie limit for "empty calories" - consuming too many means you can't meet your nutrients needs without exceeding your calorie limits NOTE: oils are healthy fats not empty calories

progression of dietary recommendations:

- 1894: first U.S. dietary recommendations published by USDA. - 1940s: RDAs from Food and nutrition board (for energy and 9 essential nutrients, emphasis is to prevent deficiency) - current recs: DRIs - our current food guide: MyPlate - WHO: makes international health recs

safety and effectiveness of supplements?

- Include vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, or plant-derived substances, amino acids, enzymes, concentrates, extracts - Tells you the serving size telling you the recommended dose. All the ingrdients must be listed on the label in descending order. - Because structure/function claims are based on the manufacturer's interpretation and are not approced by the FDA, products with these claims must include this disclaimer. - You can use the supplement facts to assess that amount compared to the recommended intake and UL for each nutrient. Nutrients with Daily values are listed first, followed by ingredients without daily values. - USP evaluates and confirms the contents of dietary supplements, the manufacturing processes, and compliance with standards of purity.

"free"

- Less than 0.5 g per serving - product contains no amount of, or a trivial amoint of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugars, or calories.

dietary supplement:

- Standard label meets specifics of dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 - Include words dietary supplement - Contain supplement facts panel (similar to food) that contains recommended serving size, name, and quantityof each ingredient per serving

how to understand the nutrition facts

- Standard serving sizes are required to allow consumers to compare products. - Food labels must list the % Daily value for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, and dietary fiber, as well as, for vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron. - The label provides information about the amounts of nutrients whose intake should be limited - total fat, saturated fat, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium - need to decrease intakes - The label provides information about the amount of nutrients that tend to be low in the American diet - fiber, vitamins A and C, and iron - need to increase intake. - Provides information about serving size, total calories, calories form fat, amount of total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein per serving. - And how the food fits into the overall diet.

MyPlate

- USDA developed - its an educational tool that translates dietary guidelines to recommendations - a food group system divides foods into groups based on nutrients they supply most abundantly. - plate icon illustrates proportions recommended from 5 food groups: fruit, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy.

analyzing nutrient intake: medical history

- dietary needs depends on genetic background, life stage, and health status - family history is important because the risk of developing nutrition-related disease is affected by an individual's genes.

health claims: qualified health claim (emerging support)

- emerging but not well established evidence for relationship between food, food component, or dietary supplement and reduced risk of a disease or health related condition - not a tremendous amount of scientific evidence yet we know it is possible to be related to a health condition - must have statement explain so as not to mislead

Five guidelines to encourage healthy eating patterns

- everyone has a role - multiple settings nationwide - goals: all create/support healthy eating patterns; home, school, work, communities

nutrient analysis tools can include:

- USDA nutrient database for standard reference - MyPlate supertracker - food labels - nutrient content table - computer programs

DRIs

- a set of reference values for the intake of energy nutrients and food components that can be used planning and assessing the diets of healthy people in the U.S. and Canada - recommendations for energy, nutrients, an d other food components that expand on RDAs. - amounts recommended and reasons to follow: stay healthy, reduce chronic disease, prevent deficiencies. - 4 different sets of reference values for macronutrient and micronutrients - not required daily. amounts to consume on average daily basis - accounts for physiological differences: different genders and stages of life.

human intervention studies (clinical trials)

- a study of population in which there is an experimental manipulation of some members of population - observation and measurements are made to determine the effects of the manipulation

exchange lists

- a system of grouping foods base don their energy and macronutrient needs (carbs) - developed by American Diabetics Association and the American Diabetes Association - can be used to plan diets (weight loss, weight gain, healthy diets)

What types of products are exempt from labeling?

- all packaged foods except these produced by small businesses and those in packages too small to fit the information must be labeled. - raw fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, and poultry are not required to carry individual labels.

shift to healthier food and beverage choices

- among/within all food groups - choose nutrient dense food/beverage instead - replace less healthy food choices - goals: make it easier to accomplish and maintain, consider cultural/personal preference

daily values (definition)

- amount of nutrient in a food shown as a percentage of the recommendation for a person consuming a 200 kcalorie limit - single set of standards for everyone. - may overestimate the amounts for some groups - don't underestimate requirement of any group (except pregnant/lactating) - % of maximum amount recommended per day - for most nutrients, the daily value is a target for intake, but for some, such as total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, it is the recommended amount.

recommendations for nutrient intake: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)

- amount that meets the estimated needs of 50% of people in a gender/life stage group. useful for evaluating the adequacy of and planning for the nutrient intake of population groups - functional indicator required. - to be set, a scientist must establish measurable indicators or criteria of adequacy for the nutrient (level of nutrient/metabolite in the blood, body function reliant on nutrient, appearance of deficiency syndrome)

recommendations for energy intake: estimated energy requirements (EER)

- average energy intakes predicted to maintain a body weight in healthy individuals. - used to calculate calories needed to ensure a stable weight in a healthy individual - variable in the equation include: age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity. Changing any of these values changes the EER.

ethical concerns in scientific study

- avoiding harm and protecting rights of humans and animals - institutional review of boards for human and animal research - signed consent after explanation of purpose, procedure, risks/benefits

health claims: structure/function claims describe role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient in maintaining normal structure or function

- calcium builds strong bones - fiber maintains bowel regularity - vitamin C prevents scurvy RE: maintaining normal structure or function - general well being - prevention of nutrient deficiency disease

empty calories

- calorie from solid fats or added sugars - add calories to the food but few nutrients - my plate has a calorie limit for "empty calories" - consuming too many means you can't meet your nutrient needs without exceeding your calorie needs. - NOTE: oils are healthy fats not empty calories

applications of the dietary reference intakes

- can be used to plan diets, assess the adequacy of diets, and to make judgments about excessive intakes for individuals and populations - can be used to make meal plans for schools, elderly homes, hospitals, and health care facilities - help determine the standards for food labeling and to develop practical tools for diet planning. - also interpret information gathered about the food consumed by a population to help identify potential nutritional inadequacies that may be of public health concern.

limit calories from added sugars, saturated fats, reduce sodium intake

- choose eating patterns wisely - want low added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium - cut back on food/beverages with higher amounts - goals: to fit within healthy eating patterns

laboratory studies

- conducted in research facilities such as hospitals or universities - may involved organisms or focus on a cellular level

food labels: daily values

- food labels list the amount of certain macro and micronutrients - nutrients are expressed as Daily Values - all labels are required to contain basic product information such as the name of the product, net contents, date by which product should be sold, packager.

food and nutrients to increase

- half of your plate fruit and vegetables - half of your grains whole - high fat dairy products --> low fat or fat free - by increasing above, you will increase your consumption of potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin D. - protein choices should include a variety of protein foods such as lean meat, poultry seafood, eggs, beans and peas, unsalted nuts and seeds

how to choose a healthy diet: processed foods

- has > 5 ingredients, requires heating or cooking before it can be eaten, has had preservatives added, any food changed from its natural state - provide more calories - contains fewer calories - higher in fat, sugars, or salts

dietary guideline: reduce chronic disease

- healthy eating patterns is the main focus (adequate nutrients within calorie needs, lifespan; weight management) - variety, nutrient density, amount/calorie limit (dietary patterns to encourage, fats, carbohydrates, sodium and potassium, alcoholic beverages) - shift choices (to healthier food/beverages)

"process of science"

- how it is used to make nutritional recommendations - how it is used to study the relationships between nutrition and health

recommendations for nutrient intake: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs)

- intakes that are sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of almost ALL healthy people in a specific life-stage and gender group. - higher values than EARs - start with EAR value and using variability in requirements... increase it to an amount that meets about 97% of the population's needs. - higher than the needs of most people - serves as a target for intake.

recommendations for nutrient intake: Adequate Intakes (AIs)

- intakes that should be used as a goal when no RDA exists. Based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population. - used as a guide for individual intake, not based on EAR values. - used when insufficient evidence to set an EAR and calculate an RDA. If consume the AI or above, unlikely to be deficient. When used, targets need for more research on that nutrient.

what is the source?

- is it selling something? - is it someone's opinion or personal story? - Who can you believe?

how nutrient deficiencies progress: 3. altered biochemical or physiological function such as low enzyme activities or reduced amount son regulatory or structural molecules

- lab tests: assess nutrient dependent functions in the body

how nutrient deficiencies progress: 2. declining nutrient stores in the body

- lab tests: assess nutrient levels in blood, urine, and tissues - anthropometrics: assess body weight and composition

food label standards

- makes food label uniform and easy to use - specified by nutrition labeling and education act of 1990 - all labeling regulated by the FDA except for meat - meat and poultry regulated by USDA

recommendations for nutrient intakes: Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs)

- maximum daily intakes that will not cause toxicity symptoms in the majority of healthy people. AS intake rises above the UL, the likelihood of toxicity increases - unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects. - guide for limiting intakes. - to establish a UL, a specific adverse effect or indicator of excess is considered... lowest level determined... UL set far below lowest level - Ex: niacin, vitamin D

dietary recommendations are meant to:

- meet basic nutrient needs - prevent/decrease risk for chronic disease - use as standard comparison in assessing intake of individuals and populations

heath claims: authorized health claims

- meet significant scientific agreement standard - health claim are authorized after an extensive review of the scientific evidence. - most stringent - based on an authoritative statement (only for food) - it is a statement of support issued from an appropriate scientific body such as the U.S. government and national academy of sciences

how to choose a healthy diet: everything in moderation

- moderation is ok to all types of foods and beverages - as long as they are taken in moderation - moderation means not consuming too much energy, fat, sugar, sodium, or alcohol

building a healthy eating pattern

- no single diet that defines "healthy" - include nutrient dense foods such as vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. - Moderate amount son high protein foods and full fat dairy products. - Include more oils than solid fats and limited added sugar and sodium.

how to choose a healthy diet: eat a variety of foods

- not 1 food = all necessary nutrients - variety - helps body obtain all necessary nutrients through many interactions between foods even if some are not positive

health claims: structure/function claims

- not approved by the FDA and must be accompanied by a disclaimer. it is based on the manufacturer's review and interpretation of scientific literature. shouldn't be misleading or untrue but can be confusing. - responsibility for validity of claims = manufacturer, FDA, or FTC - on supplement label: " because structure/function claims are based on the manufacturer's interpretation and are not approved by the FDA, products with these claims must include this disclaimer."

how to choose a healthy diet: balance your choices

- not good food/bad food - balancing = all fit foods - balance calories in with calories out

types of health claims (3)

- nutrient content claims - health claims - structure/function claims

how to assess an individual's nutritional status: list

- nutritional assessment (24 hour recall, food diary, food frequency questionnaire, diet history) - analyzing nutrient intake (anthropometric measurements, medical history, physical exam, lab measurements)

how the focus of dietary guidance has changed

- over nutrient deficiencies are rare in the United States but the incidence of nutrition-related chronic disease, such as heart disease, diabetes osteoporosis and obesity has increased. - USDA and department for health and human services published the Dietary guidelines for Americans, which is now revised about every 5 years reflect advances in science and our understanding of what constitutes as a healthy diet

how nutrient deficiencies progress: 4. if deficiency persists, function is disrupted enough that physical signs and symptoms, referred to as clinical symptoms because apparent

- physical exam and anthropometrics: assess outward symptoms and deficiencies.

recommendations for energy intake: acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs)

- range of intake for energy-yielding nutrients, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients. - AMDRs also set for specific amino acids and fatty acids - proportion of macronutrients is just as important as total amount of energy (kcal) - range/proportions of macronutrient ( 10-35% kcal from protein, 20-35% kcal from fat, 45-65% kcal from cholesterol) - when kcal intake is constant, changing proportions of a macronutrient changes the proportion for the others too. - allow flexibility in food choices based on individual preferences while still providing a diet that minimizes disease risks.

foods and food components to reduce

- reduce intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol - limiting sodium to 2300 mg/day limit saturated fats and added sugars to less than 10% of daily kcal - reduce beverages with sugar and alcoholic beverages - reduce their intake of refined grains by making half of their grains whole

labeling of food served in restaurants

- required: if food establishment(or vending machine) have more than 20 locations. - must be available upon request if nutrition claim is made about menu item. - not required to carry labels unless food is from a food establishment that has 20 or more locations. Restaurant nutrition info must be available upon request.

what are dietary guidelines?

- suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health. - reduce chronic disease - healthy eating patterns for ALL - physical activity - 5 guidelines encourage healthy eating patterns

health claim: FDA

- the FDA review all heath claim - They can help consumers choose products that will meet their dietary needs or health goals - labels could indicate that a diet high in calcium will reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis.

why did the USDA develop MyPlate?

- to help interpret dietary guidelines - to help apply recommendations of dietary guidelines

how exchange lists are used

- today the exchange list divides foods into 3 main groups base don their macronutrient content: the carbohydrate group, meat group, and fat group. It indicates how to fit these foods into a diet based on exchanges.

the Healthy people initiative

- updated every 10 years. - goal is to create a social climate in which everyone has a chance to live a long healthy life.

"low"

- used for foods that can be eaten frequently without exceeding the Daily Value for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, or calories. - "low fat," for example, means that the food contains 3 g or less per serving - "low cholesterol" means that the food contains less than 20 mg of cholesterol per serving.

"light"

- used in different ways. It can be used on a nutritionally altered product that contains 1/3 fewer calories or half the fat of a reference food, - It can also be used when the sodium content of a low calorie, low fat food has been reduced by 50%. - Can also be used describe properties such as texture and color as long as the label explains the intent

"lean"

- used to describe the fat content of meat, poultry, and seafood - food contain less than10 g fat, less than 4.5g saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving and per 100 g.

shift to healthier food and beverage choices

- used to describe the fat content of meat, poultry, and seafood. - the food contains less than 5g fat, less than 2 g saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving and per 100 g.

focus on variety, nutrient density, amount

- variety: within/across all food groups - nutrient dense foods: goals are to meet nutrient needs, within calorie limits (recommended amounts)

what determines healthy food choices

-availability (geography, transportation and mobility, available income, food storage and preparation equipment, time) -cultural and family background (religious dietary was, ethnic menu preference) -social acceptability -personal preference -psychological and emotional factors -health concerns -a diet rich in nutrient dense food and water -variety, balance, and moderation

balancing calories to manage weight

-weight maintenance requires consuming the same amount of calories as you burn. -adults must work on portion control while also implementing exercise into their daily routine -physical activity 150 minutes/week minimum

5 guidelines to encourage healthy eating patterns

1. follow a healthy eating pattern 2. focus on variety, nutrient density, amount. 3. limit calories from added sugars, saturated fats, reduce sodium intake 4. shift to healthier food and beverage choices. 5. support healthy eating patterns for all.

nutrition related deaths

1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. stroke 4. diabetes

how the nutritional health of a population is assessed

1. monitoring food supply: food disappearance surveys(a survey that estimates the food use of a population by monitoring th amount of food that leaves the marketplace.) 2. monitoring nutritional statusL NHANES(national health and nutrition examination survey) (a survey that collects information about the health and nutritional status of individuals in the population.)

A food with 12 g of fat, 7 g of protein, and 20 g f carbohydrate contains _____ kcal a. 191 b.216 c. 256 d. 156

216

protein

4 kilocalories/gram growth and maintenance and repair of body structure, facilitate body processes different combination of amino acids and proteins

carbohydrate

4 kilocalories/gram readily available source of energy

How many food groups are there?

5 (dairy, protein, vegetables, fruit, grains)

for most people, what percentage of weight loss will significantly reduce disease risks? a. 5-10% b. 10-15% c. 5-15% d. 10-20%

5-15%

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a selected nutrient would meet the needs of approximately what percentage of individuals in a population? a. 33% b. 50% c. 75% d. 99%

50%

Which of the following diets provides approximately 18% of the total Calories (kcal) from fat? a. 41 grams of fat; 2,385 kcal b. 67 grams of fat; 3,268 kcal c. 36 grams of fat; 1,154 kcal d. 17 grams of fat; 2,392 kcal

67 grams of fat; 3,268 kcal

fats/lipids

9 kilocalories/gram most energy dense macronutrient fats, oils, cholesterol foods high in saturated fats may promote certain disease. foods high in unsaturated fats may help to prevent certain disease triglyceride is a type of fat that is found abundantly in food and in the body

what do nutrients do?

provide energy form structures regulate body processes

The Estimated Average Requirements are generally higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowances. a. True b. False

False

what has been found to be the primary cause of ulcers? a. H. pylori bacteria b. E.coli bacteria

H.pylori bacteria

Which of the following is required for cells to take up low-density lipoproteins? a. Lipoprotein lipase b. Homocysteine c. LDL receptors d. Insulin

LDL receptors

Which reference value meets 97% of all healthy individuals' needs? a. EAR b. RDA c. UL d. AI

RDA

What is the difference between RDA and AI?

RDA is based on EAR and AI is not.

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance

What does RDA represent?

Recommended dietary allowance

Which statement is true about soluble fiber? a Human enzymes digest soluble fiber more easily than insoluble fiber. b Soluble fiber can be found in oats and apples. c Soluble fiber is derived from structural parts of plants such as cell walls. d Examples of soluble fiber include cellulose and hemicellulose.

Soluble fiber can be founding oats and apples

What does USP stand for?

United States Pharmacopeia

What is true about vitamin B6? a. Vitamin B6 is found in only animal food sources b. Vitamin B6 is stable during cooking. c. Vitamin B6 is important for protein metabolism d. vitamin B6 is absent from both fortified grains and breakfast cereals.

Vitamin B6 is important for protein metabolism

what designates if a food is low or high in nutrient regarding daily value

a daily value of 5% or less indicate that the food is low in that nutrient and a daily value of 20% or more indicates that it is high.

what is placebo?

a fake medicine that is indistinguishable from the real thing

processed food

a food that has been specifically treated or changed from its natural state either at home or in a processing plant.

macronutrient

a nutrient needed by the body in large amounts. These include water and the energy nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.

micronutrient

a nutrient needed by the body in small amounts. include vitamins and minerals required in small amounts but essential to health found in most fresh foods can be destroyed by heat, light, and water.

energy yielding nutrient

a nutrient that can be metabolized to provide energy in the body

A person who feels full thereby not attempting to eat further has achieved satiety. a. True b. False

a. true

nutritional assessment: food frequency questionnaire

a person estimates the frequency with which he/she consumed each food item among a list with a variety of food. Gives a general picture of a typical pattern

homeostasis

a physiological state in which a stable internal body environment is maintained, proper regulation of metabolism

health claims: definition

a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient and the risk of a disease or health-related condition

nutrition

a science that studies the interactions between living organisms and food.

balance studies

a study that compares the toal amount of nutrients that enters the body with the total amount that leaves the body

depletion-repletion studies

a study that feeds a diet devoid of a nutrient until signs of deficient appear and then adds the nutrient back to the die tot a level at which symptoms disappear

Which of the following statements is true regarding an amino acid pool? a. amino acids in the pool can be metabolized for energy b. all types of proteins are synthesized at a constant rate c. structural proteins have a quick rate of turnover. d. only dietary protein is added to the amino acid pool.

a, amino acids in the pool can be metabolized for energy

a water loss of _____ of body weight can impair physical and cognitive functioning. a. 1-2% b. 5-7% c. 10% d. 20%

a. 1-2%

In order to lose fat, not lean tissue, what is the recommended rate of weight loss? a. 1/2 to 2 pounds per week b. 1 to 3 pounds per week c. 2 to 4 pounds per week d. No more than 30 pounds/month

a. 1/2 to 2 pounds per week

the thermic effect of food [TEF] is generally equivalent to ___ of the energy content to of food ingested. a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25% e. 30% f. none of the above

a. 10%

What is considered to be an optimal systolic blood pressure? a. 115-120 b. 130-140 c. 75-80 d. 85-90

a. 115-120

If a serving of tuna contains 1 gram fat, 0 carbohydrates and contains 69 calories, how many grams of protein are in one serving? a. 15 b. 30 c. 44 d. 60

a. 15

The daily value for dietary fiber is 25 grams in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. A slice of whole-wheat bread is 8% of the daily value. The slice of whole-wheat bread contains how much fiber? a. 2 grams b. 4 grams c. 8 grams d. 16 grams

a. 2 grams

Most people need to consume around _______ L of water a day. a. 2.7-3.7 b. 1-2 c. 4.5-5.5 d. The amount does not matter.

a. 2.7-3.7

Bone mass is at its peak, and starts to decline, after approximately what age? a. 20-30 years b. 45-55years c. 55-65 years d. 60-70 years

a. 20-30 years

For a 2,000-kcalorie diet, MyPlate recommends how many ounce-equivalents of grains each day? a. 6 b. 7 c. 3 d. 5

a. 6

For a 2000 kcalorie diet, MyPlate recommends how many ounce-equivalent of grains each day? a. 6 b. 7 c. 3 d. 5

a. 6

What is the upper limit of fat, in grams, that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2500 calories per day? a. 97 b. 71 c. 88 d. 65

a. 97

healthy blood pressure is defined as ______ mm of mercury. a. < 120/80 b. < 140/90 c. < 160/100 d. between 120/80 and 140/90

a. < 120/80

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

Nutrition Facts labels include information about which vitamins? a. A & C b. A & E c. A & D d. C & D

a. A & C

Each of these vitamins is fat-soluble and is stored in the body. a. A,D,E,K b. A,C,D,K c. D, B12, E,C d. E,C,B12,K

a. A,D,E,K

____________ are used when not enough information is available to establish an EAR for a particular nutrient. a. AIs b. DRIs c. RDAs d. ULs

a. AIs

phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of: a. ATP b. NADH c. FADH2 d. DNA

a. ATP

MyPlate stresses which key concepts? a. Activity, moderation, variety, proportionality b. Activity, variety, nutrient density, balance c. Moderation, nutrient density, discretionary kcalories, limitations d. Proportionality, balance, discretionary kcalories, limitations

a. Activity, moderation, variety, proportionality

MyPlate stresses which key concepts? a.Activity, moderation, variety, proportionality b. Activity, variety, nutrient density, balance c. Moderation, nutrient density, discretionary kcalories, limitations d. Proportionality, balance, discretionary kcalories, limitations

a. Activity, moderation, variety, proportionality

Which three components are used in assessing nutrition status? a. Dietary intake, clinical assessment, laboratory measurements b. Physical exam, clinical assessment, medical history c. Clinical assessment, medical history, dietary intake d. Laboratory measurements, physical exam, clinical assessment

a. Dietary intake, clinical assessment, laboratory measurements

an example of an anaerobic step in the process of glucose metabolism is: a. glycolysis b. Acetyl CoA formation c. Citric Acid Cycle d. Cellular respiration

a. Glycolysis

The molecule that participates in REVERSE cholesterol transport is the: a. HDL b. LDL c. VLDL d. IDK

a. HDL

Which of the following is FALSE about eating a healthy diet? a. It is essential for most people to reduce total fat consumption by 25-50%. b. A healthy diet is low in saturated fat from meat and dairy. c. A healthy diet is low in processed fats like shortenings. d. Healthy diets include fats from fish, nuts and olive oil.

a. It is essential for most people to reduce total fat consumption by 25-50%

The nutritional status of a population is monitored by a survey process known as: a. NHANES b. food disappearance c. FAPIII d. TracData

a. NHANES

The nutritional status of a population is monitored by a survey process known as: a. NHANES b. Food disappearance c. FAPIII d. TracData

a. NHANES

Which statement about the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is true? a. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health. b. They provide recommendations for specific amounts of nutrients and food components. c. They are a pictorial representation of steps towards a healthier you. d. They stress the key concepts of activity, moderation, proportionality, and variety.

a. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health.

digestie system changes such as swallowing difficulty, decreased taste, tooth decay, atrophy, gastritis, and constipation are associated with what life stage a. aging b. infancy c. pregnancy d. adolescence

a. aging

Which statement about the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is true? a. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health. b. They provide recommendations for specific amounts of nutrients and food components. c. They are a pictorial representation of steps towards a healthier you. d. They stress the key concepts of activity, moderation, proportionality, and variety.

a. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health.

All of the following are true about exchange lists except: a. Using this food group system, diets can be designed to meet individual tastes and preferences. b. Potatoes are included in the starch exchange list. c. The food group system is used extensively in planning diabetic and weight loss diets. d. Foods are grouped according to their nutrient composition regardless of their energy

a. Using this food group system, diets can be designed to meet individual tastes and preferences.

which one of the following meals will leave out of the stomach the quickest? a. a high-carbohydrate meal b. a high-protein meal c. a high-fat meal d. a high-calorie meal

a. a high-carbohydrate meal

what is true regarding the difference between a hypothesis and a theory a. a hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is based on scientific study and reasoning. b. hypotheses are not tested; theories are tested c. theories are the foundation of hypotheses d. a hypothesis is tested using quantifiable data; theories are tested using subjective data

a. a hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is based on scientific study and reasoning.

transamination refers to: a. a mechanism for synthesizing non-essential amino acids b. the removal of an amino group from an amino cid to from ammonia. c. removal of an acid group from an amino acid d. formation of a peptide bond

a. a mechanism for synthesizing non-essential amino acids

To manage weight and prevent unhealthy weight gain, the MyPlate guide recommends: a. a minimum of 150 minutes of activity weekly. b. 30 minutes most days of the week. c. 60 minutes 3 days of the week. d. 75-100 minutes of vigorous activity every 10 days.

a. a minimum of 150 minutes of activity weekly

Which of the following types of people would benefit most from weight loss? a. a person with other risk factors associated with excess body fat b. a person with a Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 28 kg/m2 c. a person with high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. d. overweight and obese women at the beginning of their pregnancy

a. a person with other risk factors associated with excess body fats

High levels of HDLs in the blood are associated with: a. reduced risk of heart disease b. a greater risk of heart disease c. an improved immune function d. an increased risk of atherosclerosis

a. a reduced risk heart disease

the 2 major exclusive digestive function of the digestive system are digestion and a. absorption of nutrients b. metabolism of nutrients

a. absorption of nutrient

Body fat is stored in cells called: a. adipocytes. b. enterocytes. c. hepatocytes. d. β cells.

a. adipocytes

which group is least at risk for developing vitamin C deficiency? a. adults who consume plenty of fruits and vegetables b. infants fed cows' milk c. alcoholics d. elderly people consuming nutrient poor diets

a. adults who consume plenty of fruits and vegetables

the group with the highest bone density is: a. African Americans b. asians c. hispanics d. non-hispanic whites

a. african americans

What are the factors used to calculate the Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)? a. age, gender, weight, height, activity b. age, macronutrient intakes, activity c. gender, weight, height, ethnicity d. age, weight, height, state of health

a. age, gender, weight, height, activity

Dietary cholesterol is in all of the following foods EXCEPT: a. peanut butter b. meat c. eggs d. fish

a. peanut butter

the hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney is: a. aldosterone b. renin c. angiotensin d. adrenaline

a. aldosterone

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E? a. Almonds b. Cheese c. Oatmeal d. Beef liver

a. almonds

which of the following conditions does NOT influence vitamin D absorption? a. altitude b. climate c. pollution d. latitude

a. altitude

The most accurate description of energy balance is: a. an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight. b. a slight increase in energy consumption with a minimal weight gain. c. an equal increase in weight gain and energy consumption. d. a decrease in energy expenditure followed by a proportional increase in weight.

a. an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight.

iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a touch level may be associated with: a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease b. hyper-hemoglobinemia c. an improved immune system d. increased stamina and endurance

a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease

An adverse or toxic reaction is most likely to occur if: a. an individual overuses vitamin and/or mineral supplements. b. the individual cannot absorb nutrients efficiently. c. the individual's diet is not varied enough. d. the individual overeats a particular food.

a. an individual overuses vitamin and/or mineral supplements

which of the following acts to increase blood pressure? a. Angiotensin II b. calcitonin c. estrogen d. parathyroid hormone

a. angiotensin II

What assessment tool is used when a person's height, weight, limb circumference, and skinfold thickness are needed? a. Anthropometric measurements b. Laboratory measurements c. Biochemical measurements d. Clinical measurements

a. anthropometric measurements

the body's defense against foreign substances include all of the following except: a. antigens b. phagocytes c. lymphocytes d. antibodies

a. antigens

which of the following fats ar thought to promote breast cancer? a. artificial trans fat, linoleum acid, excess dietary fat b. excess dietary fat, monounsaturated fat, cis fat c. omega-fatty acid, artificial trans fat, monounsaturated fat d. cis fat, linoleum acid, cholesterol

a. artificial trans fat, linoleum acid, excess dietary fat

which of the follwoingwould not be well-supplied by nuts and pork? a. ascorbic acid b. thiamin c. riboflavin d. niacin e. pyridoxal phosphate

a. ascorbic acid

___________ can be a concern for individuals with phenylketonuria. a. Aspartame b. Saccharin c. Acesulfame K d. Neotame

a. aspartame

what is the correct sequence from simplest to most complex? a. atoms, molecules, tissues, organs b. molecules, tissues, atoms, organs c. tissues, atoms, molecules, organs d. organs, tissues, atoms, molecules

a. atoms, molecules, tissues, organs

which of the following is characteristic of a fad diet? a. avoidance of certain foods b. promotes flexibility c. avoidance of costly supplements d. meet nutrient needs

a. avoidance of certain foods

What term best describes including both healthful and indulgent foods in your eating plan? a. balance b. variety c. moderation d. nutrient density

a. balance

the term best describes including both healthful and indulgent foods in your eating plan? a. balance b. variety c. moderation d. nutrient density

a. balance

What is the name of the study that compares nutrient intake with its excretion? a. balance study b. depletion/repletion study c. correlation study d. case-control study

a. balance study

considering the "average" person - the primary contributor to an individual's total energy expenditure is: a. basal metabolism b. thermic effect of food c. activity energy expenditure d. meal timing and composition e. none of the above

a. basal metabolism

considering the average person, what is the body's major energy expenditure? a. basal metabolism b. physical activity c. non-exercise thermogenesis d. thermic effect of food

a. basal metabolism.

you have a tendency to get heartburn.Which is the best thing to do? a. eat small meals b. lie down until the pain goes away

a. eat small meals

the deficiency disease associated with the B vitamin thiamin is: a. beriberi b. pernicious anemia c. megaloblastic anemia d. pellagra e. rickets f. all of the above g. none of the above

a. beriberi

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ____________. a. beta-carotene b. alpha-carotene c. beta-cryptoxanthin d. lycopene

a. beta-carotene

Pancreas secretions contain digestive enzymes and: a. bicarbonate ions. b. bile. c. cholecystokinin (CCK). d. chyme.

a. bicarbonate ions

__________ can help fat and water mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones. a. Bile b. Pancreatic lipase c. Eicosanoids d. Cholesterol

a. bile

a deficiency of which of the following vitamins would not disrupt homocysteine metabolism? a. biotin b. folate c. B6 d. B12

a. biotin

vitamin C deficient causes: a. bleeding gums b. hemolysis c. pernicious anemia d. megaloblastic anemia

a. bleeding gums

Which of the following is a physical characteristic associated with Kwashiorkor? a. Bloated abdomen b. Excess sweating c. Tall stature d. Hypertrophic (enlarged) leg muscles

a. bloated abdomen

Not having eaten recently or a heavy workout causes a drop in _________. a. blood glucose levels b. protein metabolism c. ATP production d. anaerobic respiration

a. blood glucose levels

What is not an anthropometric measurement? a. blood glucose level b. Height c. Weight in kilograms d. Wrist circumference

a. blood glucose levels

which is not a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption? a. blood glucose levels b. levels of iron stores c. presence of vitamin C in foods d. form of iron ingested

a. blood glucose levels

what contributes to the loss of iron? a. blood loss b. non-heme iron c. decreased solubility d. transferrin receptors

a. blood loss

what contributes to loss of iron? a. blood loss b. non-heme iron c. decreased solubility d. transferrin receptors

a. blood loss or d. transferrin receptors

To estimate protein requirements, you must know a person's: a. body weight. b. urinary ammonia output. c. height. d. all of these would be required.

a. body weight

The set point theory suggests that: a. body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change. b. a set point of calorie consumption must be reached before weight loss can occur. c. a maximum body weight exists for each individual and cannot be exceeded. d. there is a level of calorie consumption above which no weight will be gained.

a. body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change

How is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined? a. By contribution to total weight b. By contribution to total volume c. By nutrient density d. In alphabetical order

a. by contribution to total weight

_____ lowers blood calcium levels a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. homeostasis d. phytate

a. calcitonin

which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone? a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. calmodulin d. insulin

a. calcitonin

the most abundant mineral in the body is: a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. magnesium

a. calcium

Nutrition Facts labels contain information about which minerals? a. Calcium and iron b. Calcium and zinc c. Iron and magnesium d. Iron and zinc

a. calcium and iron

body water is regulated by all except a. calcium citrate b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride

a. calcium citrate

What is a function of calcium? a. calcium is necessary in blood clotting b. calciumpromotes muscle relaxation c. calcium elevates blood pressure d. calcium causes nerve cells to fire spontaneously

a. calcium is necessary in blood clotting

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body. a. calcium; phosphorus b. energy; fat c. sodium; potassium d. estrogen; progesterone

a. calcium; phosphorous

Which of the following provides an accurate description of how metabolic waste products can be eliminated from the body? a. Carbon dioxide is released through respiration. b. Absorbed waste products are eliminated in feces. c. Protein molecules are eliminated by the glomerulus. d. Water elimination is controlled primarily by the respiratory system.

a. carbon dioxide is released through respiration

Which form(s) of vitamin A has antioxidant properties? a. Carotenoids b. Preformed vitamin A c. Retinal d. Retinoic acid

a. carotenoids

which is the least plentiful source of calcium? a. carrots b. eggs c. sardines d. yogurt

a. carrots

which on of the following is true about metabolic pathways? a. catabolic pathways result in the production of adenosine triphosphate b. coenzymes are not important in metabolism c. adenosine triphosphate contains low energy chemical bonds. d. anabolic pathways result in the breakdown of substances.

a. catabolic pathways result int eh production of adenosine triphosphate

The chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. digestion. d. excretion.

a. catabolism

"Heartburn" is typically: a. caused by acidic stomach contents leaking back through the gastroesophageal sphincter. b. more common in men and those who are underweight. c. caused when the stomach bulges through the diaphragm. d. all of the choices are true.

a. caused by acidic stomach contents leaking back through the gastroesophageal sphincter

Activity in the digestive tract begins in response to the sight and smell of food. This is referred to as the _________ response. a. cephalic b. gastric c. intestinal d. cognitive

a. cephalic

Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest? a. Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream b. Grilled chicken breast, mashed potato with butter, green beans, skim milk c. Tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea d. Rice Krispies, skim milk, blueberries, coffee

a. cheeseburger, small French fires, small soft drink, ice cream

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms: a. cholecalciferol. b. retinol. c. parathyroid hormone. d. 25-hydroxy vitamin D.

a. cholecalciferol

How does chromium affect blood glucose levels? a. chromium decrease blood glucose b. chromium increase blood glucose c. chromium has no effect on blood glucose d. there is insufficient research on the chromium-blood glucose connection

a. chromium decreases blood glucose

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________. a. chylomicrons b. VLDLs c. LDLs d. HDLs

a. chylomicrons

A(n) ___________ fatty acid has a carbon-carbon double bond with the hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. a. cis b. trans c. essential d. nonessential

a. cis

pantothenic acid forms part of which molecules? a. coenzyme A b. flavinadenine dinucleotide c. pyridoxal phosphate d. adenosine triphosphate

a. coenzyme A

Which of the following structures is located past (beyond) the ileocecal valve? a. Colon b. Common bile duct c. Stomach d. Pharynx

a. colon

if your diet is adequate in iron and you are still anemic, the problem might be ____ absorption. a. copper b. zinc c. chromium d. selenium

a. copper

the hard component layer found on the surface of bones is called _____ bone. a. cortical b. enameled c. extrinsic d. trabecular

a. cortical

iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____ in the offspring. a. cretinism b. neural tube defects c. fetal goiter syndrome d. hypoglycemia

a. cretinism

Which of the following food groups provides the best sources of calcium and phosphorus? a. Dairy b. Meat c. Breads and cereals d. Vegetables

a. dairy

The synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids involves: a. deamination. b. transcription. c. translation. d. transamination.

a. deamination

Which one of the following symptoms is associated with pellagra? a. dementia b. dandruff c. diabetes d. deafness

a. dementia

A well-documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake is: a. dental caries. b. type 1 diabetes. c. diverticular disease. d. constipation.

a. dental caries

vitamin C has been thought to reduce risk of or prevent all of the following disease conditions except: a. diabetes b. the common cold c. cardiovascular disease d. cancer

a. diabetes

A diet high in dietary fiber can help reduce the risk of developing: a. diverticular disease. b. anemia. c. type 1 diabetes. d. lactose intolerance.

a. diverticular disease

Protein digestion continues in the_____ of the ____intestine. a. duodenum-small b. ileum- large c. duodenum-large d. jejunum- small

a. duodenum-small

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to: a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. b. eat more meat. c. consume more dairy foods. d. take an antioxidant-containing supplement.

a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

A common problem associated with losing weight by drinking only low kcalorie weight loss products is: a. eating habits are not changed. b. the formula is available by prescription only, making the program inconvenient. c. formula plans are expensive. d. mixing the formulas require extensive calculation.

a. eating habits are not changed

which of the following is an example of probiotic therapy? a. eating yogurt containing live bacteria b. taking an antibiotic to clear up an infection

a. eating yogurt containing live bacteria

A chemical score is calculated by comparing the amount of the limiting amino acid in the test protein with the amount of that amino acid in a reference protein such as: a. egg protein. b. human muscle protein. c. wheat protein. d. soy protein.

a. egg protein

Essential fatty acids can be used by the body to synthesize: a. eicosanoids. b. cholesterol. c. vitamin D. d. phosphoglycerides

a. eicosanoids

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency? a. Elderly b. Light skinned children c. Pregnant women d. Teenagers

a. elderly

Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions are called what? a. Electrolytes b. ATPases c. Neurons d. Electrons

a. electrolytes

How does malnutrition impact our health? a. Energy deficiency can cause poor growth. b. It takes a long time for nutrient deficiencies to produce any symptoms. c. Undernutrition promotes the ability to reproduce. d. Diets high in fiber increase the risk of heart disease.

a. energy deficiency can cause poor growth.

Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are termed: a. essential. b. hydrolyzable. c. incomplete. d. complete.

a. essentail

There are four main ways that nutrients are absorbed. They are simple diffusion, osmosis, ______and active transport a. facilitated diffusion b. non-facilitated diffusion c. digestion d. all answer choices are correct

a. facilitated diffusion

Which nutrient(s) are absorbed into the lymphatic system before entering the blood? a. Fat b. Water c. Water-soluble vitamins d. Glucose

a. fat

a lipid which forms a chain of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; and that contains a methyl chemical group on one end and a carboxyl chemical group on the other end is a: a. fatty acid b. triglyceride c. phospholipids d. sterol

a. fatty acid

prebiotics are: a. fermentable fibers that feed the bacteria in the large intestine b. applied to wounds to aid healing

a. fermentable fibers the feed the bacteria in the large intesinte

Vitamin E is essential for: a. fertility b. the prevention of rashes c. the healing of scars d. bone formation

a. fertility

what term is used to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods such as calcium to orange juice? a. fortification b. enrichment c. complementation d. augmentation

a. fortification

which statement regarding fortification of foods in the U.S. is not true? a. fortification is always regulated by the FDA b. fortification can be an arbitrary act of the food manufacturer c. fortification can lead to nutrient imbalances and toxicities d. fortification of juice can help individuals meet their daily calcium requirement

a. fortification is always regulated by the FDA

Empty calories are: a. from added sugars and/or solid fats. b. contributed by junk foods and are completely banned in a healthy diet. c. suggested to be limited to ≤ 50% of the kcals in a healthy diet. d. the kcals consumed when an eating plan other than MyPlate is followed.

a. from added sugars and/or solid fats

Which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide? a. fructose, sucrose, starch b. lactose, glucose, dietary fiber c. glucose, maltose, lactose d. galactose, glycogen, starch

a. fructose, sucrose, starch

which of the following does NOT supply amino acids to the amino acid pool? a. fruits b. grains c. body muscle d. collagen

a. fruits

the best source of potassium per calorie comes from: a. fruits and vegetables b. whole grains c. lean protein d. low fat dairy

a. fruits and vegetables

which of the following procedures just restricts food intake? a. gastric banding b. liposuction c. intestinal bypass d. gastric bypass

a. gastric banding

Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with: a. gastric juices b. pancreatic juice c. sodium bicarbonate d. bile

a. gastric juices

Many minerals function as cofactors, which are needed for hormone activity. a. True b. False

b. false

the disaccharide sucrose is formed from: a. glucose and fructose b. glucose and glucose c. glucose and galactose d. fructose and maltose e. fructose and galactose f. none of the above

a. glucose and fructose

thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and biotin assist in the production of ATP from what nutrient? a. glucose, fatty acids, amino acids b. fatty acids, minerals c. amino acids, glucose, vitamins d. minerals, amino acids

a. glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

Most fatty acids in foods and in the body are bound to a molecule called: a. glycerol b. cholesterol c. phospholipids d. lecithin

a. glycerol

Energy is stored in the body primarily as __________ and ___________. a. glycogen, triglycerides b. protein, glucose c. muscle, glycogen d. glucose, triglycerides

a. glycogen, triglycerides

which of the following is false of cyanocobalamin? a. good sources include meats, nuts, and legumes, b. activates THFA (tetrahydrofolic acid). c requires intrinsic factor from the stomach for absorption. d. stored in the liver e. little risk of toxicity.

a. good sources include meats, nuts, and legumes

folate deficiency symptoms are less of a problem recently because: a. grain products are now fortified with folate b. green tea is more popular. c. more people are drinking low-fat milk d. taking vitamin supplements is more common

a. grain products are now fortified with folate

In order to calculate a person's Body Mass Index, what information about the person must be known? a. Height & weight b. Lean body mass & body water c. Lean body mass & fat stores d. Waist circumference & height

a. height and weight

iron sources include: a. heme iron from animal products b. heme iron from plant products c. heme iron from cooking utensils d. none of these.

a. heme iron from animal products

_______ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron. a. hemochromatosis b. hematocrit absorption syndrome c. hyperferritosis d. reverse anemia

a. hemochromatosis

vitamin B6 breaks down this molecule, helping to prevent cardiovascular disease. a. homocysteine b. methionine c. glutamine d. threonine

a. homocysteine

Which one of the following foods is a good source of phosphorous? a. hot oatmeal b. fresh orange c. white bread d. olive oil

a. hot oatmeal

The pH lowering effects of ______convert pepsinogen to pepsin a. hydrochloric acid b. sulfuric acid c. acetic acid d. citric acid

a. hydrochloric acid

which condition is characterized by decreased sodium levels due to over dehydration? a. hyponatremia b. hypokalemia c. hypovolemia d. hypophosphatemmia

a. hyponatremia

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are: a. important in regulating body processes such as blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune function. b. not found in fish and vegetable oils. c. not important to obtain through foods. d. composed of saturated fats and cholesterol.

a. important in regulating body processes such as blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune function

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are: a. important in regulating body processes such as blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune function b. not found in fish and vegetable oils c. not important to obtain through foods d. saturated fats

a. important in regulating body processes such as blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune function

Which one of the following statements describes cellular respiration? a. in the prescience of oxygen, nutrients are broken down to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. b. the metabolic pathway uses the energy from ATP to form smaller molecules. c. oxygen produced by the cells is transported to the lungs where it is eliminated in the exhaled air. d. glucose is passed down a chain of molecules to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

a. in the presence of oxygen, nutrients are broken down to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases, the need for vitamin E: a. increases. b. decreases. c. changes in complex ways determined according to intake of antioxidant nutrients. d. there is no known relationship.

a. increases

the RDA for B6 in adults _____ with aging. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. increases for males but decreases for females

a. increases

when body stores of calcium are low, calcium absorption from food a. increases b. decreases c. doesn't changes d. doesn't matter

a. increases

Which of the following does NOT increase in an individual's basal metabolic rate? a. Increasing age over 50 b. An increase in muscle mass c. An increase in body weight d. Running a fever

a. increasing age over 50

when blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following except: a. increasing appetite for calcium containing foods b. activating vitamin D c. reducing calcium excretion by the kidney d. stimulating calcium release from bone

a. increasing appetite for calcium containing foods

Calcium absorption is highest in: a. infancy b. young adults c. older adults d. after menopause

a. infancy

During ________________, the digestive system can absorb whole intact proteins. a. infancy b. aging adulthood c. adulthood d. childhood

a. infancy

which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? a. infants get adequate calcium from breast milk b. diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption c. pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus d. women who breast feed need more calcium in their diets

a. infants get adequate calcium from breast milk

Calcium absorption is: a. inhibited by fiber. b. constantly efficient throughout life. c. increased by oxalates. d. consistent regardless of intake.

a. inhibited by fiber

the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called: a. insensible losses b. interstitial decreases c. transitory losses d. undetectable losses

a. insensible losses

The portion of extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues is called: a. interstitial flid b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. blood pressure

a. interstitial fluid

Chylocmicrons are formed in the: a. intestine. b. liver. c. lymph. d. blood.

a. intestine

Hormone sensitive lipase: a. is activated during periods of fasting . b. is needed to deposit fatty acids into adipose tissue. c. is needed for phosphoglyceride digestion. d. is required for lipid digestion by cells lining blood vessels.

a. is activated during periods of fasting

functions of vitamin C include all of the following except: a. it acts as a coenzyme b. it aids in hormone production c. it serves as an antioxidant d. it is a structural component of cell membranes e. it synthesizes collagen f. all of the above g. none of the above

a. it acts as a coenzyme

how does vitamin A affect gene expression? a. it can change the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made by the gene. b. it binds to the protein formed from the messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm c. it deactivates the protein receptor in the nucleus of the cell. d. it blocks the formation of the retinoid acid-protein receptor complex

a. it can change the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made by the gene

why is the shape of a protein important? a. it determines the protein's function b. it can sustain changes in environmental conditions c. it can be synthesized by the body d. it can be denatured.

a. it determines the protein's function

What is the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure? a. it increases blood pressure. b. it lowers blood pressure c. it has no effect on blood pressure d. it can either increase or lower blood pressure

a. it increases blood pressure

What is true about provitamin A? a. it is bound to fatty acids b. it is a carrier of proteins c. it functions as a metabolic enzyme d. it is available in both plant and animal products.

a. it is bound to fatty acids

what is true about protein energy malnutrition? a. it is characterized by wasting and susceptibility to infection. b. it results from adequate protein but insufficient carbohydrate intake. c. it results from the breakdown of body fat. d. it occurs most often in breast-fed infants.

a. it is characterized by wasting and susceptibility to infection

which statement about vitamin D is correct? a. it promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine b. it is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. c. vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high d. adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

a. it promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine

Dietary fiber is categorized by: a. its solubility in water. b. its molecular weight. c. the ratio of carbon to hydrogen molecules. d. the number of branch points.

a. its solubility in water

Which organ filters metabolic waste products out of the blood? a. Kidneys b. Small intestine c. Pancreas d. Spleen

a. kidneys

what is the name given to the vessels that carry fat particles from the intestine to the rest of the body? a. lacteal b. capillary c. artery d. vein

a. lacteal

which food is the best source of folate? a. lentils b. chicken c. cheese d. brown rice

a. lentils

Pancreatic _____is the main triglyceride-digesting enzyme a. lipase b. amalyse c. protease d. triglycerase

a. lipase

the three classes of energy-yielding nutrients are: a. lipid, carbohydrate, protein b. starch, protein, and lipid c. carbohydrate, lipid, and minerals d. protein, lipid, and water

a. lipid, carbohydrate, and protein

___________________ promotes the uptake of fatty acids and glycerol by cells to be used as fuel or for storage. a. Lipoprotein lipase b. Lingual lipase c. Pancreatic lipase d. Glycerase

a. lipoprotein lipase

Which of the following organs is able to manufacture cholesterol? a. Liver. b. Pancreas. c. Gallbladder. d. All of these organs manufacture cholesterol.

a. liver

which organ is the gatekeeper for absorbed water soluble nutrients? a. liver b. brain

a. liver

The purpose of the AMDRs is to: a. make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet. b. inform people how to choose from all the different food groups. c. allow individuals to calculate their energy needs and to determine how their diet meets these needs. d. encourage individuals to make healthy food choices

a. make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet.

which of the following foods contains little to no protein? a. margarine b. kidney beans c. skim milk d. wheat

a. margarine

what name is given to the droplets formed in the small intestine by products of fat digestion and bile? a. micelle b. chylomicron c. phosphoglycerides d. lipoprotein

a. micelle

Which of the following is formed in the LUMEN of the small intestine during lipid digestion? a. Micelles b. Cis fatty acids c. Chylomicrons d. LDL particles

a. micelles

Triglyceride molecules break up into___ and fatty acids in the small intestine. a. monoglycerides b. polyglycerides c. diglycerides d. phospholipids

a. monoglycerides

oleic acid is an example of what type of fatty acid? a.monounsaturated b. polyunsaturated c. saturated d. transfer

a. monounsaturated

Which one of the following dietary lipids protects against atherosclerosis? a. monounsaturated fatty acids b. Saturated fats c. trans fats d. dietary cholesterol

a. monounsaturated fatty acids

Which one of the following dietary lipids protects against atherosclerosis? a. monounsaturated fatty acids b. saturated fats c. transfats d. dietary cholesterol

a. monounsaturated fatty acids

how does protein quality affect needs? a. more plant protein is needed to supply enough of all the essential amino acids b. animal proteins as compared to plant proteins are considered low quality c. plant proteins are easier to digest and absorb. d. all the essential amino acids can be supplied by a single plant protein source.

a. more plant protein is needed to supply enough of all the essential amino acids

which of the following statements about obesity and genes is true? a. more than 300 genes and chromosomes have been linked to body weight regulation b. an abnormality in three or more obesity genes is relied before obesity begins to occur c. obesity genes determine how quickly weight is gained d. body fat storage is independent of genes

a. more than 300 genes and chromosomes have been linked to body weight regulation

Transit time is the rate at which food: a. moves through the digestive tract. b. is swallowed. c. is absorbed into the blood. d. is broken down into chyme.

a. moves through the digestive tract

Which is true regarding vitamin E in the diet? a. Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type. b. Vitamin E in supplements is identical to the naturally occurring vitamin in foods. c. Most nutrition facts panels underestimate the amount of functional vitamin E. d. Several naturally occurring forms of vitamin E in foods can be converted with similar efficiencies to the active form of the vitamin.

a. natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type

a kiwi and soda both contain 140 calories but the kiwi is considered to be a ______ food and the soda is a(n) ______ food: a. nutrient dense, empty calorie b. empty calorie, nutrient dense c. nutrient dense, unrefined food d. calorie dense, empty calorie

a. nutrient dense, empty calorie

What is true about nutrients? a. Nutrients must be supplied in the diet to support life. b. Approximately 20 nutrients are considered essential to human life. c. The body makes all the nutrients it needs d. Foods are the only sources of nutrients.

a. nutrients must be supplied in the diet to support life.

The discipline which explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition is called: a. nutrigenomics. b. genetic nutritional variation. c. nutritional genomic analysis. d. nutrient gene factor identification.

a. nutrigenomics

The end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group is also referred to as the __________ end. a. omega b. alpha c. delta d. acid

a. omega

The end of a fatty acid chain with the methyl group is also called the _____ end. a. omega b. alpha c. delta d. beta

a. omega

fish oils are a good dietary source of: a. Omega-3 fatty acids b. trans-fatty acids c. tropical oils d. emulsifiers

a. omega-3 fatty acids

Which of the following is characteristic of atherosclerosis? a. Oxidation of LDL particles b. Inflammation of the lining of the colon c. High HDL levels d. Production of chylomicrons by cells lining the blood vessels

a. oxidation of LDL particles

If the level of blood calcium is too low, what hormone is released? a. Parathyroid b. Calcitonin c. Cortisol d. Vitamin D

a. parathyroid

If the level of blood calcium is too low, what hormones will help to bring it back up? a. Parathyroid, vitamin D b. Calcitonin, cortisol c. Cortisol, vitamin D d. Aldosterone, calcitonin

a. parathyroid, vitamin D

When calcium concentrations are high, what type of absorption most likely occurs? a. Passive diffusion b. Active transport c. Facilitated diffusion d. Passive transport

a. passive transport

Which foods or beverages are recommended to be increased in order to maintain and achieve a healthy body weight? a. Peas and beans b. Cheese and fruits c. Fruit drinks d. Alcoholic beverages

a. peas and beans

for which group is taking vitamin B12 supplements the least beneficial? a. people eating diets high in animal products b. older adults with significantly reduced stomach acid c. people who do not consume animal products d. breast - fed infants whose mothers are vegan

a. people eating diets high in animal products

Which of the following terms can be used to describe a protein? a. Polypeptide b. Branched amino acid chain c. Polysaccharide d. Monopeptide

a. polypeptide

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are examples of: a. polyunsaturated fatty acids. b. saturated fatty acids. c. hydrogenated fats. d. phospholipids.

a. polyunsaturated fatty acids

which electrolyte found primarily inside the cell? a. potassium b. chloride c. sodium d. phosphorous e. no answer is correct

a. potassium

The primary function of the large intestine is to: a. prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion. b. absorb digested nutrients. c. neutralize chyme. d. all of these choices are correct.

a. prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion

a primary function of large intestine is to: a. prepare unabsorbed food residue for excretion b. provide a surface for nutrient absorption

a. prepare unabsorbed food residue for excretion

Which is NOT a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? a. Prescribing what a person should eat each day b. Prevention of nutrient deficiencies c. Promotion of healthful eating d. Reduction of chronic diseases

a. prescribing what a person should eat each day

the body regulates zinc absorption byL a. producing metallothionein when intake levels are high b. increasing absorption when intake levels are high c. decreasing absorption when intake levels are low. d. increasing copper absorption when zinc intake is high

a. producing metallothionein when intake levels are high

hemoglobin and myoglobin are a. proteins that carry oxygen b. enzymes that promote lipid metabolism c. hormones necessary for energy production d. calcium deficiency disease

a. proteins that carry oxygen

vitamin K is needed for the product of what blood-clotting protein? a. prothrombin b. thrombin c. fibrinogen d. fibrin

a. prothrombin

current recommendations regarding fat intake for a healthy adult suggest that a healthful diet should: a. provide about 20% to 35% of total calories from fat. b. not include any animal fat c. include some saturated fat, but very little cholesterol d. no answer is correct

a. provide about 20% to 35% of total calories from fat.

magnesium deficiency is a. rare b. common c. seen in pregnant women d. normal

a. rare

the most absorbable dietary source of iron is a. red meat b. dairy products c. green leafy vegetables d. citrus fruits

a. red meat

What is an advantage of using a 24-hour dietary recall for assessing food intake? a. Repeated recalls of the same person are more accurate estimates of typical intake. b. All food consumed must be weighed and measured. c. A written record is required for all food and beverages consumed in a single day. d. They provide a general picture of a person's typical pattern of food intake.

a. repeated recalls of the same person are more accurate estimates of typical intake.

what is the name of the visual pigment that light strikes? a. rhodopsin b. retinal c. opsin d. vitamin A

a. rhodopsin

Which structure(s) is/are involved in protein translation? a. Ribosome and tRNA b. Nucleus and nucleosome c. Mitochondria d. Plasma membrane and trans-Golgi

a. ribosome and tRNA

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called: a. rickets. b. xerophthalmia. c. scurvy. d. osteomalacia

a. rickets

Type 2 diabetes: a. risk is increased when the diet is high in refined carbohydrates b. risk is increased in athlete c. can occur when insulin is over secreted d. accounts for only 5-10% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.

a. risk is increased when the diet is high in refined carbohydrates

which of the following are good dietary sources of vitamin E? a. safflower oil, almonds b. yogurt, sunflower seeds c. olive oil, eggs d. salmon, soy beans

a. safflower oil, almonds

Which nutrient(s) found in animal protein foods is not found in plant protein foods? a. Saturated fat b. B vitamins c. Phytochemicals d. None of these nutrients are found in plant protein foods

a. saturated fat

the pancreas: a. secreta a variety of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate b. secretes bile c. helps primarily in fat digestion; very little with protein and carbohydrate digestion d. isn't really involved in the digestive process

a. secretes a variety of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

The release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine is controlled by: a. secretin and CCK. b. stimulation of stretch receptors in the stomach. c. gastrin. d. salivary amylase.

a. secretin and CCK

In order to facilitate the movement of chyme through the small intestine the body utilizes: a. segmentation. b. lacteals and microvilli. c. enzymatic activity. d. reverse peristalsis

a. segmentation

Which statement is true about the relationship between the antioxidant functions of selenium and vitamin E? a. Selenium intake can reduce the need for vitamin E. b. Vitamin E intake inhibits the antioxidant properties of selenium. c. In order to have an antioxidant effect, selenium and vitamin E need to be consumed together. d. Selenium and vitamin E work independently as antioxidants.

a. selenium intake can reduce the need for Vitamin E.

Kwashiorkor is best characterized by: a. severe protein deficiency in young children. b. increased susceptibility to food allergies in adults. c. misshapen (sickle-shaped) red blood cells. d. the inability to digest proteins from soy and other plant proteins.

a. severe protein deficiency in young children

compared to normal- weight individuals, obesity is associated with which of the following conditions? a. sleep apnea b. high HDL cholesterol c. low triglyceride level d. low blood glucose levels

a. sleep apnea

the normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered: a. slightly basic b. slightly acidic c. very basic d. very acidic

a. slightly basic

A three carbon glycerol is converted to pyruvate and used to produce __________________. a. small amounts of glucose b. large amounts of protein c. large amounts of glucose d. small amounts of protein

a. small amounts of glucose

The majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the : a. small intestine b. large intestine

a. small intestine

Which of the following minerals is almost 100 percent absorbed? a. Sodium b. Calcium c. Iron d. Phosphorous

a. sodium

the american diet is high in a. sodium b. potassium c. phosphorus d. calcium

a. sodium

Foods consisting mostly of fatty acids with only single bonds tend to be: a. solid at room temperature. b. soluble in water. c. liquid at room temperature. d. less stable than fatty acids with double bonds.

a. solid at room temperature

Which is TRUE regarding the disadvantages of using Body Mass Index as a means of assessing chronic disease risk? a. Someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI. b. BMI uses measurements which are cumbersome to obtain. c. Calculating BMI is relatively expensive. d. BMI calculations for men and women require different formulas.

a. someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI.

what is the name given to the fetal defect that can occur when inadequate amounts of folate are consumed during the first 28 days after conception? a. spina bifida b. anencephaly c. gout d. spinal contusion

a. spina bifida

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that: a. splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. b. generates glucose from glucogenic amino acids. c. synthesizes glycogen. d. creates glucose molecules from glycogen.

a. splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

cholesterol is an example of a. sterol b. trans fatty acid c. phospholipid d. essential nutrient

a. sterol

which is the best source of vitamin C? a. strawberries b. corn c. milk d. beef

a. strawberries

What are electrolytes in the body? a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions. b. they are vitamins and minerals required for body functions c. proteins that are dissolved in body fluids d. they are desirable but not necessary for the maintenance for life.

a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions

which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements? a. the RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men. b. for adolescents 14 to 18 years of age, the RDA is the same for males and females. c. iron requirements increase after menopause d. babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas, because of the risk of toxicity.

a. the RDA for young adult women is higher than the EDA of young adult men.

continued acceptance of a scientific theory depends on: a. the ability of other scientists to duplicate the original research and results. b. increased funding for the research c. the number of years since the theory was developed. d. how the hypothesis was formed.

a. the ability of other scientists to duplicate the original research and results.

whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by: a. the amounts needed daily by the body b. where they are absorbed in the digestive tract c. how critical they are for metabolic processes d. where they are found on the periodic table

a. the amounts needed daily by the body

The movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by: a. the endocrine and nervous systems. b. the lymphatic and muscular systems. c. the respiratory and urinary systems. d. the cardiovascular system.

a. the endocrine and nervous system

Which of the following is true about heart disease risk? a. the extent to which cholesterol intake affects blood levels depends on individual genes. b. dietary cholesterol has no influence on blood clotting. c. dietary cholesterol comes mainly from plant foods d. dietary saturated fat decreases blood cholesterol

a. the extent to which cholesterol intake affects blood levels depends on individual genes.

which one of the following statements is true about the cardiovascular system? a. the hepatic portal vein transports blood from the GI tract to the liver. b. arteries transport blog and dissolved substances toward the heart. c. capillaries branch to form arterioles to nourish the heart. d. the products of carbohydrate digestion are taken into the lacteals of the lymphatic system.

a. the hepatic portal vein transports blood from the GI tract to the liver

Which statement about dietary supplements is true? a. The label must include all the ingredients in the dietary supplement. b. All dietary supplements are produced according to the same strict laws that govern drug manufacturing. c. All dietary supplements must be approved by the FDA to ensure safety and effectiveness. d. Dietary supplements cannot be removed from the market once they are introduced.

a. the label must include all ingredients in the dietary supplement

glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other animals, found primarily in: a. the liver and skeletal muscles b. adipose and muscle tissue c. insoluble fiber and lingin d. the blood and brain e. all correct f. none of the above

a. the liver and skeletal muscles

As calcium intake increases: a. the percentage absorbed declines b. active transport becomes more important c. more vitamin C is required d. more iron is absorbed

a. the percentage absorbed declines

The hormone gastrin is released in response to: a. the presence of food in the stomach. b. contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter. c. relaxation of the anal sphincter. d. the presence of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.

a. the presence of food in the stomach

how has the incidence of obesity changed in the U.S. and world-wide over the past 20 years? a. the rate of obesity has increased b. the rate of obesity remains the same c. the rate of obesity's decreased. d. the rate of obesity has increased in the United States, but not worldwide.

a. the rate of obesity has increased

What is true about omega-3 and omega-6 fatty? a. the ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet is important in regulating body processes b. omega-6 fatty acids are abundant in fish oil c. they are used to extend the shelf-life of processed foods d. they are needed to synthesize vitamin D in the skin

a. the ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet is important in regulating body processes.

satiation can be defined as: a. the sense or feeling of fullness when eating that leads to termination of the meal. b. the effect of a meal on level of hunger and desire to eat after or between meals. c. the saturation of adipose tissue with the hormone gherkin d. an appetite for foods high in fat, particularly saturated fat e. no answer is correct

a. the sense or feeling of fullness when eating that leads to termination of the meal.

Which one of the following guidelines has been developed to protect the rights of humans and animals used in experimental research? a. The study must first be reviewed by a committee of scientists and nonscientists. b. The subjects may provide an oral consent in order to participate in the study. c. A detailed oral explanation of the study's benefits by the researchers of the study is sufficient. d. Subjects must complete the entire study once they consented to participate.

a. the study must first be reviews by a committee of scientists and nonscientists

There are several classes of lipids or fat found in food. _____are the most abundant. a. triglycerides b. chylomicrons c. cholesterol d. phospholipids

a. triglycerides

When a supplement has the label "made to US Pharmacopeia (USP) quality, purity, and potency standards," all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: a. The supplement is safe and effective. b. The supplement actually contains the ingredients in the amounts listed on the label. c. The supplement will effectively release the nutrients for absorption. d. The supplement meets the requirements for limits on contaminants.

a. the supplement is safe and effective

when a supplement has the label " made to US Pharmacopeia (USP) quality, purity, and potency standards" all of the following statements are TRUE except: a. the supplement is safe and effective b. the supplement actually contains the ingredients in the amounts listed on the label. c. the supplement will effectively release the nutrients for absorption. d. the supplement meets the requirements for limits on contaminants.

a. the supplement is safe and effective.

Transamination refers to: a. the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid. b. the removal of the amine group from an amino acid. c. the interaction of amino acid side chains important for protein folding. d. the formation of a peptide bond between adjacent amino acids.

a. the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid

All of the following are general properties of trace minerals, EXCEPT: a. they are found only in foods of animal origin. b. many are co-factors for enzymes. c. very little digestion is required. d. they are absorbed primarily in the small intestine. e. they circulate freely in the blood. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct

a. they are found only in foods of animal origin

which of the following statements about intestinal absorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium from the diet is true? a. they are readily absorbed b. absorption is regulated according to body needs c. sodium absorption is tightly regulated, whole chloride and potassium absorption is largely unregulated. d. minor changes in intake from day to day can upset normal homeostasis

a. they are readily absorbed

What is one way that medications can promote weight loss? a. they decrease fat absorption b. they boost metabolism c. they promote lean body mass d. they decrease water loss

a. they decrease fat absorption

during triglyceride metabolism, what is the fate of fatty acids? a. they enter the metabolic pathway at acetyl CoA and form energy. b. they are used to produce a small amount of glucose or energy c. they turn into pyruvate and are committed to forming energy d. they are committed to forming glucose

a. they enter the metabolic pathway at acetyl CoA and form energy

What is true about thiamin? a. thiamin may be destroyed during cooking. b. thiamin is sensitive to an acidic environment. c. thiamin can be synthesized by the body d. thiamin is a source of energy for physical activity

a. thiamin may be destroyed during cooking

The primary function of vitamin E is: a. to act as an antioxidant. b. to increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine. c. to regulate acid-base balance. d. to regulate glucose levels.

a. to act as an antioxidant

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents? a. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A. b. To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing. c. To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity. d. To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources.

a. to provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a protein complementation? a. tofu crumbles and spinach b. peanut butter and jelly sandwich c. trail mix (soybeans and nuts) d. lentil and rice soup

a. tofu crumbles and spinach

What phrase best describes the energy needed to maintain basic bodily functions such as the beating of your heart, as well as that need to process food and fuel activity? a. total energy expenditure b. basal metabolism c. resting energy expenditure d. active metabolism

a. total energy expenditure

water moves through cell walls a. toward the side with more solutes b. away from the side with less c. by dissociation d. by gravity

a. toward the side with more solutes

The process of ___________ involves copying the DNA code from the gene to a molecule of mRNA. a. transcription. b. nuclear shuttling. c. transamination. d. translation.

a. transcription

which of the following is true regarding iron absorption and transport in the body? a. transferrin transports iron from mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream. b. iron is absorbed entirely through passive mechanisms c. the body is to capable of absorbing any significant amount of iron d. iron is absorbed in either the ferrous or ferric form.

a. transferrin transports iron from mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

which of the following is true regarding iron absorption and transport in the body? a. tranferring transport iron from the mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream b. iron is absorbed entirely through passive mechanisms. c. the body is not capable of absorbing any significant amount of iron d. the amount of iron absorbed from the diet cannot be adjusted based on the body's need.

a. transferrin transports iron from the mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Active Transport requires energy and a carrier molecule to move nutrients from a lower to a higher concentration. a. true b. False

a. true

Active transport of calcium in the small intestine requires vitamin D. a. True b. False

a. true

An important function of iron in the body is to transport oxygen as part of hemoglobin or myoglobin. a. True b. False

a. true

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone used to influence water retention at the kidneys. a. True b. False

a. true

As long as vegetarians consume high quality proteins in the diet, there is little risk to develop a protein deficiency a. true b. false

a. true

Dehydration of only 1 to 2% of body weight can impair physical and cognitive ability. a. True b. False

a. true

Dietary Reference Intakes can be used planning school lunch menus. a. true b. false

a. true

Dietary References Intakes can be used in planning school lunch menus. a. True b. False

a. true

HDLs are lipoproteins that pick up cholesterol from cells and transport it to the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body. a. true b. false

a. true

In most people, hypertension has no obvious external cause. a. True b. False

a. true

Magnesium affects the metabolism of calcium, sodium, and potassium. a. True b. False

a. true

Molybdenum content of soil affects the amount found in food. a. true b. false

a. true

Nutrient and health claims on food and supplement labels are reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration. a. True b. False

a. true

Nutrient and health claims on food and supplement labels are reviewed by the food and drug administration a. true b. false

a. true

Pica is the compulsive ingestion of nonfood substances such as clay, laundry starch, and paint chips. a. True b. False

a. true

Potential complications of bariatric surgery can include gallstone formation, dumping syndrome and nutrient deficiencies a. True b. False

a. true

Protein consumption is associated with stimulation of immune response in humans a. true b. false

a. true

Sodium is crucial to regulating extracellular fluid volume. a. True b. False

a. true

The liver acts as a gatekeeper between substances absorbed by the intestine and the rest of the body. a. True b. False

a. true

The presence of trace elements in the diet is small, making them difficult to study. a. True b. False

a. true

The purpose of the Healthy People Initiative is to promote health and prevent illness, disability, and premature death. a. True b. False

a. true

The purpose of the Healthy People Initiative is to promote health and prevent illness, disability, and premature death. a. true b. false

a. true

Trabecular bone is more vulnerable to bone loss than cortical bone. a. True b. False

a. true

Trabecular bone is the type of bone that forms the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell. a. True b. False

a. true

Trace elements are needed in minute amounts, but deficiencies can be as devastating as deficiencies of other nutrients. a. True b. False

a. true

Water is a polar molecule. a. True b. False

a. true

When calcium intake is not adequate, normal blood levels are maintained by reabsorbing calcium from bone. True False

a. true

a limiting amino acid is an essential amino acid available in the lowest concentration in relation tot he body's needs a. true b. false

a. true

a small amount of lipid is hydrolyzed in the stomach during digestion. a. true b. false

a. true

acute toxicity of iron may be fatal a. true b. false

a. true

basal metabolism makes up about 60-75% of the body's total energy expenditure. a. true b. false

a. true

british sailors were called limeys because of the use of citrus fruits to prevent scurvy. a. true b. false

a. true

during digestion, if there is an excess of any one amino acid, more of it will be absorbed. a. true b. false

a. true

engaging in more vigorous activity allows a person to expend the same number of calories in less time. a. true b. false

a. true

enzymatic protein digestion begins in the stomach. a. true b. false

a. true

fats are used in the diet to synthesize eicosanoids a. true b. false

a. true

fidgeting can result in a lower tendency to gain weight. a. true b. false

a. true

in infants, a vitamin E deficiency may lead to hemolytic anemia a. true b. false

a. true

pellagra causes a progressive physical and mental deterioration. a. true b. false

a. true

phenylketonuria is an inherited disease in which the body cannot metabolic the amino acid phenylalanine. a. true b. false

a. true

protein and carbohydrates may be converted to fat for storage by first converting them to acetyl-CoA. a. true b. false

a. true

some body fat is essential for health, energy storage, cushioning, and insulation. a. true b. false

a. true

superoxide dismutase, which is vital for protecting cells against free radicals, may contain zinc. a. true b. false

a. true

the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque is driven by inflammation. a. true b. false

a. true

the liver acts as a gatekeeper between water-soluble substances absorbed from the intestine and the rest of the body a. true b, false

a. true

the more obese a person is, the greater his/her chances of developing gallstones. a. true b. false

a. true

the reactions that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP are called cellular respiration a. true b. false

a. true

the supplemental form of folate is more bioavailable than the form found in foods. a. true b. false

a. true

the thin capillary walls allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and cells a. true b. false

a. true

vitamin A deficiency early in life can cause abnormal bone growth. a. true b. false

a. true

vitamin K deficiency is a risk associated with long-term use of antibiotics. a. true b. false

a. true

zinc and copper compete for absorption in the body a. true b. false

a. truue

What section of MyPlate provides calcium in the diet, besides dairy? a. vegetables b. fruits c. protein d. grains

a. vegetables

Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness? a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial cells b. the mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. Keratin-producing cells decrease immune function. d. the hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. vitamin A maintains epithelial cells

why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infection and blindness? a. vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues b. the mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. keratin-producing cells decrease immune function d. the hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues

How is vitamin B6 associated with heart disease? a. Vitamin B6 breaks down homocysteine. b. vitamin B6 removes the LDL cholesterol from the body. c. Vitamin B6 promotes the formation of HDL cholesterol. d. Vitamin B6 reduces the blockages found in the blood vessels.

a. vitamin B6 breaks down homocysteine

What is a role of vitamin C in the body? a. Vitamin C helps to maintain body tissues b. Vitamin C prevents the common cold. c. vitamin C is required for energy metabolism d. Vitamin C promotes iron excretion

a. vitamin C helps to maintain body tissues

What is a function of Vitamin E? a. viamtin E neutralized reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage. b. Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. c. Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria d. Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream

a. vitamin E neutralized reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage

which statement is not true? a. vitamins provide energy b. deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin is less likely than of a typical water-soluble vitamins c. vitamins are necessary in many biochemical reactions in the body. d. vitamin deficiencies are rare in the United States.

a. vitamins provide energy

Which food contains the highest sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids? a. Walnuts b. Coconut Oil c. Salmon d. Avocado

a. walnuts

a primary function of the large intestine is to absorb: a. water b. fiber

a. water

The breakup of fat globules during lipid digestion results in ______ triglyceride emulsion droplets. a. water soluble b. none of these are correct c. fat soluble d. protein soluble

a. water-soluble

Which of the following conditions does NOT represent a state of malnutrition? a. Weight loss as a result of increasing physical activity. b. Vitamin A toxicity as a result of excessive intake of vitamin supplements. c. Osteoporosis as a result of long-term inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. d. Overweight status as a result of regular ingestion of large portions of energy-dense foods.

a. weight loss as a result of increasing physical activity

Americans do not eat enough of which foods? a. Whole grains, legumes, fruits, dairy b. Legumes, dairy, fruits, chicken c. Fruits, legumes, whole grains, chicken d. Dairy, fruits, chicken, whole grains

a. whole grains, legumes, fruits, dairy

Which statement about iodine and the thyroid gland is true? a. Without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge. b. Iodine deficiency increases the production of thyroid hormones. c. Metabolic rate increases with insufficient thyroid hormones. d. More than three-fourths of the iodine in the body is located in the thyroid gland.

a. without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements? a. women of child-bearing age need extra folate. b. supplement use increases overall health in all populations c. Vitamin a should be given in high doses to the elderly d. vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

a. women of child bearing age need extra folate

all of the following situation require amino acid deamination EXCEPT: a. wound healing b. illness c. injury d. surgery

a. wound healing

which condition represents a state of positive nitrogen balance? a. would healing b. illness c. injury d. surgery

a. wound healing

which of the following disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue? a. xerophthalmia b. night blindness c. conjunctivitis d. macular degeneration

a. xerophthalmia

What is the role of zinc in gene expression? a. zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor b. zinc deactivates the transcription of the gene for the metallothionein protein c. zinc promotes the production of the transport proteins that are involved in protein synthesis. d. zinc transcribes the gene that synthesizes the protein receptor.

a. zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor

Following a healthy eating pattern includes:

a.choose healthy pattern and appropriate kcal level b.goals: achieve/maintain healthy weight, adequate nutrients, reduce risks of chronic disease. c.fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, protein, oils. d.the potential for these changes is to decrease the risk of chronic disease. These changes will increase potassium, dietary fiver, calcium, and vitamin D.

The descriptor, Healthy, can legally be used on a food product when the product contains adequate levels of at least one selected nutrient and is low in: a. fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. b. fat, fiber and protein. c. fat, sugar and cholesterol. d. fat, sodium and protein.

a.fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol

what nutrients do: form structures

all classes of nutrient (except vitamins) are involved in forming and maintaining body structure (ex: protein in muscle define shape) (ex: protein help ligaments and tendons hold bones together and attach muscle to bone) (ex: protein at a cellular level make up the membranes that surround the cell)

water

also a macronutrient but not energy yielding required in large amounts doesn't provide kilocalories but essential to life. water balance must be maintained we are mostly made of water (62%)

"More"

also applies to foods using the terms "fortified," "enriched," "added."

nutrient density

an evaluation of the nutrient content of a food in comparison the calories it provides fresh = best

mineral bioavailability refers to: a. metabolism b. absorption c. digestion d. excretion

b. absorption

undernutrition

any condition resulting form an energy or nutrient intake below that which meets nutritional needs

malnutrition

any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake either above or below that which is optimal tissues are broken down for vital functions, loss of body fat, wasting of muscles. obesity is also malnutrition = overconsumption of energy.

the acceptable macronutrient range for protein is ___ % of total kilocalories a. <10 b. 10-35 c. 35-50 d. >50

b. 10-35

the dietary guidelines for America recommend that adults 51 years and older, as well as all African Americans, limit their sodium intake to ____ milligrams a day. a. 800 b. 1500 c. 2300 d. 3400 e. no limit is recommended

b. 1500

What is the BMI of a person who is 5 feet 8 inches and weighs 170 lbs? a. 24 b. 26 c. 36 d. 41

b. 26 - weight in kg/(height in m)2 inches--> cm x2.54 lbs to kg. --> /2.2

The breakdown of dietary carbohydrates releases _____kcal/g of energy. a. 9 b. 4 c. 7 d. 2

b. 4

approximately what percentage of vitamins in food is absorbed? a. 15-65 b. 40-90 c. 30-80 d. 25-75

b. 40-90

For a 2,000-kcalorie diet, MyPlate recommends how many ounces of meat or high-protein food each day? a. 7 b. 5.5 c. 6 d. 6.5

b. 5.5

for a 2000 calorie diet, MyPlate recommends who many ounces of meat or high protein food each day. a. 7 b. 5.5 c. 6 d. 6.5

b. 5.5

Approximately what percentage of total body water comes from fluids? a. 60-65 b. 75-80 c. 50-55 d. 65-70

b. 75-80

how many amino acids are essential? a. 8 b. 9 c. 11 d. 20

b. 9 (there are 9 essential and 11 nonessential)

which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a. muscle contraction b. ATP stabilization c. blood pressure regulation d. neurotransmitter release

b. ATP stabilization

As dietary nutrients are broken down to provide energy they are all converted to which metabolic intermediate? a. Pyruvate b. Acetyl CoA c. Lactate d. Ketone bodies

b. acetyl CoA

Carbohydrates promote dental caries by which of the following mechanisms? a. Sugar promotes the growth of bacteria that breakdown enamel. b. Bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel. c. Carbohydrates stick to teeth, preventing the removal of plaque. d. All of these choices are correct.

b. Bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel.

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____. a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by a. The types of food proteins that a person consumes. b. DNA found in the nucleus of cells. c. GI tract peptidases. d. Random interactions between free amino acids in the cytoplasm of cells.

b. DNA found in the nucleus of cells

Which statement about Helicobacter pylori is true? a. These microorganisms are killed by the low pH of the stomach secretions. b. Dr. B. J. Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H. pylori. c. H. pylori causes irritable bowel syndrome. d. H. pylori only causes ulcers if the stomach is already inflamed from stress.

b. Dr. B.J. Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H.pylori

Which of these factors may contribute to the development of lactose intolerance? a. There is no associated genetic predisposition to the development of lactose intolerance during adulthood. b. Ethnic origin may play a factor in the development of lactose intolerance. c. Symptoms of lactose intolerance are more likely to appear before 2 years of age leading to a poorer prognosis. d. Secondary lactose intolerance predisposes the individual to be affected throughout their lifetime.

b. Ethnic origin may play a factor in the development of lactose intolerance.

The food available to a population is estimated using what tool? a. NHANES b. Food disappearance survey c. FAPIII d. TracData

b. Food disappearance survey

a chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents leak back ip into eh esophagus causing pain and damaging the esophagus is called: a. an ulcer b. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) c. gallstones d. esophageal hernia

b. GERD

Of the following statements, which one is FALSE regarding the effects of indigestible carbohydrates on gastrointestinal function and health? a. Extra bulk formed through the ingestion of indigestible carbohydrates helps to stimulate gastrointestinal motility. b. Inclusion of indigestible carbohydrates in the diet reduces the likelihood of flatulence. c. Indigestible carbohydrates in the diet help to slow nutrient absorption. d. Indigestible carbohydrates in the diet help promote helpful bacteria that aid in suppressing bowel inflammation.

b. Inclusion of indigestible carbohydrates in the diet reduces the likelihood of flatulence.

Which is TRUE regarding Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)? a. For some groups, there is an established benefit of consuming nutrients at this level. b. It is a not a recommended level for consumption. c. Consuming nutrients at this level will probably cause adverse health effects. d. The UL is set at the level of intake that causes adverse effects in 5% of the population.

b. It is not a recommended level for consumption

Which of the following is true about early nutritional recommendations made in the U.S? a. They were developed in response to widespread obesity during World War II. b. Levels of intake were based on amounts to prevent nutrient deficiencies. c. They were maximal standards to promote growth and development. d. The original dietary standards were the Dietary Reference Intakes.

b. Levels of intake were based on amounts to prevent nutrient deficiencies.

Which is the FALSE statement regarding the MyPlate guidelines? a. No matter your caloric requirements, MyPlate can be effectively used as a guide for eating. b. MyPlate Daily Food Plan does NOT include recommendations for physical activity. c. The amount of the plate covered by each food group is proportional to the amount each group should contribute to a healthy diet. d. MyPlate emphasizes proportionality, variety, moderation and nutrient density.

b. MyPlate Daily Food Plan does NOT include recommendations for physical activity.

Which reference value meets 97% of all healthy people's needs? a. EAR b. RDA c. UL d. AI

b. RDA

Which statement is true about soluble fiber? a. Human enzymes digest soluble fiber more easily than insoluble fiber. b. Soluble fiber can be found in oats and apples. c. Soluble fiber is derived from structural parts of plants such as cell walls. d. Examples of soluble fiber include cellulose and hemicellulose.

b. Soluble fiber can be found in oats and apples.

Which of the following best describes the effects of lactose intolerance on those who consume dairy products? a. The undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where it causes a severe allergic response causing intestinal bleeding and scarring. b. The undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where it draws in water, is metabolized by bacteria, producing gas and causing abdominal distension, gas, cramping, and diarrhea. c. The undigested lactose passes into the small intestine, where it causes a severe traumatic response causing collapse and stoppage of the organ. d. All of these effects can occur in lactose intolerance.

b. The undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where it draws in water, is metabolized by bacteria, producing gas and causing abdominal distension, gas, cramping, and diarrhea.

In the liver, vitamin E is incorporated into _______ and from there delivered to cells. a. LDLs b. VLDLs c. chylomicrons d. HDLs

b. VLDLs

a study that feeds a diet devoid of a nutrient until signs of a deficiency appear and adds the nutrient back to the diet to a level at which symptoms disappear, is called: a. a case control study b. a depletion-repletion study c. a balance study d. a clinical trial

b. a depletion-repletion study

which of the following is true regarding weight maintenance? a. a person's body weight is solely due to the genes he or she inherited b. a person;s body weight is the result of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle c. a person's body weight is solely due to that person's lifestyle d. none of these choices is true.

b. a persons body weight is there result of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle

A substance found in plants which cannot be made by the body and is not necessary to sustain life, but has healthful benefits, is: a. an herbal supplement. b. a phytochemical. c. an enzyme. d. a zoochemical.

b. a phytochemical

antibiotics reduce bacterial levels in the gut. This is a. beneficial to the colon, get an Rx b. a problem, eat yogurt

b. a problem, eat yogurt

High levels of HDL in the blood are associated with: a. improved immune function. b. a reduced risk of heart disease. c. increased risk of colon cancer. d. increased risk of breast and prostate cancer.

b. a reduced risk of heart disease

Hemoglobin is an example of: a. a defense protein. b. a transport protein. c. an enzyme. d. an immune protein (antibody)

b. a transport protein

The stomach wall is protected from the acidity of the gastric juice by: a. the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. b. a viscous mucus layer. c. the action of gastrin. d. pancreatic secretions.

b. a viscous mucus layer

The most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and: a. metabolism. b. absorption. c. circulation. d. excretion.

b. absorption

When needed for a source of energy, fatty acids are broken down into: a. pyruvate. b. acetyl CoA. c. glucose. d. chylomicrons.

b. acetyl CoA

in order to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic disease, daily physical activity at what level is recommended? a. sedentary b. active c. very active d. low active

b. active

When calcium concentrations are low, what type of absorption most likely occurs? a. Passive diffusion b. Active transport c. Facilitated diffusion d. Passive transport

b. active transport

Obesity increases the risk of some cancers because: a. the high fat foods typically consumed have abundant cancer-promoting substances. b. adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation. c. high blood triglycerides commonly seen in obesity damage DNA in cells lining the major blood vessels. d. obese individuals tend to be sedentary.

b. adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation.

The variables used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements include: a. age, BMI, weight and gender. b. age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level. c. physical activity level, gender and BMI. d. gender, age, weight, physical activity level and proportions of kcals consumed as fats.

b. age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.

which term best describes all of the amino acids in body tissues an fluids that are available for use by the body? a, deamination b. amino acid pool c. translation d. protein turnover

b. amino acid pool

End products of protein digestion include: a. monosaccharides and glucose b. amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides c. glycerides and fatty acids d. polypeptides and tripeptides

b. amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

An amino group can combine with hydrogen to form _____ which is toxic. a. nitrogen b. ammonia c. hydroxyl d. urea

b. ammonia

Which individual would have the lowest recommended energy intake, per unit of body weight? a. A 2-month old infant b. An 80-year old female c. A 26- year old woman, in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy d. An adolescent male

b. an 80 year old female

choline is: a. a form of Vitamin C b. an essential nutrient c. needed for the synthesis of the other B vitamins. d. one of the B vitamins

b. an essential nutrient

The focus of the Dietary Guidance has changed in recent years to match a. an increase in overt nutrient deficiencies. b. an increase in chronic diseases such as diabetes. c. an increase in the number of recommended food groups. d. a decrease in the amount of information found on food labels.

b. an increase in chronic disease such as diabetes.

Metabolic reactions that build molecules and body structures are referred to as: a. catabolic. b. anabolic. c. hydrolytic. d. deamination reactions.

b. anabolic

which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream? a. angiotensinogen b. antidiuretic hormone c. calcitonin d. adrenal hormone

b. antidiuretic hormone

Dental caries: a. may be associated with a low carbohydrate diet. b. are caused most often by sucrose in the diet. c. are more likely to be caused by chocolate than by hard candy. d. are more likely with an increase in dietary fiber.

b. are cause most often by sucrose in the diet

the primary function of carbohydrates in the body is: a. growth and development b. as a source of energy c. as a source of linoleum acid d. to enhance satiety e. all correct f. none are correct

b. as a source of energy

which of the following promotes a very low carbohydrate diet? a. dieting with the duchess b. Atkin's diet c. optimist d. jenny craig

b. atkins diet

Why might consuming raw eggs cause a biotin deficiency? a. the cholesterol in egg yolks destroys the biotin in eggs b. avidin in egg whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption. c. the fat in raw egg yolks blocks the absorption of biotin d. cooking egg liberates the bound biotin increasing its bioavailability.

b. avidin in egg whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption

Of the following foods, which is the best source of potassium? a. Processed cereal b. Baked potato c. Hot dog d. Cheese

b. baked potato

In order for triglycerides to be delivered to the body, they must: a. enter the hepatic portal circulation. b. be absorbed by the lymphatic system. c. be directly released into the bloodstream. d. require increased water consumption.

b. be absorbed by the lymphatic system.

the digestion of starch: a. is dependent on the enzyme sucrase b. begins int he mouth with the enzyme salivary amylase c. cannot occur in humans due to lack of specific enzymes d. it is uneccesary because starch is absorbed directly into the blood e. all correct f. none of the above

b. begins in the mouth with the enzyme salivary amylase

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ____, pantothenic acid and Vitamin ___ are needed to produce energy from protein a. Vitamin B12 and B6 b. biotin and B6 c. all answer choices are correct d. choline and biotin

b. biotin and B6

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for: a. antioxidant functions. b. blood clotting. c. bone calcification. d. night vision.

b. blood clotting

Abnormally high concentrations of blood glucose resulting from Type 2 diabetes are caused by ___________. a. pancreatic cells no longer producing insulin. b. body cells not responding appropriately to insulin. c. abnormally high glucagon levels. d. loss of muscle tissue.

b. body cells not responding appropriately to insulin.

most of the body's calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus is found in: a. muscle b. bone c. blood d. brain tissue

b. bone

the majority of phosphorus in the body is found in: a. muscle b. bones and teeth c. hair and nails d. skin

b. bones and teeth

electrolytes include all except: a. sodium b. calcium c. potassium d. chloride

b. calcium

the most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is: a. vitamin D b. calcium c. vitamin C d. protein

b. calcium

Which is typically not found on a Nutrition Facts label? a. Calories from fat b. Calories per serving as compared to comparable products c. Percent daily values for key nutrients d. Serving size

b. calories per serving as compared to comparable products

which of the following provide dietary fuel to produce ATP? a. fats, carbohydrates, minerals b. carbohydrates, proteins, fats c. fats, carbohydrates, vitamins d. vitamins, fats, minerals

b. carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Bile, vitamin D, and some hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from: a. essential fatty acids. b. cholesterol. c. trans fatty acids. d. phospholipids.

b. cholesterol

which of the following is not a vitamin? a. riboflavin b. choline c. biotin d. folate

b. choline

all of the following are ways to reduce sodium intake in your diet EXCEPT: a. replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods b. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables c. choosing roasted turkey rather than bologna d. preparing your meals at home.

b. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables.

insulin must have ___ to work properly. a. iron b. chromium c. manganese d. copper

b. chromium

Lipoproteins that transport lipids from the mucosal cells of the small intestine and deliver triglycerides to other body cells are called: a. LDLs. b. Chylomicrons. c. VLDLs. d. HDLs.

b. chylomicrons

lipoproteins that transport lipids from the mucosal cells of the small intestine and deliver triglycerides to other body cells are called: a. LDLs b. chylomicrons c. VLDLs d. HDLs

b. chylomicrons

which of the following containers doesn't protect riboflavin found in milk? a. cloudy plastic b. clear c. cardboard d.. opaque plastic

b. clear

Chemical compounds that bind enzymes and are required for their function are termed: a. catalysts b. coenzymes c. hormones d. lipoproteins e. precursors f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. coenzymes

How are protein needs met through complementation? a. the body must produce the amino acids to complement the protein needed. b. combining two plant proteins, rice and beans, will provide the essential amino acids needed c. a protein of animal origin must complement the plant source of protein. d. any plant proteins can be combined to provide the essential amino acids needed.

b. combining two plant proteins, rice and beans, will provide the essential amino acids needed.

Which of the following foods is most likely to contain significant amounts of trans fats? a. Fish b. Commercially made crackers and cookies c. Salad dressings d. Avocado

b. commercially made crackers and cookies

How are protein needs determined? a. measure the changes in body weight over time. b. compare nitrogen consumed with the amount excreted by the body. c. utilize the levels established by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) d. estimate the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for age, gender, and activity.

b. compare nitrogen consumed with the amount excreted by the body

Total energy expenditure is calculated by: a. adding basal metabolic rate and the thermic effect of food. b. consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity. c. regulation of body temperature and thermic effect of food. d. doubling the metabolic rate.

b. consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity.

what factor might increase mineral bioavailability? a. proportion of dietary calcium absorbed is higher with increases in age b. consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption c. a high intake of calcium in a meal promote iron absorption d. the presence of physic acid promotes zinc absorption

b. consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption

why might copper deficiency lead to anemia? a. copper maintains the integrity of the hemoglobin molecule b. copper containing proteins are required for iron transport c. copper is an essential element in the formation of the myoglobin d. copper deficiency causes vitamin C deficiency thereby reducing iron absorption.

b. copper-containing proteins are required for iron transport.

if an individual decides not to eat milk and meat at the same time during a meal, this would be most likely based on: a. personal preference b. cultural/religious values c. social acceptability d. psychological/emotional factors

b. cultural/religious values

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severed body wasting. a. true b. false

b. false

Over the past 40 years, the fat intake of Americans has: a. significantly declined, resulting in less obesity. b. declined as a proportion of total kcalories consumed. c. declined as people tend to cook at home more frequently. d. risen significantly.

b. declined as a proportion of total calories consumed.

One possible adverse effect of excessive fiber consumption is: a. an increase in blood cholesterol. b. decreased absorption of calcium and iron. c. increased incidence of colon cancer. d. increased incidence of diverticulosis

b. decreased absorption of calcium and iron.

daily water requirements are: a. the same for all adults: 8 glasses per day b. determined by losses through urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces. c. established by specific RDAs or AIs for all ages and both genders d. met only by drinking water, not through foods or other beverages e. same for men and women if they live in temperature climates f. all of the above

b. determined by losses through the urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces

If a nutritionist wants to collect information about a client's dietary habits and patterns, what assessment method would provide the most information? a. 24-hour recall b. Diet history c. Food intake record d. Food diary

b. diet history

If a nutritionist wants to collect information about a client's dietary habits and patterns, what assessment method would provide the most information? a. 24-hour recall b. Diet history c. Food intake record d. Food diary

b. diet history

What is true about saturated fatty acids? a. they contain a phosphate group b. each carbon is bound to 2 hydrogen atoms. c. they are found most often in plant products d. they tend to be liquid at room temperature

b. each carbon is bound to 2 hydrogen atoms

sodium, chloride, and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of: a. phytates b. electrolytes c. condensates d. solvents

b. electrolytes

added sugars int he diet provide a source of : a. unrefined source of carbohydrates b. empty calories c. source of nutrient density in the diet d. contains a full range of nutrients

b. empty calories

The Healthy People Initiative: a. is revised every two years. b. encourages community intervention and breast feeding. c. encourages the consumption of a plant-based diet. d. is a plan for adults to avoid chronic disease such as heart disease.

b. encourage community intervention and breast feeding

Approximately 1000 college students were asked to keep a record of what supplemental vitamins they took and how many colds they had over the course of a year. The amount of vitamin C consumed was compared with the students' incidences of colds. This is an example of a(an) a. clinical trial b. epidemiological study c. intervention study d. laboratory study

b. epidemiological study

postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone a. aldosterone b. estrogen c. progesterone d. secretin

b. estrogen

which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body? a. formation of collagen b. facilitating release of energy from glucose c. protection against damage from free radicals d. enhancing iron absorption

b. facilitating release of energy from glucose

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. a. True b. False

b. false

A food with 20% of the Daily Value of calories from saturated fat is a wise food choice. a. True b. False

b. false

A food with 20% of the Daily Values of calories from saturated fat is a wise food choice. a. true b. false

b. false

Anthropometric measurement don't include body composition assessment. a. true b. false

b. false

Anthropometric measurements do not include body composition assessment. a. True b. False

b. false

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting a. true b. false

b. false

Obese individuals have similar amounts of leptin as do normal weight individuals but the overall response to these levels is exaggerated leading to weight gain a. True b. False

b. false

Parathyroid hormone is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium levels. a. True b. False

b. false

Phosphorus absorption is entirely dependent on vitamin D for active transport. a. True b. False

b. false

Protein digestion begins in the mouth a. true b. false

b. false

Protein malnutrition occurs more frequently in adults than young children as a result of decreased physical activity a. true b. false

b. false

The Estimated Average Requirements are generally higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowances: a. true b. false

b. false

Vitamin E donates an electron to vitamin C. a. true b. false

b. false

a ball of chewed food mixed with saliva in the esophagus is called chyme a. true b. false

b. false

adipocytes are where the body stores glucose. a. true b. false

b. false

anecdotal reports are based on scientific evidence a. true b. false

b. false

as long as you obtain nutrition information from an individual who has the title of "nutritionist", it is considered to be reliable and accurate a. true b. false

b. false

biotin deficiency may result from consuming large quantities of cooked eggs. a. true b. false

b. false

chromium competes with zinc to bind to the transfer protein transferrin for transport in blood. a. true b. false

b. false

direct calorimetry is a method of estimating energy use that compares the amount of oxygen consumed to the amount of carbon dioxide expired. a. true b. false

b. false

enteral feeding methods provide all needed nutrients directly into the circulatory system a. true b. false

b. false

essential fatty acids are produced in the body in sufficient quantities so they are not needed in the diet a. true b. false

b. false

food always moves forward int eh small intestine due to peristalsis a. true b. false

b. false

free radicals do not damage the body. a. true b. false

b. false

in order to meet protein requirements, people should take supplements even if their diet is not deficient in protein a. true b. false

b. false

in order to prevent a researcher from introducing bias during the course of a research experiment it would be best to use an experimental design that includes the placebo. a. true b. false

b. false

like sodium, potassium raises blood pressure. a. true b. false

b. false

most animals, including humans, can synthesize vitamin C in the body. a. true b. false

b. false

retinoids are natural pigments synthesized by plants that give color to yellow and red-orange fruits and vegetables. a. true b. false

b. false

selenium functions as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals. a. true b. false

b. false

since iron is water-soluble, toxicity is not a worry. Any excess iron that is ingested is urinated and does not cause health problems. a. true b. false

b. false

the RDA for vitamin D requires a set amount of sunlight exposure each day in order to meet requirements a. true b. false

b. false

the body stores a significant amount of energy as protein. a. true b false

b. false

the body, creating a reserve, stores large quantities of vitamin K. a. true b. false

b. false

the cytoplasm is the cellular organelle responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP for cellular activities a. true b. false

b. false

the process of hydrogenation creates cis fats a. true b. false

b. false

the shape of a protein is NOT important for its function? a. true b. false

b. false

transcription is the process of translation gah emRNA code into the amino acid sequence a polypeptide chain. a. true b. false

b. false

tropical oils come from plants grown in tropical regions and are unsaturated? a. true b. false

b. false

weight loss surgery has very few risks and should be considered for a wide spectrum of individuals a. true b. false

b. false

zinc is not significantly involved in the process of gene expression a. true b. false

b. false

When consumption of __________is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased. a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrate d. water

b. fat

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because: a. vitamin E use increases in the body. b. fat absorption is reduced. c. vitamin E excretion increases. d. vitamin E-containing foods taste bitter to affected individuals

b. fat absorption is reduced

the lymphatic system absorbs: a. all nutrients b. fat soluble nutrients too large to be absorbed into the portal vein c. no nutrients d. none

b. fat soluble nutrients too large to be absorbed into the portal vein

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE? a. They can function in the control of gene expression. b. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods. c. Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate. d. After absorption, they are transported in the lymphatic system.

b. fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods

examples of foods that are the highest in preformed vitamin A compounds include: a. carrots and pumpkins b. fish and dairy products c. mangoes and tangerines d. tomatoes and red peppers

b. fish and dairy products

most body water comes from: a. moisture absorbed through the skin b. fluids we drink c. the foods we eat d. metabolism

b. fluids we drink

mottled teeth re caused by an overabundance of which mineral? a. calcium b. fluoride c. molybdenum d. chromium

b. fluoride

this vitamin, if consumed in adequate amounts during child bearing years, could reduce neural tube defects. a. B6 b. folate c. biotin d. B12

b. folate

when consumed in adequate amounts before conception and early pregnancy, ____ has been shown to prevent as many as 2/3 of all cases of _____: a. vitamin A; immune related disorders b. folate; neural tube defects in new borns c. vitamin D; premature bone loss d. vitamin B6; morning sickness in women e. all of the above f. none of the above

b. folate; neural tube defects in newborns

The food available to a population is estimated using what tool? a. NHANES b. Food disappearance survey c. FAPIII d. TracData

b. food disappearance survey

How does the DASH diet affect blood pressure? a. animal protein decreases blood pressure b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure c. low fat dairy products increase blood pressure d. dietary fiber increases blood pressure.

b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure

If the shape of a protein is altered due to a genetic mutation, the _______________ of the protein may be affected. a. nutritional value b. functionality c. taste d. texture

b. functionality

which one of the following foods is a good source of magnesium? a. beef steak b. garbanzo beans c. applesauce d. canned sardines

b. garbanzo beans

A chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents leak back up into the esophagus causing pain and damaging the esophagus is called: a. an ulcer. b. gastroesophageal reflux disease. c. gallstones. d. irritable bowel syndrome.

b. gastroesophageal reflux

which group contains the highest proportion of individuals who don't meet their calcium requirements? a. boys 9-17 years b. girl 9-17 years c. adult men d. adult women

b. girls 9-17 years

Which of the following hormones assists in normalizing blood glucose levels when blood sugar drops below normal? a. Insulin b. Glucagon c. Interferon d. Pepsin

b. glucagon

The _____________________ reflects a ranking of how specific foods affect blood glucose as compared to the response of a reference food. a. glycemic response b. glycemic index c. gluconeogenic index d. digestibility and solubility index

b. glycemic index

Triglycerides are composed of three chains of fatty acids bound to a_____ backbone. a. lipid b. glycerol c. sterols d. cholesterol

b. glycerol

which of the following is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals? a. glucose b. glycogen c. starch d. oligosaccharides

b. glycogen

To provide glucose to the body between meals: a. fat is broken down. b. glycogen is broken down. c. internal organs are liquified. d. snacks must be consumed.

b. glycogen is broken down

substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called: a. thyroxin interference aggregates b. goitrogens c. homeostatic decoupling agents d. cretinoids

b. goitrogens

the consumption of soda: a. provide necessary nutrients b. has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk c. has remained constant for the last 20 years d. is not a nutritional concern

b. has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk

_______is the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Vitamin B6 is necessary for synthesis of this molecule a. none of these are correct b. hemoglobin c. ferritin d. iron

b. hemoglobin

the UL for sodium intake is ___ mg/day a. 1000 b. 1850 c. 2300 d. one has not been established

c. 2300

a vegan, who does not eat any food from animal sources, would not have to worry about cholesterol intake because: a. he/she could eat coconut oil, which contains cholesterol b. his/her liver will make cholesterol c. omega-3 fats acids from plant sources is converted to cholesterol d. cholesterol is not necessary for cell functioning.

b. his/her liver will make cholesterol

The stimulus which prompts one to eat in response to internal physical cues is best described as: a. appetite. b. hunger. c. behavioral modification. d. satiety.

b. hunger

which statement concerning vitamins is incorrect? a. vitamins are organic compounds b. if a vitamin is not provided by the diet, the body will synthesize it. c. the vitamin content of a food may be affected by cooking and processing d. vitamins are essential for growth, reproduction, and health

b. if a vitamin is not provided by the diet, the body will synthesize it.

which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? a. if dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline b. if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium c. if dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium d. blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of calcium status of bone.

b. if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium

On the MyPlate guide, oils are: a. listed in the fat group. b. included and recommendations are given in teaspoons. c. not given specific consideration. d. considered empty calories.

b. included and recommendation are given in teaspoons

A person eats large amounts of protein sources in the diet but yet ends up with an amino acid deficiency. How could this occurrence happen? a. limited competition exists between amino acids b. Increased absorption of competing amino acids that use the same transport system. c. all diets should include protein supplementation to prevent this type of situation from occurring d. structural differences in amino acids lead to clinical deficiencies as a result of competition.

b. increased absorption of competing amino acids that use the same transport system

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. increasing sodium, potassium, and chlorine intake d. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. increasing sodium, potassium, and chlorine intake d. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

Which hormone is most important for glucose uptake by body cells? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Prolactin d. Ghrelin

b. insulin

which of the following statements about the typical American diet is true? a. intake of whole grains is above the recommended level and less energy is consumed. b. intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended. c. intake of fiber is inadequate and intake of fruits and vegetables is less than recommended. d. intake of fiber is low and fruit and vegetables intake is above recommended levels

b. intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed then expended.

The Chylomicron is the lowest in density and the largest in size of all the lipoproteins. Chylomicrons are assembled in the ________ and transport fat and cholesterol digested from food through the intestinal wall to the ____and other body tissues. a. large intestine---liver b. intestine-liver c. intestine-pancreas d. stomach--- liver

b. intestine, liver

Which trace mineral is an essential component of thyroid hormones? a. chromium. b. iodine. c. iron. d. selenium. e. zinc. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

b. iodine

the trace mineral closely associated with basal metabolic rate is: a. zinc b. iodine c. copper d. selenium

b. iodine

What is the function of iodine? a. iodine increases blood pressure b. iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones. c. iodine decreases the basal metabolic rate. d. iodine stimulates the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormones.

b. iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones

the use of ____ has virtually eliminated goiter from North America a. enriched flour b. iodized salt c. corn oil margarine d. low fat milk

b. iodized salt

consumption of orange juice enhances the absorption of which nutrient? a. glucose b. iron c. zinc d. fluoride

b. iron

According to the World Health Organization, the number one nutritional disorder worldwide is: a. beriberi. b. iron deficiency anemia. c. goiter d. pellagra e. zinc deficiency. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

b. iron deficiency anemia

adequate ___ status decreases absorption of lead. a. chromium b. iron/Fe c. zinc d. manganese

b. iron/Fe

When energy is ingested in excess of needs, the excess: a. is lost as heat. b. is converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue. c. is converted into cholesterol and stored in the liver. d. is metabolized by the muscles and stored as ATP.

b. is converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue

A limiting amino acid: a. does not supply the element nitrogen. b. is present in short supply relative to the body's need. c. cannot be used by the body during protein synthesis. d. is used to synthesize non-protein molecules that contain nitrogen.

b. is presentt in short supply relative to the body's need

When the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts, food: a. flows from the esophagus into the stomach. b. is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach. c. leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. d. is eliminated from the body through the anus.

b. is prevented form reentering the esophagus from the stomach

What is the role of insulin? a. It elevates blood glucose. b. It allows glucose to be taken into the cells of the body. c. It stimulates the breakdown of protein and fat in the body. d. It promotes the synthesis of new glucose.

b. it allows glucose to be taken into the cells of the body

If a "limiting amino acid" is missing in the diet: a. it can be replaced with another during protein synthesis b. it can be synthesized in the body if its non-essential c. gene expression will alter to compensate for it. d. it is usually due to the deamination and burning of that amino acid.

b. it can be synthesized in the body if its non-essential

all of the following are true with regard to weight loss (bariatric) surgery, EXCEPT: a. it dramatically reduces food intake and limits stomach capacity b. it doesn't have any effect on satiety c. it is reserved for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 or at least 35 with additional risk factors d. it produces significant weight loss in obese patients e. all of the above are true with regard to weight loss [bariatric] surgery

b. it does NOT have any effect on satiety

all of the following are true of carotenoid toxicity except: a. it is not toxic to the body b. it is dangerous because of the rapid conversion to retinoids c. it may lead to hypercarotenemia d. it may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers

b. it is dangerous because of the rapid conversion to retinoids

what is the function of iron in the body? a. it regulates protein function in the body b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells c. it transports important nutrients to cells. d. it helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH.

b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.

what is the function of iron in the body? a. it regulates protein function in the body. b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells c. it transports important nutrients to cells d. it helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH.

b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to the cells

why might thiamin deficiency cause neurological symptoms? a. it is required for amino acid synthesis b. it is necessary for synthesis of acetylcholine. c. it is essential to the formation of the myelin sheath d. it can be easily denatured

b. it is necessary for synthesis of acetylcholine

all of the following are true of osteomalacia except: a. it occurs in adults. b. it is not caused by decreased mineral content of bone c. it often leads to fractures of weight-bearing bones d. it causes bone pain, muscle aches and weakness

b. it is not caused by decreased mineral content of bone

During triglyceride metabolism, what is the fate of the glycerol backbone? a. it may enter the metabolic pathway as acetyl-CoA b. it may be used to produce a small amount of glucose c. it may be converted into an unsaturated fatty acid. d. it may be used to produce bile

b. it may be used to produce a small amount of glucose

Scientists and health authorities categorize fiber according to its source in foods, whether naturally occurring or added during manufacturing, as well as by: a. the number of calories it provides b. its solubility in water c. the number of monosaccharide molecules d. its digestibility by amylase. e. its color before processing f.none

b. its solubility in water

the energy provided by foods is measured in: a. BTUs b. kilocalories c. thermal equivalents d. watts

b. kilocalories

why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements? a. phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption. b. large amount of these minerals are present in the diet. c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization d. small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status.

b. large amount of these minerals are present in the diet. OR c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium? a. Processed foods, fruits, milk b. Leafy greens, nuts, seeds c. Nuts, processed foods, cheese d. Seeds, fruits, cheese, milk

b. leafy greens, nuts, and seeds

_____________ is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level. a. Thyroxine b. Leptin c. Gherlin d. Insulin

b. leptin

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to: a. heat. b. light and oxygen. c. cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator. d. fat.

b. light and oxygen

After water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the __________ via the ___________. a. kidneys; capillaries b. liver; hepatic portal vein c. gall bladder; bile duct d. pancreas; lacteals

b. liver; hepatic portal vein

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by: a. reduced exposure to sunlight b. long term use of antibiotics c. use of formula instead of breastmilk d. kidney disease

b. long term use of antibiotics

Which of the following physical activity level describes a person who walks 2.2 miles at a rate of 3-4 mph in addition to the activities of daily living? a. Sedentary b. Low active c. Active d. Very active

b. low active

What enzyme prevents bacterial growth in the mouth? a. Amylase b. Lysozyme c. Bacteriocidase d. Lipase

b. lysozyme

what is a function of magnesium? a. magnesium maintains acid-base balance b. magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood. c. magnesium activates vitamin A. d. magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease

b. magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood.

which of the following is not a function of ascorbic acid? a. antioxidant b. maintains myelin sheath c. supports immune function d. aids in collagen production e. enhances iron absorption

b. maintains myelin sheath

what is the name of the nitrogen group released by deamination? a. metabolizing amino acids to produce energy b. manufacturing enzymes c. producing glucose form amino acids d. converting amino acids to fat

b. manufacturing enzymes

Which of the following is most likely to result from a chronic deficiency of protein and energy? a. PKU b. Marasmus c. Gallstones d. Increased resistance to infection

b. marasmus

Where do most people in the U.S. get their nutritional information? a. dietitians b. mass media (television, magazines, newspapers) c. physicians d. talk radio

b. mass media

The urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove: a. unabsorbed food residue. b. metabolic waste products. c. excess calories. d. all of these choices are correct.

b. metabolic waste products

high intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of _____ in the mucosal cells. a. ferritin b. metallothionein c. transferrin d. zinc oxide dismutase

b. metallothionein

The absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by the presence of: a. sphincters. b. microvilli. c. enterocytes. d. gastric pits.

b. microvilli

which of the following is true about minerals? a. minerals are organic molecules b. minerals can be structural components c. minerals are destroyed by heat d. all of these statements are true

b. minerals can be structural components

which of the following statements is true regarding minerals? a. environmental sources of minerals cannot lead to toxicity. b. minerals that are essential in small doses can be toxic if consumed in excess. c. deficiencies always cause symptoms that impact short-term health d. deficiencies rarely have long term effects on health

b. minerals that are essential in small does can be toxic if consumed in excess.

which is the true statement about iron losses? a. when red blood cells die, the iron in the cells is excreted. b. most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss. c. there is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract. d. iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted through the large intestine.

b. most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: a. stomach with rennin. b. mouth with salivary amylase. c. small intestine with lactase. d. mouth with lingual lipase.

b. mouth with salivary amylase

carbohydrate digestion begins in the: a. stomach with rennin b. mouth with salivary amylase c. small intestine with lactase d. none of the above

b. mouth with salivary amylase

zinc transport proteins: a. export zinc to the lumen when zinc intake is high. b. move zinc from the lumen to the mucosal cells when zinc intake is high. c. stimulate metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake. d. inhibit metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake

b. move zinc from the lumen to the mucosal cells when zinc intake is high

Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins that the body needs to become _________ hormones, and blood. a. energy, energy reserves b. muscle, enzymes c. adipose, cellulose d. all answer choices are correct

b. muscles, enzymes

trace minerals are a. need by the body in 100 milligram amounts or more b. needed by the body in 100 milligram amounts or less c. found in foods in 100 milligrams per serving or less d. found in foods in 100 milligrams per serving or more

b. needed by the body in 100 milligram amounts or less

the vitamin that is sometimes given as a prescription to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol is: a. riboflavin b. niacin c. pyridoxine d. thiamin e. vitamin E f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. niacin

when vitamin A is deficient, what situation can occur? a. liver damage b. night blindness c. birth defects d. blurred vision

b. night blindness

The pharynx is a cavity shared by the digestive tract and the: a. urinary tract. b. respiratory tract. c. pancreatic duct. d. common bile duct.

b. respiratory tract

why is eating a variety of foods important? a. Choosing a variety of foods prevents excessive nutrient intake. b. No one food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health. c. It helps to maintain a healthy weight. d. It ensures adequate energy intake for normal growth and development.

b. no one food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health

alpha-linolenic acid is an example of what type of fatty acid? a. monounsaturated b. omega-3 fatty acid c. saturated d. omega-6 fatty acid

b. omega-3 fatty acid

the shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar as an example of: a. condensation b. osmosis c. alkalosis d. diffusion

b. osmosis

What factor affects the amount of water in different body compartments? a. dietary protein b. osmotic balance c. nerve conduction d. muscle contraction

b. osmotic balance

During bone remodeling, what cells build bone? a. Osteocortical b. Osteoblasts c. Osteoclasts d. Osteocortisol

b. osteoblasts

Which one of the statement is true about our present eating habits? a. Increased use of processed and convenience food saves both time and money b. Our modern food supply includes an endless assortment of eating options. c. More young adults are being trained to cook full meals. d. Today's families are enjoying most of their meals leisurely at home.

b. our modern food supply includes endless assortment of eating options.

trace mineral toxicity might be seen in cases of a. overeating high protein foods b. overuse of mineral supplements c. starvation d. overeating fruits and vegetables

b. overuse of mineral supplements

Red blood cells, nerve cells and lung cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to free radical damage because of the high_____ content. a. fluid b oxygen c. all answer choices are correct d. hydrogen

b. oxygen

Which organ produces the lipase enzyme that accomplishes the bulk of lipid digestion? a. Stomach b. Pancreas c. Mouth d. Liver

b. pancreas

The concentration of glucose in the blood is primarily regulated by: a. pancreatic enzymes. b. pancreatic hormones. c. enzymes in the membranes of cells lining the small intestine. d. hormones released by the GI tract.

b. pancreatic hormones

all of the following statements regarding the relationship between dietary fat and obesity are true except: a. fat is energy-dense, contributing more calories per gram to a diet b. people have a tendency to consume a larger volume of food when it contains fat c. fat is less satiating than carbohydrate, so you consume more calories before you feel full. d.it takes less energy for the body to use fat, and excess fat is stored efficiently

b. people have a tendency to consume a larger volume of food when it contains fat

______a stomach enzyme, initiates the break-down process by fragmenting proteins into peptides. a. Protease b. Pepsin c. Lipase d. Rennin

b. pepsin

Linkage of amino acids in a protein molecule is accomplished by: a. denaturation b. peptide bonds c. transamination d. connection of acid groups

b. peptide bonds

Which of the following is used to make the lipid bilayer found in cell membranes in the body? a. Saturated fatty acids. b. Phospholipids. c. Trans fatty acids. d. Eicosanoids.

b. phospholipids

Limiting the intake of what nutrients could maximize dietary calcium and bone maintenance? a. Iron, phosphorus, fluoride b. Phosphorus, protein, sodium c. Sodium, iron, nickel d. Protein, fluoride, nickel

b. phosphorous, protein, sodium

the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet is better characterized by: a. high intake of fruits and vegetables, but no dairy foods b. plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, with lean protein and low fat dairy foods c. abundant whole and refined grains and high protein foods, but low in dairy d. plenty of high-protein and dairy foods

b. plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with lean protein and low fat dairy foods

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in: a. older adults. b. premature infants. c. teenagers. d. pregnant women.

b. premature infants

The amino acid pool refers to amino acids: a. which are soluble in bodily fluids. b. present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP. c. which are used by the body for building muscle tissue. d. which the body is not able to make and must be supplied by the diet.

b. present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP.

which of the following changes the amount of protein that is produced during gene expression? a. vitamin A b. protein receptor c. mRNA d. DNA

b. protein receptor

the role of folate in DNA synthesis makes it particularly important in: a. lipid synthesis b. rapidly dividing cells c. nerve cells d. old age

b. rapidly dividing cells

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to: a. prevent anemia. b. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. c. modulate iron levels. d. support night vision.

b. regulate calcium and phosphorous levels

major minerals (or "macro minerals" are a. require in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day b. required in amounts more than 100 milligrams per day c. large molecules d. heavy molecules

b. required in amounts more than 100 milligrams per day

which visual pigment is formed by the combination of retinal vitamin A and opsin that allows for perception of light? a. retinol-bindingprotein b. rhodopsin c. retinoic acid d. keratin

b. rhodopsin

milk often is supplied in opaque or cardboard containers to safeguard what vitamin? a. calcium b. riboflavin c. A d. D

b. riboflavin

Immune cells within the lining of blood vessels have _____________ receptors which mediate the uptake of oxidized LDL cholesterol. a. LDL b. scavenger c. foam d. insulin

b. scavenger

all of the following statements are true of selenium EXCEPT: a. selenium deficiency can lead to a heart disease called KAshan disease b. selenium supplementation above the RDA can reduce the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancers. c. selenium supplements could increase the incidence of skin cancer d. seafood is an excellent source of selenium

b. selenium supplementation above the RDA can reduce the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancers.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the: a. ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in the polypeptide chain. b. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. c. carbon to nitrogen ratio in the polypeptide chain. d. the number of peptide bonds present in the polypeptide chain.

b. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Most body reactions occur in what type of solution? a. Very basic b. Slightly basic c. Neutral d. Slightly acidic

b. slightly basic

which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk? a. smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it. b. smoking and drinking both increase risk. c. smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it. d. smoking and drinking both decrease risk

b. smoking and drinking both increase it.

Which type of dietary fiber blocks bile reabsorption and promotes dietary cholesterol excretion? a. Insoluble fiber b. Soluble fiber c. Dilutional fiber d. Nutritional fiber

b. soluble fiber

What is meant by a set point for body weight? a. consistent physical activity. b. stable weight range c. constant body composition d. strict weight control plan

b. stable weight range

Where does chemical digestion of protein begin? a. mouth b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestine

b. stomach

Where does the digestion of protein BEGIN? a. mouth b. Stomach c. small intestine

b. stomach

where does lipid digestion begin? a. mouth b. stomach c. liver d. small intestine

b. stomach

heartburn occurs when: a. the cardiovascular system is in distress b. stomach acid leaks into the esophagus c. gastrointestinal enzymes work overtime d. small meals are eaten.

b. stomach acid leaks into the esophagus

normal absorption of vitamin B12 requires which body parts to be healthy? a. small intestine, colon, gall bladder b. stomach, pancreas, small intestine c. pancreas, small intestine, colon d. liver, small intestine, gallbladder

b. stomach pancreas, small intestine

which of the following statements is true regarding zinc deficiency? a. symptomatic deficiency is only found in those who lack the ability to absorb zinc. b. symptoms often resemble deficiencies of other nutrients c. Americans typically consume more than the recommended amount of zinc. d. a diet high in phytates, fiber, tannins, and oxalates decrease the risk of deficiency.

b. symptoms often resemble deficiencies of other nutrients.

which of the following would not enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements? a. consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef. b. taking it with a calcium supplement c. taking the supplement with a meal containing fish d. consuming it with orange juice

b. taking it with a calcium supplement

which of the following statements is true about fluoride? a. aluminum cookware increases fluoride content of food. b. teflon increases fluoride content of food. c. toothpaste doesn't contribute significantly to fluoride in the body. d. tea is a significant source of fluorine in the body.

b. teflon increases fluoride content of food

What is true about water movement across cell membrane? a. water moves to the compartment with the lowest concentration of solute. b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure. c. extra protein in the diet promotes fluid retention in body cells. d. the concentration of solute remains constant among the body compartments.

b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure.

what is true about trace elements? a. boron may be involved in vitamin C metabolism. b. the arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic c. nickel plays a role in calcium deposition in the bones d. silicon promotes muscle contraction and relaxation.

b. the arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic

Which one of the following statements describes the cell? a. the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element. b. the basic structural and functional unit of plant and animal life. c. formed from two or more atoms of the same element bonded together. d. structural units are made from only organic molecules

b. the basic structural and functional unit of plant and animal life.

Which Dietary Guideline addresses the problem of overweight and obesity? a. physical activity b. weight management c. adequate nutrients within kcalorie needs d. food groups to encourage

b. weight management

an electrical charge or membrane potential exists across nerve cell membranes because: a. the membrane is permeable to sodium ions b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in c. the membrane is impermeable to all ions d. water can slow freely across the membrane

b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in.

a calorie is defined as: a. the energy required to raise 1 mg of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. b. the energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius c. a molecule that provide energy to cells. d. a by-product of carbohydrate and fat metabolism e. no answer is correct

b. the energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius.

what role does selenium have in cancer development? a. the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group. b. the incidence of skin cancer is low when selenium intake is high. c. selenium has no effect on cancer development d. selenium supplements have been shown to benefit the general population

b. the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.

All of the following statements provide reasons why fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occur except: a. the rising reliance on fast food b. the increase of fat in our diet c. use of sunscreen while outdoors d. intake of medications that limit fat absorption

b. the increase of fat in our diet

which statement is true about the digestive tract? a. it include the stomach and the pancreas b. the liver and the pancreas are NOT accessory organs. c. food in the lumen is outside the body cells. d. undigested food enters the liver

b. the liver and pancreas are NOT accessory organs

Aerobic metabolism occurs in: a. the cytoplasm of a cell. b. the mitochondria of a cell. c. the nucleus of a cell. d. none of these choices is correct.

b. the mitochondria of the cell

Why is niacin deficiency associated with the consumption of corn-based diet? a. corn contains an ingredient that destroys the niacin b. the niacin in corn is bound, decreasing its absorption. c. the pancreas doesn't secrete enough enzymes to digest the niacin found in corn d. the tryptophan that is required for niacin absorption is not available in corn.

b. the niacin in corn is bound, decreasing its absorption

What is true about a person with a "healthy" weight? a. they person has no body fat. b. the person has a low risk for disease c. the person lacks insulation against changes in temperature d. the person has a high risk for early death

b. the person has a low risk for disease

what is true about night vision? a. looking into the bright headlights of an approaching car at night is permanently blinding. b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient. c. night blindness is an irreversible symptom of vitamin A deficiency d. the visual cycle begins when light passes into he eye and strikes the optic nerve.

b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient

Stomach emptying is affected by all of the following EXCEPT: a. the nutrient composition of a meal. b. the time of day the meal is consumed. c. the meal consistency (liquid versus solid). d. emotional states (sadness, anger, stress).

b. the time of day the meal is consumed

How does fat intake affect our health? a. diets high in unsaturated fat and cholesterol are associated with heart disease and cancer. b. the type of fat may be more important than total fat in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. c. red meats and dairy products are low in saturated fat and cholesterol d. meals prepared at home tend to be higher in energy and fat than restaurant meals.

b. the type of fat may be more important than total fat in reducing risk of chronic disease

folic acid supplements are most frequently recommended for: a. post-menopausal women b. women who may become pregnant c. toddlers d. the elderly

b. the women who may become pregnant

characteristics of water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except: a. they all function as coenzymes b. they are stored in muscle and liver c. most circulate freely in the blood d. they dissolve or disperse in water e. they are easily destroyed or removed during food preparation f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. they are stored in muscle and liver

why must some amino acids be consumed in the diet? a. they are more important than others b. they cannot be synthesized by the body. c. they are more susceptible to environmental insults. d. they have a more complex structure than others.

b. they cannot be synthesized by the body

Which one of the following statements is true regarding sugar substitutes? a. They are not safe for anyone to use. b. They help manage blood glucose levels for diabetics. c. They are beneficial in long term weight management. d. They increase the incidence of dental caries.

b. they help manage blood glucose levels for diabetics

What is true about triglycerides? a. they always contain a phosphate group. b. they may contain any combination of fatty acids. c. they act as emulsifiers d. their structure consists of multiple rings

b. they may contain any combination of fatty acids

Which of the following is true regarding "qualified" health claims? a. They result from significant scientific agreement. b. They must be accompanied by a statement of explanation. c. Their use on food labels does not require FDA approval. d. They can only be used on dietary supplements.

b. they must be accompanied by a statement of explanation.

What is true about the function of proteins in the body? a. they provide an efficient energy source for the body b. they transport substances through the body c. they delay metabolic reactions d. they function effectively in a wide range of pH levels.

b. they transport substances throughout the body.

beriberi is a disease caused by lack of ______ in the diet. a. riboflavin b. thiamin c. vitamin C d. niacin

b. thiamin

weight loss is generally recommended for: a. all individuals b. those who are overweight with related disease conditions c. overweight children and adolescents d. pregnant women

b. those who are overweight with related disease conditions

What does research reveal about overweight and obese individuals? a. those who gained the most weight had the greatest levels of involuntary exercise. b. those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity. c. obese individuals use more calories for NEAT than lean people. d. environment has no bearing on genetic susceptibility.

b. those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity

The function of bile in triglyceride digestion is: a. to hydrolyze (split) the bond that attaches fatty acids to glycerol. b. to break fat into small globules. c. facilitate the formation of chylomicrons. d. to bind and transport lipids in the blood.

b. to break fat in small globules

The function of sphincters in the digestive tract is: a. to coordinate muscular contractions that propel food forward. b. to regulate the flow of food. c. to control the release of bile. d. to regulate enzymatic reactions.

b. to regulate the flow of food

What factor might increase the risk of osteoporosis? a. weight-bearing exercise b. tobacco use c. regular sun exposure d. adequate calcium intake

b. tobacco use

all of the following are true of pantothenic acid except: a. it is widely distributed in foods b. toxicity is relatively common c. it forms part of coenzyme A, which is needed for energy metabolism d. deficiency is rare is humans

b. toxicity is relatively common.

Which statement most accurately depicts the difference in obesity trends between 1990 and 2009? a. The trend between 1990 and 2007 reveals a decrease in the overall obesity rate. b. Trended results show a proportional increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity. c. Trended results show a slight increase in the presence of states with less than 20% obesity. d. Results for Eastern seaboard states remain unchanged.

b. trended results show a proportional increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity

As the cells take in glucose after a meal, blood glucose levels return to normal. a. False b. True

b. true

The waste product resulting from the deamination of a protein is: a. ketone bodies. b.urea. c. lactate. d. CO2.

b. urea

the body loses the most water through: a. perspiration b. urine c. feces d. respiration

b. urine

which of the following factors contributes least to the obesity epidemic? a. accessibility of foods b. using sugar in soft drinks c. increased portion sizes d. limited time to prepare meals

b. using sugar in soft drinks

A pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called: a. lacto-ovo vegetarian. b. vegan vegetarian. c. phyto vegetarian. d. pesco vegetarian

b. vegan vegetarian

Which group of individuals is least sensitive to salt intake? a. Diabetics b. Vegetarians c. Elderly d. African Americans

b. vegetarians

what is a function of vitamin B12 a. vitamin B12 promotes the absorption of tryptophan b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission c. vitamin B12 is essential for fat metabolism d. vitamin B12 is necessary for muscle formation

b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission

what is a function of vitamin B12? a. Vitamin B12 promotes the absorption of tryptophan. b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission c. Vitamin B12 is essential for fat metabolism d. Vitamin B12 is necessary for muscle formation

b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission

which nutrient deficiencies can be a problem for vegetarians, particularly vegans? a. omega-3 fatty acids, folate, selenium b. vitamin B12, calcium, iron c. protein, vitamin A, vitamin B6 d. zinc, fiber, vitamin C

b. vitamin B12, calcium, iron

What is true about the function of vitamin D? a. Vitamin D inactivates cancerous cells. b. vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys. c. Vitamin D decreases the production of intestinal calcium transport proteins. d. Vitamin D binds to protein in the cytoplasm of most cells.

b. vitamin D works parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by kidneys

Which statement is NOT true? a. vitamins are only needed in small amounts b. vitamins are inorganic molecules c. vitamins do not provide any energy d. vitamins are used to regulate body processes

b. vitamins are inorganic molecules

body temperature is regulated by: a. sodium b. water c. potassium d. protein

b. water

which of the following statements is incorrect relating to the role of the water? a. you can survive only a few days without water b. water will keep you thin c. water play a part in moving food through the GI tract d. water makes up 75% of our bodies

b. water will keep you thin

Body mass index is calculated by: a. weight in kg/height in m b. weight in kg/ (height in m)2 c. weight in kg/height in inches d. (weight in kg)2/ height in m

b. weight in kg/ (height in m)2

Which Dietary Guideline addresses the problem of overweight and obesity? a. Physical activity b. Weight management c. Adequate nutrients within kcalorie needs d. Food groups to encourage

b. weight management

he Dietary Reference Intakes: a. were developed in response to deficiency risk during World War II. b. were developed in response to increased risk of chronic, diet-related diseases. c. are based on the amount needed to prevent deficiencies. d. were first published in 1943.

b. were developed in response to increased risk of chronic, diet-related diseases.

the Dietary reference intakes: a. were developed in response to deficiency risk during WWII b. were developed in response to increased risk on chronic, diet-related disease. c. are based on the amount needed to prevent deficiencies d. were published in 1943.

b. were developed in response to increased risk on chronic, diet-related disease.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of chromium? a. After absorption, chromium is bound to transferrin for transport in the blood. b. When chromium is deficient, insulin production slows. c. Chromium is involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. d. Chromium is needed for normal insulin action.

b. when chromium is deficient, insulin production slows

Daily Values are based on a ___________ kcalorie diet. a. 1000 b. 1500 c. 2000 d. 2500

c. 2000

When an individual hasn't consumed enough water, what happens? a. Blood volume increases, solute concentration decreases b. ADH is suppressed, water is reabsorbed into the blood c. Blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases d. ADH is increased, excess water is released in urine

c, blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases

Kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout. HE should consume a minimum of ____ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid. a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 1.5 d. 2

c. 1.5

hypertension is very common, affecting ____ of adults in the U.S. a. 1/10 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2

c. 1/3

the recommended intake of calcium for adults is _____ mg/day. a. 500-700 b. 800-1000 c. 1000-1200 d. 1300-1500

c. 1000-1200

Which statement is true about hamburger that is labeled 80% lean? a. 80% of the kcalories are from protein and 20% are from fat b. This is the leanest ground beef that can be purchased c. 20% of the weight of the meat is fat d. 80% of the kcalories are from fat

c. 20% of the weight of the meat is fat

What is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbohydrate and 4 grams of protein? a. 51 kcals b. 145 kcals c. 239 kcals d. 319 kcals

c. 239 kcals

Overweight is defined as having a body mass index of _____kg/m2. a. 30-34.9 b. 35-39.9 c. 25-29.9 d. 20-24.9

c. 25-29.9

A 2000 calorie diet in which carbohydrate provides 50% of the calories would provide how many grams of carbohydrate? a. 140 b. 200 c. 250 d. 400

c. 250; .50 x 2000/4

Approximately at what age do both men and women slowly begin to lose bone? a. 25 b. 15 c. 35 d. 45

c. 35

a food with 180 total calories and 7 grams of fat has ____% of calories from fat. a. 70 b. 50 c. 35 d. 10

c. 35

The AMDR for carbohydrate intake for a healthy diet has been set at ______ of the total energy required. a. 10-15% b. 30-45% c. 45-65% d. 65-80%

c. 45-65%

A person consumes a meal consisting of 38 grams of protein, 20 grams of fat and 65 grams of carbohydrates. The amount of total energy based on this meal is: a. 527 calories b. 472 calories c. 592 calories d. 557 kcalories

c. 592 kcalories

approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water? a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80%

c. 60%

For a 2,000 kcalorie level, how many servings of fruits and vegetables does the DASH eating plan propose? a. 3-5 b. 6-8 c. 8-10 d. 10-12

c. 8-10

the AI for potassium intake is: a. similar to that for sodium b. not established c. >2x than that of sodium d. less than 20% of that for sodium

c. >2x than that of sodium

Deficiencies of vitamins _____ and _____ are most common in developing countries. a. A & E b. D & K c. A & D d. E & K

c. A & D

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between amylose and amylopectin? a. Amylose is an oligosaccharide and amylopectin is a type of glycogen. b. Amylose is a storage form of starch and amylopectin is a form of fiber. c. Amylose contains straight molecules of glucose whereas amylopectin is made of up branched chain molecules of glucose. d. Amylose is made of glucose molecules and amylopectin is made of glycogen molecules.

c. Amylose contains straight molecules of glucose whereas amylopectin is made of up branched chain molecules of glucose.

pernicious anemia results from a deficiency in: a. vitamin C b. pantothenic acid c. B12 d. niacin

c. B12

Elevated homocysteine is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In clinical studies, which vitamins have been shown to decrease homocysteine levels in the blood? a. vitamin A,C, & E b. riboflavin, A, and folate c. B6, folate, and B12 d. pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin

c. B6, folate, and B12

Which of the following statements is TRUE about scientific method? a. A theory is an educated guess made to explain an observation. b. The first step of the scientific method is to make a hypothesis. c. Experimental results may or may not prove the hypothesis to be true. d. A single experiment is enough to develop a scientific theory.

c. Experimental results may or may not prove the hypothesis to be true.

In order to decrease the likelihood of dental caries, which dietary planning choice would provide the best possible outcome? a. Decrease the intake of bananas in the diet as they contribute a large amount of natural sugar. b. Decrease the intake of dairy food products as they are associated with large amounts of hidden sugars. c. Limit the amount of soda ingested in the diet and when soda is ingested, decrease the time spent sipping. d. Decrease the intake of starchy vegetables such as squash or potatoes in the diet as they contribute a large amount of natural sugar.

c. Limit the amount of soda ingested in the diet and when soda is ingested, decrease the time spent sipping.

Which one of the following statement describes a correct function of nutrients? a. Carbohydrates are involved in oxygen transport b. Proteins are used to harden bone. c. Lipids can be used as regulatory molecules. d. Vitamins form and maintain body structure.

c. Lipids can be used as regulatory molecules

What does the "Daily Value" represent? a. Reference values established for vitamins and minerals. b. Reference values for protein, carbohydrates, and fats. c. Reference values for nutrients in a food to help consumers see how foods fit into their overall diets. d. Reference values established for cholesterol, sodium, fiber, and sugars.

c. Reference values for nutrients in a food to help consumers see how foods fit into their overall diets.

Which is the FALSE statement regarding RDAs? a. RDAs recommend amounts of nutrients that can serve as a goal for individual intake. b. The RDAs are one component of the DRIs. c. The EARs are derived from the RDAs. d. RDAs are often used in menu planning.

c. The EARs are derived from the RDAs.

Which of the following is NOT true of early nutrition recommendations? a. Recommendations were made to include fruits and green vegetables into a healthy diet and milk in children's diets. b. Dietary standards were established based on what the average working person ate in a typical day. c. The World Health Organization made the first nutrition recommendations. d. The Industrial Revolution led to large numbers of homeless and hungry people not meeting nutrition needs.

c. The World Health Organization made the first nutrition recommendations.

hich of the following is NOT true of early nutrition recommendations? a. Recommendations were made to include fruits and green vegetables into a healthy diet and milk in children's diets. b. Dietary standards were established based on what the average working person ate in a typical day. c. The World Health Organization made the first nutrition recommendations. d. The Industrial Revolution led to large numbers of homeless and hungry people not meeting nutrition needs.

c. The World Health Organization made the first nutrition recommendations.

Which of the following statements about Type 1 diabetes is correct? a. This type of disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin. b. Obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease. c. The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. d. Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes.

c. The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

Which of the following statements about the assessment of food intake is FALSE? a. Food frequency questionnaires do not give specific information about an individual's food intake. b. Food records are reliable but individuals may change their usual intake while recording his or her intake. c. The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes. d. Food intake records should include one weekend day for greatest accuracy.

c. The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes.

What is the purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a. They encourage Americans to eat acceptable foods and limit variety. b. They specify amounts of nutrients and food components Americans should consume. c. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices to promote health. d. They target people with chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.

c. They suggest overall diet and lifestyle choices to promote health.

Which of the following types of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease? a. Gestational b. Type 2 c. Type 1 d. All of these choices are correct

c. Type 1

Which reference value is set well above the needs of every health American but will not cause toxicity symptoms if intake from supplements is below this value? a. EAR b. RDA c. UL d. AI

c. UL

Which reference value is set well above the needs of every healthy American but will not cause toxicity symptoms if intake from supplements is below this value? a. EAR b. RDA c. UL d. AI

c. UL

Which of the following statements is true about food made from whole grains? a. whole grain foods have been processed to remove bran. b. whole grain foods use only endosperm, since it is abundant in Vitamin E. c. whole grain foods contain bran, germ, and endosperm. d. whole grain foods contain only the endosperm, which has most of the protein.

c. Whole grain foods contain bran, germ, and endosperm

The most common cause of ulcers is: a. chronic use of the pain reliever Tylenol. b. eating large amounts of acidic foods such as peppers and tomatoes. c. a bacterial infection. d. stress.

c. a bacterial infection

The absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion requires: a. a carrier molecule. b. energy. c. a concentration gradient. d. all of these choices are correct.

c. a concentration gradient

iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in: a. blockage of arteries leading to the heart. b. a Dowager's hump c. a goiter d. shortness of breath

c. a goiter

Sucrose is composed of: a. many molecules of glucose linked together. b. two molecules of glucose. c. a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose. d. two molecules of fructose.

c. a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose

Which of the following would be the LEAST reliable source of information about herbal supplements? a. A government publication b. A dietitian c. A pamphlet published by the health food store d. A peer-reviewed article available on the Internet

c. a pamphlet published by the health food store

Coenzyme function in the body based on their: a. protein structure to facilitate chemical reactions b. large non-organic molecular structure c. ability to combine with enzymes. d. lipoprotein structure

c. ability to combine with enzymes

The Adequate Intake for fiber is 38 g per day for men and 25 g per day for women; what is the typical intake for Americans? a. About 5 g per day b. About 10 g per day c. About 15 g per day d. About 20 g per day

c. about 15 g per day

immune activity in the GI tract includes: a. lymphocytes acting as antigens b. red blood cells acting as phagocytes c. acid in the stomach killing most bacteria. d. food allergies, indicating a lack of immune response

c. acid in the stomach killing most bacteria

DNA is synthesized in the nucleus of the cell. _____ folate must be present before the process can begin. a. Mineralized b. Acclerated c. Activated d. Chelated

c. activated

An individual who exercises at moderate intensity for 60 minutes per day would be considered: a. sedentary. b. low active. c. active. d. very active.

c. active

what is the name of the process that transports substances across a cell membrane with eh aid of a carrier and energy expenditure? a. passive diffusion b. simple diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis.

c. active transport

the most variable component of an individual's total energy expenditure is: a. basal metabolism b. thermic effect of food c. activity energy expenditure d. meal timing and composition e. none of the above

c. activity energy expenditure

Which of the following are considered to be a characteristic of a nutrient? a. all nutrient provide energy to the body b. all nutrients are composed of inorganic molecules c. all essential nutrients must be provided by dietary sources. d. Over 70% of Americans consume dietary supplements to meet nutrient needs.

c. all essential nutrient must be provided by dietary sources.

_____, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed at the mucosal cells of the small intestine a. Polyglycerides b. Polypeptides c. Amino acids d. Proteins

c. amino acids

Unlike carbohydrates and triglycerides, _____are not stored. a. monosaccharides and glucose b.acetic acids and proteins c. amino acids and proteins d. glycerides and fatty acids

c. amino acids and proteins

what end product of deamination is released into the urine? a. nitrosamine b. uric acid c. ammonia d. urea

c. ammonia

What initially causes an atherosclerotic plaque to begin developing? a. An essential fatty acid deficiency. b. Low blood pressure. c. An injury to the artery wall. d. All of these choices are correct.

c. an injury to the artery wall

high-quality protein is found in: a. animal proteins only b. plant proteins only c. animal and soy proteins d. none of these choices

c. animal and soy proteins

food allergies: a. cause skin symptoms only b. are rare in infants c. are triggered by incompletely digested proteins d. are worse the first time the offending food is eaten

c. are triggered by incompletely digested proteins

Amino acids found in the amino acid pool of the body: a. can be used to generate energy 9 kilocalories per gram. b. exist in a static environment c. are used to synthesize both protein and non-protein molecules. d. are provided for solely by dietary intake

c. are used to synthesize both protein an non-protein molecules

all of these substances decrease non-heme iron absorption except: a. fiber b. tannins c. ascorbic acid d. oxalates

c. ascorbic acid

A person who is been diagnosed with PKU (Phenylketonuria) should refrain from consuming which sugar alternative? a. Stevia b. Saccharin c. Aspartame d. Sucralose

c. aspartame

The correct sequence of the organization of life from atoms to organisms is: a. molecules, atoms, cells, and tissues b. atoms, cells, molecules, and tissues c. atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues d. cells, atoms and molecules

c. atoms, molecules, cells and tissues

This process of _____ removes carbons in groups of two to produce acetyl-CoA molecules and high energy electrons and occurs in the mitochondrion. a. alpha-oxidation b. citric Acid cycle c. beta-oxidation d. enzymatic digestion

c. beta-oxidation

Which process in the body is the first step in obtaining energy from fats in the diet? a. Glycolysis b. Hydrogenation c. Beta oxidation d. Fermentation

c. beta-oxidation

What term refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body? a. nutrient density b. absorption rate c. bioavailability d. volumetrics

c. bioavailability

Which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body? a. absorption b. assimilation c. bioavailability d. functionality

c. bioavailability

Which is true about biotin deficiency? a. biotin deficiency is only found when raw eggs are consumed b. biotin deficiency leads to the formation of weak bones. c. biotin deficiency is common in people dependent on feeding tubes. d. biotin deficiency is best avoided by using fortified foods.

c. biotin deficiency is common in people dependent on feeding tubes

iron is transports in what protein? a. hemoglobin b. heme c. blood transferrin d. ferritin

c. blood transferrin

when blood calcium levels are low, calcium comes from: a. solid food b. beverages c. bone d. liver tissue

c. bone

after 35 to 45 years of age: a. bone formation exceeds bone breakdown b. bone formation is equal to bone breakdown c. bone breakdown exceeds bone formation d. the skeleton is typically weak and fractures easily

c. bone breakdown exceeds bone formation

which of the following is not a role of vitamin A? a. epithelial tissue maintenance b. reproduction c. bone maintenance d. immune cell prodcution

c. bone maintainance

absorbed nutrients pass into the: a. cardiovascular system b. lymphatic system c. both

c. both

an understanding of the term malnutrition includes: a. that there is no consequence to an individual's overall future health if the occurrence is resolved b. only a decrease in consumption of nutrients c. both an increase and decrease in the consumption of nutrients. d. an association with favorable health outcomes

c. both an increase or decrease in the consumption of nutrients

from the list below, which electrolytes are found primarily outside of the cell? a. sodium b. chloride c. both sodium and chloride d. potassium e. all answers are correct

c. both sodium and chloride

Enzymes attached to the______ of small intestinal villi complete the digestion of carbohydrates. a. sides b. ileum c. brush border d. jejeunem

c. brush border

the most abundant mineral in the body is: a. potassium b. sodium c. calcium d. magnesium

c. calcium

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is: a. related to acute toxicity. b. caused by eating egg yolks. c. called hypercarotenemia. d. related to jaundice, when the whites of the eyes turn yellow.

c. called hypercarotenemia

Which statement is true about restaurant and vending machine food labeling? a. All restaurants must include calorie counts on their menus. b. Vending machine food does not require food labels. c. Calorie information must be posted at the drive through window of fast food chains. d. Fast food chains must print fat content of foods on the menus

c. calorie information must be posted at the drive through window of fast food chains

Information on a food label includes all of the following except: a. serving size b. calories per serving c. calories from carbohydrates d. calories from fat.

c. calories from carbohydrates

Information on a food label includes all of the following except: a. serving size. b. calories per serving. c. calories from carbohydrates. d. calories from fat.

c. calories from carbohydrates

An oligosaccharide is a: a. disaccharide found in fruits and vegetables. b. storage form of plant starch. c. carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units. d. form of artificial sweetener.

c. carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units

to prevent the formation of ketone bodies from fatty acid breakdown, which nutrient needs to present in sufficient quantity? a. proteins b. vitamins c. carbohydrates d. minerals

c. carbohydrates

The carrier molecule provides a ____ for the nutrient to cross the cell membrane. a. fluid b. protein c. channel d. carbohydrate

c. channel

One important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. In this context, "variety" . a. choosing at least one food from each food group on the Food Pyramid daily. b. including low calorie food choices to balance high calorie foods at each meal. c. choosing a variety of foods from within food groups as well as among food groups. d. making sure portion sizes are matched to energy needs.

c. choosing a variety of foods from within food groups as well as among food groups

many B vitamins function as ___, which bind to enzymes to promote their activity. a. provitamins b. transport proteins c. coenzymes d. hormones

c. coenzymes

The majority of salt in the modern diet: a. comes from eating foods that are naturally high in salt. b. comes from adding salt to foods during cooking. c. comes from eating processed foods. d. is mostly potassium chloride.

c. comes from eating processed foods

How is the nutritional health of populations monitored? a. Compilations of medical records. b. Monitoring of food wastes. c. Comparisons of trends in food intake and health. d. Estimation of food intake among healthy individuals.

c. comparisons of trends in food intake and health

protein differs form carbohydrate and lipid in that protein: a. does not provide the body with a source of energy b. is classified as an inorganic molecule c contains the element nitrogen d. is not considered to be an essential nutrient

c. contains the element nitrogen

Which of the following foods is most refined? a. oatmeal b. fresh raspberries c. corn flakes d. baked potato

c. corn flakes

Carbohydrates are found primarily in plant sources.The only other food source for carbohydrates includes: a. meats b. eggs c. dairy d. olive oil e. margarine f. no answer correct

c. dairy

Complete protein sources can be found in which MyPyramid food group? a. Fats and oils b. Fruits and vegetables c. Dairy d. Grains

c. dairy

disruption of a protein's normal configuration due to heat or acidity is known as: a. hydrogenation b. acculturation c. denaturation d. condensation

c. denaturation

What is true about the bioavailability of vitamins? a. about 95% of the vitamins in food are absorbed in the stomach. b. all vitamins must be bound to blood proteins for transport. c. dietary composition may influence how much of a vitamin is available. d. all vitamins require fat in the diet for absorption

c. dietary composition may influence how much of a vitamin is available.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are most likely to be exceeded when: a. large quantities of food are consumed by highly trained athletes. b. people are recovering from surgery and need more kcalories. c. dietary supplements are taken. d. people eat meat from wild game animals.

c. dietary supplements are taken.

what term best describes the process of breaking food into components small enough to be absorbed into he body? a. absorption b. transit time c. digestion d. peristalsis

c. digestion

peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in: a. infancy b. early childhood c. early adulthood d. the menopausal period

c. early adulthood

Long term healthy weight loss is based on all the following principles EXCEPT: a. increasing physical activity. b. adopting lifelong changes in eating habits. c. eating foods in the "right" combinations to burn more calories. d. moderate portion sizes.

c. eating foods in the right combination to burn more calories

positively and negatively charged ions in water are called: a. solvents b. non-polar c. electrolytes d. inert

c. electrolytes

which of the following is an example of a nutrient function of carbohydrates? a. principal component of cell membranes b. helps to regulate blood volume c. energy source for cells d. helps to define shape

c. energy source for cells

Which one of the following statement describes indirect calorimetery? a. heat is produced when a food is combusted b. the amount of heat produced is proportional to the amount of energy used. c. energy use is estimated by assessing oxygen utilization d. labeled oxygen and hydrogen are used by the body in metabolism.

c. energy use is estimated by assessing oxygen utilization

vitamins may be lost when food is processed. When these vitamins are added back tot he processed food at the highest level, the food is said to be: a. enhanced b. fortified c. enriched d. supplemented

c. enriched

Which of the following is NOT a function of sulfur? a. Used as a food preservative b. Aids in protein synthesis c. Helps strengthen bones d. Regulates acid-base balance

c. help strengthen bones

In order for human subjects to be used in a study, researchers must do all of the following except: a. verbally explain the study to all subjects b. provide a written explanation to all subjects c. ensure that all participants complete the study d. obtain all participants' signature indicating they fully understand their role in the study

c. ensure that all participants complete the study

_______ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions. a. Hormones b. Chylomicrons c. Enzymes d. Buffers

c. enzymes

When vitamin A is deficient, all of the following occur EXCEPT: a. new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly. b. epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails. c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus. d. the likelihood of infection is increased.

c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus.

Which of the following statements is true about metabolism? a. glycogen is used a regulatory molecule. b. fatty acids can be used to make glucose. c. excess amino acids can be stored as body fat. d. amino acids are stored in the liver as glycogen.

c. excess amino acids can be stored as body fat

Which is NOT included in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a. Limit your intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat. b. Limit consumption of foods containing refined grains and added sugars. c. Exercise three times a week. d. Balance calories to maintain weight.

c. exercise three times a week

of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is: a. blood b. bone c. fat d. muscle

c. fat

Which nutrient(s), when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue? a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Fats d. Individual amino acids

c. fats

in the hierarchy of nutrient use, which of the following is true? a. alcohol is metabolized the most slowly. b. amino acids are easily stored for later energy needs c. first, carbohydrates are used to maintain blood glucose and build glycogen stores, and then any remaining carbohydrates are oxidized for energy d. fats are metabolized rapidly and are rarely stored

c. first, carbohydrates are used to maintain blood glucose and build glycogen stores, and then any remaining carbohydrates are oxidized for energy

Which statement is true of fluoride? a. Breast milk is high in fluoride. b. Fluoride in saliva increases acid produced by bacteria. c. Fluoride is attracted to calcium and usually is associated with strong bones and teeth. d. Very little, 20 to 30 percent, of fluoride is absorbed.

c. fluoride is attracted to calcium and usually is associated with strong borns and teeth.

in the body, copper must be transported bound to protein because: a. it is not water soluble b. it is only fat-soluble c. free copper ions can trigger oxidation, leading to cellular damage d. free copper is inactive

c. free copper ions can trigger oxidation, leading to cellular damage

The digestion of sucrose (table sugar) results in which two monosaccharides? a. Maltose & glucose b. Glucose & galactose c. Fructose & glucose d. Galactose & fructose

c. fructose and glucose

The MyPlate plan separates foods into groups to help Americans apply the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines to their individual diets. These groups are: a. milk, meat, grains, fruits & vegetables and legumes. b. meat, milk, beans & nuts, grains and fruits & vegetables. c. fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods and dairy. d. grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy and meat, beans & nuts.

c. fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods and dairy.

How would donuts be categorized in the MyPlate food plan? a. Grains & dairy b. Protein & grains c. Grains & empty calories d. Empty calories & vegetables

c. grains and empty calories

The primary source of protein for most of the world's population is: a. meat. b. dairy. c. grains and vegetables. d. fruits.

c. grains and vegetables

Which of the leading causes of death are nutrition related? a. heart disease, stroke, kidney disease b. diabetes and heart disease c. heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes d. heart disease, cancer, and stroke

c. heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes

iron is a component of protein, _____ that binds and transport oxygen in the bloodstream. a. ferritin b. albumin c. hemoglobin d. myoglobin

c. hemoglobin

Molecules of glucose move through small intestinal villi into the bloodstream and then move to the _____vein and into the liver. a. coronary b. abdominal c. hepatic portal d. all of the above

c. hepatic portal

Which of the following carry cholesterol away from the cells and return it to the liver? a. very low density lipoproteins - VLDLs b. low density lipoproteins - LDLs c. high density lipoproteins - HDLs d. Chylomicrons

c. high density lipoproteins - HDLs

the DASH diet is: a. high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium. b. high in sodium while low in calcium, magnesium, and potassium c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium d. high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium

c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium

physiologic processes take place in the body to keep body temperature, heart rate, and blood sugar relatively constant. this stable state is called: a. anabolism b. catabolism c. homeostasis d. metabolism

c. homeostasis

During fasting: a. excess fat is transported to adipose tissue b. lipoprotein lipase allows fatty acids to enter adipose cells. c. hormone sensitive lipase releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides d. fatty acids are used to make glucose

c. hormone sensitive lipase releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides

a reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a. exchange reaction b catalysis reaction c. hydrolysis reaction d. condensation reaction

c. hydrolysis reaction

diets high in sodium have been linked to _________ in some people. a. diabetes b. cancer c. hypertension d. all of these

c. hypertension

a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, increased blood volume, and symptoms that may include nausea and confusion is termed: a. ketoacidosis b. hypokalemia c. hyponatremia d. dehydration e. homeostasis

c. hyponatremia

Positive nitrogen balance can occur: a. when an individual is wasting as a result of protein-energy malnutrition. b. if protein intake does not meet an individual's protein requirements. c. in a rapidly growing child. d. when total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days.

c. in a rapidly growing child

Lactose intolerance is caused by: a. excess production of the enzyme lactase. b. an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products. c. inadequate production of the enzyme lactase. d. the inability to produce the hormone insulin.

c. inadequate production of the enzyme lactase.

Which of the following statements is true regarding lactose intolerance? a. It is a condition in which there is too much of a digestive enzyme in the small intestine. b. Symptoms include elevated blood glucose, stomach upset, and diarrhea. c. Incidence of lactose intolerance depends on racial and ethnic backgrounds. d. People with lactose intolerance cannot consume any milk products.

c. incidence of lactose intolerance depends on racial and ethnic background.

Which of the following statements is true regarding lactose intolerance? a. It is a condition in which there is too much of a digestive enzyme in the small intestine. b. Symptoms include elevated blood glucose, stomach upset, and diarrhea. c. Incidence of lactose intolerance depends on racial and ethnic backgrounds. d. People with lactose intolerance cannot consume any milk products

c. incidence of lactose intolerance depends on racial and ethnic backgrounds.

All of the following are true with regard to non-nutritive sweeteners, except that they: a. are regulated by the FDA and considered "generally recognized as safe" b. are essentially calorie free c. include sorbitol and mannitol d. are hundreds of times sweeter than sucrose e. have ADIs per kilogram of body weight f. none of the above

c. include sorbitol and mannitol

Which action of the heart represents its importance in helping to maintain nutritional health and well-being? a. Decreased blood flow to the stomach and small intestines following ingestion of a large meal b. Decreased amount of blood flow to the heart during the resting state to conserve energy c. Increased blood flow to the intestines following a large meal d. Increased blood flow to the muscles during the resting state to maintain energy

c. increased blood flow to the intestines following a large meal.

which of the following factors can explain why vitamin D deficiency is on the rise? a. incorporation of fortified food sources in the diet b. stable amount of vitamin synthesis based on skin exposure c. increased use of sunscreen products d. same AI requirements for infants, children, and adults

c. increased use of sunscreen products

Which of the following statements is true regarding the location of body fat? a. The location of body fat does not affect health risks. b. The greatest health risk is associated with subcutaneous fat. c. Increased visceral fat is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease. d. Generally, visceral fat is located in the hips and lower body.

c. increased visceral fat is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease

Which is NOT a goal or objective of the Healthy People Initiative? a. Eliminating health disparities among Americans b. Decreasing prevalence of obesity among adults c. Increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S. d. Reduction of deaths due to heart disease

c. increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S.

the cause of lactose intolerance is: a. a food allergy during childhood b. excessive consumption of high-fructose corn syrup c. insufficient levels of the enzyme lactase d. overproduction of the enzyme lactase e. all correct f. none of the above

c. insufficient levels of the enzyme lactase.

One group of individuals is asked to eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables and dairy foods while a second group of individuals is asked to eat a diet with lower amounts of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods. The two groups' blood pressure readings are monitored and compared. This is an example of a(an): a. case-control study b. epidemiological study c. intervention study d. laboratory study

c. intervention study

Vitamin D acts primarily in the: a. skin and liver. b. stomach and pancreas. c. intestine, kidney and bone. d. heart and lungs.

c. intestine, kidney, and bone

water found inside cells of the body is called: a. intercellular fluid b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. interstitial fluid

c. intracellular fluid

What affect does iodine deficiency have on the thyroid gland? a. thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to release iodine. b. iodine deficiency deactivates thyroid hormones c. iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine. d. iodine deficiency stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.

c. iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.

lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide? a. copper b. zinc c. iron d. iodine

c. iron

Food allergies can result when a protein in the diet: a. is not absorbed and is eliminated in the feces. b. is filtered out of the blood and into the urine. c. is absorbed without being completely digested. d. provides amino acids that are not normally found in the human body.

c. is absorbed without being completely digested

Being underweight: a. is always the result of an eating disorder. b. is never a concern since people suffer no health risks. c. is associated with an increased risk of early death. d. is an unnatural condition that should always be remedied.

c. is associated with an increased risk of early death.

sickle cell anemia: a. is caused by a protein deficiency b. is not a serious disease c. is caused by a change int he amino acid sequence of hemoglobin d. only affects the elderly

c. is caused by a change in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin

Why is vitamin D known as the "sunshine vitamin"? a. it functions as a vitamin only during the daylight hours b. it is available to the body only upon regular exposure to sunlight. c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light. d. it is activated immediately in the muscles upon exposure to sunlight.

c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light

What is the function of a bomb calorimeter? a. It determines how much energy is spent when performing a specific exercise. b. It is utilized to "burn off" excess kcals. c. It determines the energy content of a particular food. d. It accurately measures percent body fat.

c. it determines the energy content of a particular food.

Which of the following is the BEST reason to include a placebo in the experimental design of a human intervention trial? a. the researcher do not know who is receiving an intervention and who is not b. placebo reduces the cost of the study c. it helps prevent the expectations of the subjects from biasing the research d. it makes it possible to include a larger number of subjects in the experiment

c. it helps prevent the expectations of the subjects from biasing the research.

a. What is a benefit of a vegetarian diet? a. it is low in fiber b. it is high in calories c. it is low in saturated fat d. it is high in iron and zinc

c. it is low in saturated fats

which of the following is not true about vitamin A deficiency? a. it is a major cause of blindness worldwide. b. it may be caused by insufficient intake of vitamin A, fat, protein, or zinc. c. it is not a world health problem. d. it is not common in developed countries

c. it is not a world health problem

What is satiety? a. it is a signal that stimulates one to eat b. it is caused by the release of stomach hormone c. it is the feeling of fullness d. it is results from the overproduction of ghrelin

c. it is the feeling of fullness

What is the role of the endocrine system? a. It sends nerve signals to help control the passage of food through the digestive tract. b. It excretes unabsorbed substances into the feces. c. It secretes chemical messengers that help regulate food intake and absorption. d. It allows for the elimination of metabolic wastes.

c. it secretes chemical messengers that help regulate food intake and absorption

What is the role of the endocrine system? a. it sends nerve signals to help control the passage of food through the digestive tract. b. it excretes unabsorbed substances into the feces. c. it secretes chemical messengers that help regulate food intake and absorption. d. it allows for the elimination of metabolic wastes.

c. it secretes chemical messengers that help regulate food intake and absorption

What is a function of water in the body? a. it regulates protein functioning the body b. it prevents heat loss from the body c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells d. it maintains the body at a slightly acidic pH.

c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells

One result of low carbohydrate intake and/or insufficient glycogen stores is the production of ________. a. lactic acid. b. urea. c. ketone bodies. d. pyruvate.

c. ketone bodies

water, most metabolic waste products, and most excess minerals are eliminated from the body through which route? a. feces b. exhaled air c. kidneys d. lungs and skin

c. kidneys

To test a vitamin supplement to see if it will dissolve and be absorbed into the body, you could drop the supplement into which fluid? a. Baking soda and water b. Black coffee c. Lemon juice d. Bleach

c. lemon juice

which of the following hormones acts as a thermostat to keep body fatness from changing? a. insulin b. gherkin c. leptin d. pepsin

c. leptin

Cholesterol can be returned to the___ and synthesized into ____ that is stored in the gallbladder or goes through the bile duct to the small intestine and assists in the emulsification of fat from food. a. stomach-acid b. small intestine-energy c. liver- bile d. stomach-bile

c. liver-bile

Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise? a. people spend time outdoors without the benefit of sunscreens. b. larger bones mass requires additional vitamin D. c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin d. d. the kidneys fail to promote vitamin D retention among the elderly.

c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D

What is TRUE about low-fat diets for weight loss? a. they tend to provide a smaller volume of food for less energy b. low-fat foods are low in calories c. low-fat diets satisfy hunger after less energy is consumed. d. Calories from dietary fat are stored less efficiently than excess calories from carbohydrate

c. low fat diets satisfy hunger after less energy is consumed

Fluoride reduces dental cavities by a. destroying mouth bacteria b. preventing acid formation c. making tooth enamel harder d. decreasing resistance to sticky sweets

c. making tooth enamel harder

What term best describes consuming too little or too much of one or more nutrients or energy? a. undernutrition b. over nutrition c. malnutrition d. hypo nutrition

c. malnutrition

Which of the following foods would be most likely to increase risk of dental caries? a. alcoholic beverages b. white bread c. marshmallows d. diet soda e. gum sweetened with xylitol f. whole milk

c. marshmallows

high folate intake may: a. increase the incidence of colon cancer b. cause other vitamin deficiencies because folate competes for absorption sites c. mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage d. cause acne

c. mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage

The sum of the chemical reactions that occur inside body cells is collectively referred to as: a. digestion. b. absorption. c. metabolism. d. hydrolysis.

c. metabolism

the absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by the presence of: a. gastric pits b. a lymph vessel (lacteal) c. microvilli

c. microvilli

the primary source of riboflavin in the U.S. diet is: a. citrus fruits b. grains c. milk d. nuts e. shellfish f. all of the above g. none of the above

c. milk

What nutrient class contains inorganic elements that the body uses as structural components and regulators of body processes? a. Vitamins b. Proteins c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

c. minerals

What role do minerals play in promoting proper nutrition? a. minerals in today's diet come mainly from plant food sources b. minerals are needed in large amounts for maintaining body structure. c. minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes. d. mineral supplements are required to ensure nutrient adequacy

c. minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes

Adverse reactions including flushing, headache, rapid heartbeat, chest pain and weakness have been reported after the consumption of: a. phenylalanine. b. isoflavones. c. monosodium glutamate. d. dipotassium phosphate.

c. monosodium glutamate

Consumption of all of the following tend to increase blood cholesterol EXCEPT: a. trans fatty acids. b. saturated fatty acids. c. monounsaturated fatty acids. d. dietary cholesterol.

c. monounsaturated fatty acids

An AI means that: a. an RDA already exists b. an RDA is not needed c. more research into requirements is needed. d. an average amount of a nutrient is needed for good health.

c. more research into requirements is needed

An Adequate Intake means that: a. an RDA already exists. b. an RDA is not needed. c. more research into requirements is needed. d. an average amount of a nutrient is needed for good health.

c. more research into requirements is needed

Which guideline about weight loss is correct? a. All individuals with a BMI >25 should lose weight. b. If a child is obese, weight should be lost as quickly as possible so it doesn't interfere with development. c. Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss. d. The health benefits of weight loss do not begin to accrue until normal weight is achieved.

c. most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss

Which of the following statements is true regarding pH? a. A pH of 1 is very basic. b. A pH of 14 is very acidic. c. Most reactions in the body occur around a pH of 7.4. d. Water allows for rapid pH changes.

c. most reactions in the body occurs around a pH of 7.4.

all of these substance inhibit trace mineral absorption except: a. phytates b. tannins c. myoglobin d. oxalates

c. myoglobins

cracked, inflamed skin that appears on the body areas exposed to sunlight, heat, or injury is characteristic of what vitamin deficiency? a. biotin b. riboflavin c. niacin d. thiamin

c. niacin

of the following dietary lipids, what one is probably most heart healthy? a. lard b. margarine c. olive oil d. coconut oil

c. olive oil

Fish oils are a good dietary source of: a. emulsifiers. b. tropical oils. c. omega-3 fatty acids. d. trans fatty acids.

c. omega-3 fatty acids

water is absorbed in the GI tract by: a. active transport b. brownian motion c. osmosis d. endocytosis

c. osmosis

_____ are cells that build bone, while ____ are cells that break down bone. a. osteocytes; corticulocytes b. corticulocytes; osteocytes c. osteoblasts; osteoclasts d. osteoclasts; osteoblasts

c. osteoblasts; osteoclasts

During bone remodeling, what cells resorb bone? a. Osteocortical b. Osteoblasts c. Osteoclasts d. Osteocortisol

c. osteoclasts

significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed: a. osteopenia b. osteomalacia c. osteoporosis d. osteopropensia

c. osteoporosis

a body mass index [BMI] calculation of 25-29.9 would classify a person as: a. underweight b. normal weight c. overweight d. obese e. a candidate for weight-loss surgery

c. overweight

Indirect calorimetry measures ________and _______ to estimate energy expenditure. a. food consumed, heat produced b. food consumed, water excreted c. oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired d. oxygen consumed, sweat produced

c. oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired

A rise in blood glucose levels stimulates the ____ to secrete insulin a. small intestine b. endocrine system c. pancreas d. gall bladder

c. pancreas

Why is pantothenic acid deficiency rare? a. pantothenic acid is not susceptible to damage by exposure to heat b. pantothenic acid supplements are widely used. c. pantothenic acid is particularly abundant in the food supply. d. pantothenic acid is produced by the body as needed.

c. pantothenic acid is particularly abundant in the food supply.

____ raises blood calcium levels a. oxalate b. osteoporosis c. parathyroid hormone d. calcitonin

c. parathyroid hormone

How is calcium in the blood regulated? a. calcitonin causes calcium to be deposited in the bone b. calcitonin decreases intestinal calcium absorption c. parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to secrete calcium d. parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

c. parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to secrete calcium

two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; _____ raises blood calcium and _____ lowers blood calcium. a. calcitonin; aldosterone b. calcitonin; parathyroid hormone c. parathyroid hormone; calcitonin d. thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin

c. parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

Trans fatty acids are most abundant in foods that contain: a. animal products. b. tropical oils. c. partially hydrogenated oils. d. omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

c. partially hydrogenated oils

What is TRUE about the location of the body fat on heath risk? a. visceral fat is associated with a lower incidence of heart disease b. subcutaneous fat carries a higher health risk than visceral fat. c. people who carry fat in the hips and lower body have more subcutaneous fat. d. visceral fat storage is more common in women than men

c. people who carry fat int he hips and lower body have more subcutaneous fat.

vitamin b12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor results in: a. beriberi b. scurvy c. pernicious anemia d. pellagra

c. pernicious anemia

salad dressing contains both watery and fatty environments. Which of the following substances emulsifies or binds the two environments? a. sterols b. triglycerides c. phosphoglycerides d. cholesterol

c. phosphoglycerides

what is function of phosphorous? a. phosphorous is required for blood clotting b. phosphorous promotes sodium retention by the kidneys c. phosphorous is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA. d. phosphorus helps to maintain normal blood pressure.

c. phosphorous is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA

which of the following is not a true statement? a. cooking in iron skillet can provide dietary iron b. vitamin C enhances iron absorption. c. phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron d. calcium supplements decrease iron absorption

c. phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron

the primary intracellular electrocyte in the body is: a. calcium b. chloride c. potassium d. sodium e. zinc f. all of the above

c. potassium

primary risk factors for heart disease include all of the following EXCEPT: a. high blood pressure b. obesity c. regular exercise d. diabetes

c. regular exercise

Which of the following functions is performed by members of all six classes of nutrients? a. Provide energy b. Form structures c. Regulate body processes d. All of these functions are performed by each of the six classes of nutrients

c. regulate body processes

one reason that fat-soluble vitamins are grouped together is because they: a. provide similar functions in the body b. don't require transport carriers for absorption c. require bile and dietary fat for absorption d. are not associated with clinical deficiencies

c. require bile and dietary fat for absorption

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision? a. Beta-carotene b. Lycopene c. Retinal d. Retinoic acid

c. retinal

the trace mineral that protects against oxidative cell damage is a. fluoride b. iron c. selenium d. molybdenum

c. selenium

which mechanism requires no energy to move solutes down their concentration gradient? a. osmosis b. facilitated diffusion c. simple diffusion d. active transport

c. simple diffusion

Which one of the following methods assesses body composition? a. Body mass index [BMI] b. body weight c. skin fold thickness d. energy balance

c. skin fold thickness

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the: a. stomach b. mouth c. small intestine d. gallbladder

c. small intestine

Which of the following digestive organs is lined with fingerlike projections called villi? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine

c. small intestine

which lifestyle factor increases the requirement for vitamin C? a. drinking alcohol b. exercising frequently and intensely c. smoking cigarettes d. eating a diet high in fiber

c. smoking cigarettes

Good sources of potassium include all of the following EXCEPT: a. tomatoes b. bananas c. snack crackers d. potatoes

c. snack crackers

What nutrients, listed on a Nutrition facts label, should be consumed in limited amounts?a. Cholesterol, sugars, calories b. Calories, carbohydrate, sugars c. Sodium, fat, cholesterol, sugars d. Carbohydrate, fat, calories, fibers

c. sodium, fat, cholesterol, sugars

Which is the following carbohydrates are classified as polysaccharides? a. sucrose and lactose b. xylitol and manitol c. starch and dietary fiber d. high fructose corn syrup e. all correct f. none of the above

c. starch and dietary fiber

where does protein digestion begin? a. mouth b. small intestines c. stomach d. liver

c. stomach

What is a consequence of hypertension? a. weight gain b. diabetes c. stroke d. obesity

c. stroke

What is the role of sulfur in the body? a. sulfur maintains normal blood pressure b. sulfur activates vitamin D in the body. c. sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance d. sulfur triggers the excretion of toxic substances

c. sulfer helps to regulate acid-base balance

vitamin B12 and folate participate in the: a. conversion of tryptophan to niacin b. inhibition of coenzyme conversion in DNA synthesis c. synthesis of methionine from homocysteine d. prevention of pernicious anemia.

c. synthesis of methionine from homocysteine

essential nutrients are those that: a. the body needs only in large amounts b. the body does not need from foods c. the body must get from foods d. the body needs in small quantities only

c. the body must get from foods

when more vitamin C is needed, it must be replaced from _____. a. all answer choices are correct. b. the blood supply c. the diet d. fluids

c. the diet

water is polar because: a. it is an ion b. the electrons are equally shared among the O and H atoms c. the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms d. the electrons spend more time around the H atoms than the O atom

c. the electron spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms.

Women tend to develop heart disease later than men because: a. women have lower levels of HDLs compared to men. b. women tend to consume more trans fatty acids than men. c. the hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause. d. women have a greater density of blood vessels than men which helps blood to circulate more efficiently.

c. the hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause

Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements? a. phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption b. large amounts of these minerals are present in the diet. c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization d. small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status.

c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization

Why might milk sold in clear bottles be low in riboflavin? a. clear glass bottles keep the milk at a lower temperature. b. the glass in the bottles interacts with the riboflavin found in milk. c. the riboflavin in milk can be destroyed by exposure to light. d. riboflavin is sensitive to ingredients used in manufacturing clear glass bottles.

c. the riboflavin in milk can be destroyed by exposure to light

What information would determine the validity of a nutrition claim? a. The national origin of the researchers b. The ability of the scientific news to make headlines c. The study was published in peer-reviewed journals d. The study was supported by government funding

c. the study was published in peer-reviewed journals

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the structure and properties of triglycerides? a. Triglycerides always contain only saturated fatty acids. b. All triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to a glucose molecule. c. The three fatty acids that make up a triglyceride molecule may vary in structure and physical properties. d. The length of a fatty acid chain does not affect the melting point of the fatty acid.

c. the three fatty acids that make ip a triglyceride molecule may vary in structure an physical properties

Fatty acids are categorized based on the carbon chain length as well as: a. the number of sulfur-containing groups. b. their solubility in water. c. the types and locations of bonds between the carbons. d. the number of acid groups in the fatty acid chain.

c. the types and locations of bonds between the carbons

What is true about dietary supplements? a. The amounts of ingredients are standardized. b. They are evaluated by U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). c. They are classified as food and not drugs. d. The FDA proved that they are effective and safe.

c. they are classified as food and not drugs

which of the following is NOT true about amino acids? a. they synthesize glucose. b. the can be converted to fat c. they are comprised of three elements only - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d. they are energy-yielding

c. they are comprised of three elements only - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

all of the following are true of food allergies except: a. they are triggered when a protein is absorbed without being completely digested. b. proteins from milk, eggs, peanuts, trees nuts, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish are common causes c. they are not a serious concern d. they may trigger anaphylaxis

c. they are not a serious concern

How do manganese, copper, and zinc influence antioxidant function? a. they decrease the oxidant activity of the cell membrane b. they convert ferric oxide to ferrous oxide c. they are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase d. they help neutralize peroxides in the blood

c. they are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase.

What do foods in the same exchange list have in common? a. They contain about the same amount of food by weight. b. They contain about the same volume of food. c. They contain about the same number of kilocalories. d. They all contribute about the same amount of vitamins and minerals.

c. they contain about the same number of kilocalories

how are selenium and vitamin E related? a. they promote the production of peroxides in the blood. b. they stimulate free radical formation. c. they help protect cells from oxidative damage d. they help produce glutathione peroxidase

c. they protect cells from oxidative damage

beriberi is associated with a deficiency in: a. vitamin c b. riboflavin c. thiamin d. vitamin A

c. thiamin

in the organization of life, cells form which of the following? a. molecules b. organs c. tissues d. atoms

c. tissues

all of the following are true about riboflavin in except: a. it was discovered while searching for a cure to beriberi. b. it is degraded when exposed to light c. toxicity is relatively common. d. deficiency is called ariboflavinosis

c. toxicity is relatively common

Excess amino acids can be converted into fatty acids and stored as _______ in _____tissue. This can contribute to weight gain. a. cholesterol- adipose b. amino acids- muscle c. triglycerides- adipose d. cholesterol- muscle

c. triglycerides, adipose

__________________ are at increased risk of not getting adequate vitamin B12 in their diet. a. Lacto-ovo vegetarians b. Trained athletes c. Vegan vegetarians d. Pregnant and lactating women

c. vegan vegetarians

meeting vitamin B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for: a. athletes undergoing rigorous training b. infants c. vegans d. pregnant women

c. vegans

what is the name given to the small intestine multicellular protrusions that participate int he digestion and absorption of nutrients? a. microvilli b. brush order c. villi d. lacteal

c. villi

A higher incidence of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes is associated with: a. fat on hips and thighs. b. subcutaneous fat. c. visceral fat. d. any fat, no matter where it is deposited.

c. visceral fat

Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? a. niacin b. riboflavin c. vitamin A d. vitamin B12

c. vitamin A

the vitamin which enhances iron absorption is a. vitamin A b. b-complex c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D

c. vitamin C

which is the false statement regarding vitamin C? a. vitamin C may decrease the duration of the common cold. b. people prone to developing certain types of kidney stones should avoid vitamin C supplements c. Vitamin C is efficiently stored in the liver, so deficiency symptoms take weeks or months to develop. d. vitamin C supplements are unlikely to cause toxicity.

c. vitamin C is efficiently stored in the liver, so deficiency symptoms take weeks or months to develop

how is blood pressure regulated? a. aldosterone decreases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. b. renin converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is activated to angiotensin III. c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure d. an increase in blood pressure triggers the kidneys to release the enzyme renin.

c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect food choices? a. cultural and family background b. personal preference c. weather d. psychological and emotional factors.

c. weather

Most carbohydrates should come from a. meats b. refined grains c. whole foods d. nutrient deficient foods

c. whole foods

which of the following is NOT a good source of iron? a. beef b. black beans c. whole milk d. dark meat chicken

c. whole milk

sexual maturation is related to body stores of a. copper b. iron c. zinc d. selenium

c. zinc

Which of the following statements is true about using the MyPlate Daily Food Plan? a. The amount of grains recommended is expressed in cups. b. Calorie needs are used to determine food group amounts. c. Peas and beans are counted as protein, not vegetables. d. There is no recommendation for fat on MyPlate.

calorie needs are used to determine food group amounts

analyzing nutrient intake: physical exam

can detect symptoms (dry skin, crackled lips, lethargy) and risk factors for nutrition related diseases

which of the following are energy-yielding substances? a. proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and fiber b. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, alcohol c. carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, fiber d.protein, alcohol, vitamins, minerals

carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, alcohol

Which nutrient is least abundant in the body?

carbohydrates

macronutrients include:

carbohydrates, protein, lipids

serving size allows:

comparison to be made easily between products.

"less"

contains 25% less of a nutrient or of energy than the reference food.

What food and lifestyle behaviors have contributed to these concerns?

convenience, access to cheap, high calorie food, dont contain the nutrients we need

at what rate should weight be lost to ensure that most of what is lost is fat and not lean tissue? a. 10 pounds per month b. 1-3 lbs per week c. 15 pounds per month d. 0.5-2 lbs per week

d. 0.5-2 lbs per week

Which of the following is the best source of dietary fiber? a. 2 scrambled eggs b. 1 small doughnut c. A 4 ounce salmon filet d. 1 cup of broccoli

d. 1 cup of broccoli

The AMDR for protein intake is _______% of energy intake. a. 20-35 b. 45-65 c. 30-45 d. 10-35

d. 10-35

a meal providing 630 calories contains 6 grams of saturated fats, 1 gram of monounsaturated fats, and 2 grams polyunsaturated fats. What percentage of energy is supplied by the lipids? a. 6 b. 8 c. 9 d. 13

d. 13

For a 2,000-kcalorie diet, MyPlate recommends how many cups of fruit each day? a. 3 b. 3.5 c. 2.5 d. 2

d. 2

For a 2000 calorie diet, MyPlate recommends how many cups of fruit each day? a. 3 b. 3.5 c. 2.5 d. 2

d. 2

What is the Dietary Reference Intake [DRI] for total fat intake for adults? a. less than 10% b. 10-15% c. 15-20% d. 20-35%

d. 20-35%

what percentage of cancers is directly linked to dietary and lifestyle choices? a. 40-50 b. 20-30 c. 10-20 d. 30-40

d. 30-40

Carbohydrates provide 60% of the energy in John's diet of 2700 kilocalories. This represents how many grams of carbohydrate? a. 100 b. 225 c. 300 d. 405

d. 405

waist circumference can be an indication of "risky" abdominal obesity. A waist circumference of ____ inches for a man would indicate excess abdominal fat and increased health risk a. 27 b. 32 c. 37 d. 42 e. none of the above

d. 42

According to the DRIs, approximately ___ of total calories int eh diet should come from carbohydrates, particularly complex carbohydrates a. 15-35 % b. 25-45% c. 35-55% d. 45-65% e. none of the above

d. 45-65%

After menopause, bone loss is accelerated for about how many years? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

which of the following is NOT true about obesity in the U.S. a. 32% of adults are obese. b. obesity rates for minorities often exceed those in the general population. c. energy imbalance is the main reason americans are getting fatter d. 55% of adults are overweight or obese

d. 55% of adults are overweight or obese (68%)

How many calories are provided by 2 grams of carbohydrates, 4 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein? a. 56 calories b. 14 calories c. 68 calories d. 76 calories

d. 76 calories

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population group? a. 33% b. 50% c. 75% d. 97-98%

d. 97-98%

In which individual would you expect the highest muscle glycogen content? a. A person on a high protein weight loss diet b. A person who eats a balanced diet of protein, carbohydrate and fat c. A sedentary person d. A trained athlete consuming 65-70% of kcals as carbohydrate

d. A trained athlete consuming 65-70% of kcals as carbohydrate

All of the following are true about exchange lists except: a.Using this food group system, diets can be designed to meet individual tastes and preferences. b. Potatoes are included in the starch exchange list. c. The food group system is used extensively in planning diabetic and weight loss diets. d. Foods are grouped according to their nutrient composition regardless of their energy content.

d. Foods are grouped according to their nutrient composition regardless of their energy content.

Reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by: a. Chylomicrons. b. LDLs. c. VLDLs. d. HDLs.

d. HDLs

A system that scores the average American diet is a. Dietary Guidelines. b. Food Guide Pyramid. c. Exchange List. d. Healthy Eating Index.

d. Healthy eating index

what is known about molybdenum? a. molybdenum plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. b. molybdenum deficiency has been frequently reported in the scientific journals c. a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) has not yet been established for molybdenum. d. molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced

d. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced

Using dietary information provided by ______________would be the most practical approach to evaluate your own diet. a. Exchange Lists b. Dietary Guidelines for Americans c. DRVs d. MyPlate

d. MyPlate

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the intake of carbohydrates in the American Diet? a. Total carbohydrate intake has increased between 1909 and 1963. b. Fiber intake has increased since the 1960's along with an increase in the amount of carbohydrates. c. Most of the carbohydrate in the American diet between 1960 and 2000 was based on the consumption of whole grain foods. d. The intake of refined carbohydrates has steadily increased and complex carbohydrate consumption has decreased over the past thirty years.

d. The intake of refined carbohydrates has steadily increased and complex carbohydrate consumption has decreased over the past thirty years.

Which of the following statements about glycogen is FALSE? a. Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate in humans and animals. b. Glycogen is composed of many glucose molecules. c. Glycogen is made and stored in liver and muscle. d. The primary role of muscle glycogen is to maintain blood glucose levels.

d. The primary role of muscle glycogen is to maintain blood glucose levels.

What is a purpose of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? a. They are nutrient requirements that must be consumed each day. b. They can be used as the standard only for people with chronic disease. c. They include values for different ethnic and occupation groups. d. They expand on the RDAs to address excesses as well as deficiencies.

d. They expand on the RDAs to address excesses as well as deficiencies.

How do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans address the problem of obesity? a. They promote a specific weight reduction program. b. They emphasize that the proportions of macronutrients are important in weight management. c. They recommend at least 60 minutes of intensive vigorous physical activity daily. d. They recommend balancing kilocalories consumed with the kilocalories expended in activity.

d. They recommend balancing kilocalories consumed with the kilocalories expended in activity.

What does USP stand for? a. User supplement Protection b. Unified Safety provisions c. Ultimate Sanitation provided d. United States Pharmacopeia

d. United States Pharmacopeia

Which of the following is NOT an authorized health claim associating intake with a health consequence? a. Soluble fiber and coronary heart disease b. Dietary fat and cancer risk c. Sodium intake and blood pressure d. Vitamin A intake and risk of cataracts

d. Vitamin A intake and risk of cataracts

Which of the following nutrients is NOT added to enriched grains? a. Thiamin b. Niacin c. Folate d. Vitamin E

d. Vitamin E

Of the following examples, which one is within the limits of the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Dietary Range) range of carbohydrates? a. A diet containing 2000 kcalories and 400 grams of carbohydrates b. A diet containing 2500 kcalories and 200 grams of carbohydrates c. A diet containing 2000 kcalories and 100 grams of carbohydrates d. A diet containing 2500 kcalories and 375 grams of carbohydrates AMDR range for carbohydrates is 45-65% 400 x 4 -1600/2000 x 100 = 80% 200 x 4 - 800/2500 x 100 = 32% 100 x 4 -400/2000 x 100 = 20% 375 x 4 - 1500/2500 x100 = 60%

d. a diet contain 2500 calories and 375 grams of carbohydrates

What is true about fats in the digestive tract? a. bile from the stomach helps to break fat into small globules. b. most of the fat digestion takes place in the large intestines c. Micelles facilitate the digestion of fat into the mucosal cells of the large intestine. d. absorption of fat soluble substances is dependent on presence of dietary fat.

d. absorption of fat soluble substances is dependent on presence of dietary fat.

what is the common intermediate for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism? a. pyruvate b. glycerol c. glucose d. acetyl-CoA

d. acetyl CoA

thiamin is used to form this neurotransmitter that helps prevent tingling in the arms and legs, and paralysis. a. pyrophosphate b. RNA c. ribose d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT: a. liver damage. b. birth defects. c. increased incidence of bone fracture. d. acne.

d. acne

The risk of hypertension is affected by: a. genetics. b. age. c. lifestyle factors. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices

most of the salt consumed by Americans is: a. found naturally in food b. added during home preparation c. added at the table d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

What risk might be associated with the overconsumption of fortified foods? a. fortified foods lose nutrients more easily during cooking b. adding nutrients to foods may help reduce deficiency diseases. c.. fortifying food leads to fewer food choices to obtain nutrients d. additional nutrient intake may increase the likelihood of toxicity

d. additional nutrient intake may increase the likelihood of toxicity

Which one of the following is viewed as the most valuable source of nutrition information? a. personal testimony b. promotions by food manufacturers c. news story on the web page d. advice from a registered dietitian

d. advice from a registered dietitian

osteoporosis can be prevented by all of the following except: a. diets high in calcium b. diets adequate in vitamin D c. exercise d. alcohol consumption

d. alcohol consumption

which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration? a. an athlete, exercising in cool weather b. an elderly woman, just returning from a 4 hour flight c. a child recovering from diarrhea d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract? a. gallbladder b. pancreas c. salivary glands d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following is a determinant for our daily water needs? a. illness b. fiber content in our diet c. alcohol consumption d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following tools can be used to assess nutritional status? a. 24-hour recall data, Food Intake Record b. Anthropometric measurements c. Food frequency questionnaire d. All of the above can be used to assess nutritional status

d. all of the above can be used to assess nutritional status

A high fiber diet may help: a. with weight loss. b. normalize blood glucose levels. c. reduce the incidence of hemorrhoids. d. all of these.

d. all of these

In the body, phosphorus is found in: a. bones, as it helps provide rigidity. b. cell membranes as part of the phospholipids bilayer. c. high energy compounds like ATP and creatine phosphate. d. all of these.

d. all of these

Too much calcium in the diet can cause: a. kidney stones. b. kidney failure. c. decreased iron absorption. d. all of these.

d. all of these

Vitamin A is essential for ____________. a. reproduction b. growth c. immune function d. all of these

d. all of these

superoxide dismutase may contain: a. zinc b. copper c. manganese d. all of these

d. all of these

the anemia associated with iron deficiency is called: a. microcytic anemia b. hypochronic anemia c. iron deficiency anemia d. all of these are associated with iron deficiency

d. all of these are associated with iron deficiency

Proteins regulate which of the following body processes? a. Acid-base balance b. Fluid balance c. Muscle contraction d. All of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Vegetarians have a lower risk of: a. diabetes. b. cardiovascular disease. c. high blood pressure. d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract? a. Gallbladder b. Pancreas c. Salivary glands d. All of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

protein denaturation can be caused by: a. an increase in temperature b. a change in pH c. the presence of alcohol d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

the matrix of bones is: a. a protein framework b. made up primarily of collagen c. imbedded with hydroxyapatite d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Consuming nutrient-dense foods helps to ensure a proper diet. One effective strategy is: a. eating foods that have been minimally processed. b. consuming foods with a high nutrient content compared to the kcalories provided. c. limiting added fats and sugars. d. all of these are effective strategies.

d. all of these are effective strategies.

Which of the following are functions of calcium? a. Regulating enzyme activity b. Causing muscle contraction c. Regulating blood pressure d. All of these are functions of claim

d. all of these are functions of claim

Which is NOT a quality that fat adds to food? a. texture b. flavor c. aroma d. all of these are qualities that fat may add to foods

d. all of these are qualities that fat may add to foods

vitamin B6 deficiency is related to: a. neurological symptoms b. anemia c. consumption of alcohol d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

vitamin D increase blood calcium by: a increasing intestinal absorption of calcium b. increasing the amount of calcium released from bone if other sources are unavailable. c. increasing the amount of calcium retained by the kidneys. d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

An injury to an artery wall leading to inflammation could be caused by: a. high blood glucose. b. infectious microorganisms. c. free radicals formed during cigarette smoking. d. all of these choices are correct.

d. all of these choices are correct

In general, populations that have a high intake of total fat have a higher incidence of __________ than populations that have a lower intake. a. certain types of cancer b. heart disease c. obesity d. all of these choices are correct

d. all of these choices are correct

Which of the following conditions is likely to increase ketone production? a. Untreated diabetes b. Starvation c. A very low carbohydrate diet d. All of these choices are correct

d. all of these choices are correct.

Indigestible carbohydrates provide positive health benefits in part by: a. slowing fecal movement. b. increasing the bulk of the colonic contents. c. decreasing the amount of water in the colon. d. all of these choices are true.

d. all of these choices are true

What is the most likely reason that high fat diets contribute to weight gain and obesity? a. Fat provides more kcals per gram than carbohydrate or protein. b. Fat does not provide as much satiety as carbohydrate. c. The conversion of dietary fat to stored fat is very efficient. d. All of these contribute.

d. all of these contribute

which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet? a. young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass b. post-menopausal women c. individuals with increased bone density d. all of these groups could benefit

d. all of these groups could benefit

Which of the following health problems can increase a person's risk of developing heart disease? a. Type 2 diabetes b. High blood pressure c. Obesity d. All of these increase the risk

d. all of these increase the risk

Vegan vegetarians may not get enough of which nutrient(s)? a. Iron and zinc b. Vitamin B12 c. Calcium and vitamin D d. All these nutrients could be low

d. all of these nutrients could be low

Which of the following is TRUE of protein needs in athletes? a. Strength and endurance athletes may require 50-100% more protein than the RDA. b. Protein supplements are not typically necessary as long as kcal needs are met. c. It is unlikely that protein requirements in excess of the AMDR would be required. d. All of these statements are correct.

d. all of these statements are correct.

Processed foods and convenience foods tend to ______ compared to freshly prepared foods. a. provide more calories b. contain fewer nutrients c. be higher in fat, sugar, or salt d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Studies suggest that the incidence of colon cancer may be lowered with high fiber diets. How might this be explained? a. Fiber decreases contact between mucosal cells and colonic contents. b. Fiber decreases transit time. c. Fiber containing foods are usually high in phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins. d. All of these statements are true.

d. all of these statements are true

The oxidation of LDLs: a. recruits macrophages with scavenger receptors to the site. b. increases inflammation. c. results in the formation of foam cells. d. all of these statements are true.

d. all of these statements are true

Which of the following is likely to limit the availability of food? a. socioeconomic status b. health status c. where a person lives d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Which of the following statements is true about the Daily Values standards? a. DVs help consumers know if a food is a good source of a particular nutrient. b. A DV of 5% or less on a food label indicates that the food is low in that nutrient. c. The DVs may overestimate nutrient needs for some populations but they would never underestimate the requirements for any group. d. All of these statements are true.

d. all of these statements are true

although more low fat foods are available to consumers, obesity in America has increased because: a. people eat larger servings or portions than in the past. b. people eat out more often than in the past c. the consumption of convenience foods increased d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

deamination: a. is the removal of the amino group from an amino acid b. must occur prior to using an amino acid for energy c. occurs before an amin acid is able to enter the citric acid cycle d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

in the body, vitamin E: a. is incorporated into chylomicrons. b. functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant c. is used to neutralize free radicals d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

when taking strong, long-term antibiotics, a person might run the risk of developing a: a. alpha-tocopherol b. beta-carotene c. phylloquinone d. cholecalciferol

d. cholecalciferol

in the body, vitamin E: a. is incorporated into chylomicrons b. functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant c. is used to neutralized free radicals d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

which statement concerning electrolyte imbalance is true? a. it can cause sudden heart failure b. it can occur in anorexia nervosa c. it can disturb acid base balance d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Eicosanoids are: a. hormone-like compounds. b. synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. c. needed to regulate important body processes. d. all of these statements are true.

d. all of these statements are true.

intestinal microflora: a. can cause gas b. are permanent, beneficial residents of the GI tract c. synthesize small amounts of fatty acids, some B vitamins, and vitamin K d. all of these statements are true.

d. all of these statements are true.

absorption of vitamin B12 is dependent upon all of the following except: a. adequate stomach acid b. pepsin c. intrinsic factor d. amylase

d. amylase

a processed foods is defined as: a. having more than 5 ingredients b. requiring heating and cooking before it can be eaten c. a food which has had preservatives added. d. any food that has been changed from its natural state.

d. any food that has been changed from its natural state.

what is true about the protein in the modern american diet? a. protein deficiency is common in the United States. b. people who choose a vegetarian diet are deficient in protein. c. extra protein in the diet promotes weight loss d. approximately 2/3 of the dietary protein comes from meat

d. approximately 2/3 of the dietary protein comes from meat

Which of the following are trace elements? a. Vanadium, arsenic, sulfur, chloride b. Boron, vanadium, magnesium c. Nickel, silicon, magnesium, sulfur d. Arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon

d. arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon

Individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) should limit their intake of foods containing: a. carbohydrate. b. iron. c. monosodium glutamate. d. aspartame.

d. aspartame

Which of the following has the least evidence to suggest it might be a health risk associated with excess body weight? a. sleep apnea b. cancer c. diabetes d. asthma

d. asthma

Probiotics are: a. an example of total parenteral nutrition. b. substances that promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. c. are used to prevent bacterial overgrowth in the stomach. d. beneficial bacteria added to foods.

d. beneficial bacteria added to foods

What substance is released into he small intestine to aid in digestion and absorption of fat? a. gastrin b. secretin c. micelle d. bile

d. bile

Fat soluble vitamins require _______ and _______ for absorption into intestinal cells. a. bile and lymph b. lymph and dietary fat c. lymph and chylomicrons d. bile and dietary fat

d. bile and dietary fat

what method for assessing body composition directs a low-energy current through the body? a. underwater weighing b. water-soluble isotope ingestion c. DEXA d. bioelectric impedence

d. bioelectric impedance

Which of the following events follows a drop in blood pressure? a. Adrenal gland releases aldosterone, sodium released in urine b. Blood vessels dilate, kidneys release water c. Adrenal gland suppresses aldosterone, sodium is retained d. Blood vessels constrict, kidneys retain water

d. blood vessels constrict, kidneys retain water

Chylomicrons are too large to enter capillaries directly. Chylomicrons enter lacteals, travel through lymphatic vessels and enter the ________. a. all answer choices are correct b. lymph tissue c. digestive system d. bloodstream

d. bloodstream

the type of anemia associated with folate deficiency is called: a. iron deficiency anemia b. megaloblastic anemia c. microcytic anemia d. both megaloblastic anemia and microcytic anemia

d. both megaloblastic anemia and microcytic anemia

which of the following disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue? a. xerophthalmia b. night blindness c. keratomalacia d. both Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia

d. both xerophthalmia and keratomalacia

all but one statement explains why protein-energy malnutrition develop more rapidly in children than adults. Which one is NOT? a. protein needs per unit of body weight are higher for children b. adequate energy is essential for growth c. proteins are important in immune function to fight infection d. breast milk contain inadequate protein and energy

d. breast milk contains inadequate protein and energy

Salivary amylase in the mouth begins a. fat digestion b. vitamin and mineral digestion c. protein digestion d. carbohydrate digestion

d. carbohydrate digestion

What nutrients, listed on a Nutrition Facts label, should be consumed in limited amounts? a. Cholesterol, sugars, calories b. Calories, carbohydrate, sugars c. Sodium, fat, cholesterol, sugars d. Carbohydrate, fat, calories, fibers

d. carbohydrate, fat, calories, fiber

Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle and combines with 4 carbon oxaloacetate to form____. The citric acid cycle produces high energy electrons and CO2. a. phosphates b. water c. ATP d. citric acid

d. citric acid

Protein complementation is a technique which: a. increases the biological value of a protein. b. increases the nitrogen content of dietary protein sources. c. minimizes nitrogen loss in the urine. d. combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

d. combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

which of the following is true about the rate of stomach emptying? a. larger meals leave the stomach after than smaller meals b. a mostly liquid meal stays int eh stomach longer than a solid meal c. protein leaves the stomach faster than any other nutrient d. compared with proteins and starch, fat remains in the stomach the longest.

d. compared with proteins and starch, fat remains in the stomach the longest.

the process whereby cell changes occur in structure and function leading to specialization is known as cell: a. transcription b. maintainance c. expression d. differentiation

d. differentiation

During lipid digestion, in the _______, triglycerides interact with bile and pancreatic juice. a. jejunum b. esophagus c. ileum d. duodenum

d. duodenum

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty? a. ileum b. jejunum c. pylorus d. duodenum

d. duodenum

Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating____. This neutralizes the free radical and prevents it from stealing _____. a. prions b. protons c. oxygen d. electrons

d. electrons

Refined grain products contain predominantly what part(s) of the kernel? a. Husk and germ b. Stalk c. Germ and bran d. Endosperm

d. endosperm

Which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea? a. Tongue b. Pharynx c. Esophageal sphincter d. Epiglottis

d. epiglottis

__________ fatty acids are not synthesized by the body. a. Nonessential b. Saturated c. Short chain d. Essential

d. essential

amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body are called _____ amino acids a. hydrolyzed b. conditionally essential c. nonessential d. essential

d. essential

A diseased gallbladder can interfere with: a. chyme formation. b. the ability to chew. c. the ability to regulate blood glucose levels. d. fat digestion.

d. fat digestion

Which of the following describes the quality that fat adds to food? a. Americans reduced their percentage of kilocalories from fat. b. reduced-fat products taste better than the original product c. high fat muffins and croissants replace eggs for breakfast d. fat imparts flavor, aroma, and texture to foods.

d. fat imparts flavor,aroma, and texture to foods

How does the absorption of a water-soluble molecule differ from that of a fat-soluble molecule? a. Water-soluble molecules require additional lipoprotein carriers. b. Fat-soluble molecules such as fatty acids utilize facilitated diffusion whereas water-soluble molecules utilize osmosis. c. If the molecules are the same size, then there is no difference in the absorption process. d. Fat-soluble molecules such as fatty acids use simple diffusion whereas water-soluble molecules utilize osmosis.

d. fat-soluble molecules such as fatty acids use simple diffusion whereas water-soluble molecules utilize osmosis

iron is stored in what protein? a. hemoglobin b. heme c. blood transferrin d. ferritin

d. ferritin

Which nutrient is found in plant protein foods but not in animal protein foods? a. iron b. zinc c. calcium d. fiber

d. fiber

a vitamin B12 deficiency can cause a secondary deficiency of what vitamin? a. B6 b. iron c. niacin d. folate

d. folate

which B vitamin decreases the risk of neural tube defects in developing babies? a. riboflavin b. biotin c. B12 d. folic acid

d. folic acid

Why is folic acid supplementation recommended for women of child bearing age? a. since folic acid is poorly absorbed, additional intake is recommended b. folic acid deficiency results from insufficient milk intake. c. all women of child bearing age experience folic acid deficiency. d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects.

d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects.

gene expression: a. always results in protein formation b. is not affected by the level of nutrients in the body c.occurs for all genes through the body at all times d. is the process whereby the information coded in a gene is used to produce a product

d. is the process whereby the information coded in a gene is used to produce a product

Why is folic acid supplementation recommended for women of child-bearing age? a. since folic acid is poorly absorbed, additional intake is recommended b. folic acid deficiency results from insufficient milk intake. c. all women of child bearing age experience folic acid deficiency d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neutral tube defects.

d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neutral tube defects

What method of assessing dietary intake includes gathering information about how often certain categories of food are consumed? a. 24-hour recall b. Food diary c. Food intake record d. Food frequency questionnaire

d. food frequency questionnaire

Fructose is found mostly in: a. dairy products. b. grains and cereals. c. meat. d. fruits and vegetables.

d. fruits and vegetables

What food groups are most important to the DASH eating plan? a. Low-fat dairy, fruits, vegetables, salt substitute b. Unprocessed foods, fruits, whole grains, yogurt c. Salt substitute, vegetables, whole grains, unprocessed foods d. Fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains

d. fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains

all of the following are true regarding antidiuretic hormone [ADH], except that: a. is released by the pituitary gland b. is released when blood volume falls c. prompts the kidneys to conserve water d. functions to release water and dilute urine. e. is decreased when blood volume increases or normalizes

d. functions to release water and dilute urine.

in what organ is bile stored? a. liver b. pancreas c. stomach d. gallbladder

d. gallbladder

what is role of genes in synthesizing protein? a. genes prevent protein degradation b. genes maintain a constant supply of amino acids c. genes must be obtained from the food supply d. genes provide the code to synthesize proteins.

d. genes provide the code to synthesize protein

Most fatty acids in food and in the body are bound to a molecule called: a. cholesterol. b. phospholipids. c. lecithin. d. glycerol

d. glycerol

Triglycerides are broken down into three fatty acids and ______. a. diglycerol b. phosolipid c. lipid d. glycerol

d. glycerol

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of calcium? a. Yogurt b. Sardines c. Broccoli d. Ground beef

d. ground beef

which of the following is a long-term complication of diabetes a. cirrhosis of the liver b. lactose intolerance c. gastrointestinal upset d. heart disease

d. heart disease

amino acids, simple sugars, and water soluble products that are absorbed into capillaries are part of what system? a. lymphatic b. gastrointestinal c. thoracic duct d. hepatic portal circulation

d. hepatic portal circulation

the primary focus of the DASH diet is to help control: a. high cholesterol levels b. type 2 diabetes c. blood triglycerides d. high blood pressure

d. high blood pressure

A strong correlation exists between the development of colon cancer and diets: a. high in fish. b. high in grains and cereals. c. with moderate amounts of alcohol. d. high in animal fats.

d. high in animal fats

Gastrointestinal function is regulated by: a. hormones b. external stimuli c. nerve signals d. hormones and nerve signals

d. hormones and nerve signals

Which brain region regulates long-term food intake and energy expenditure? a. Cerebellum b. Cortex c. Frontal lobe d. Hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because: a. infants have less surface area for evaporation b. infants are more active than adults c.infants weigh less than adults d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

folate deficiency may cause all the following except: a. development of cancer b. microcytic anemia c. poor growth d. inflammation of the tongue

d. inflammation of the tongue

_____________________ protects human subjects in a study and limits the types of procedures that can be performed on them. a. peer review b. double blind design c. prior authorization d. informed consent

d. informed consent

the trace mineral required for normal blood hemoglobin level is a. chromium b. iron c. copper d. manganese

d. iron

common trace mineral deficiencies in the US and worldwide are: a. copper and nickel b. selenium and chromium c. cobalt and manganese d. iron and iodine

d. iron and iodine

Deficiencies of what minerals are world health problems? a. Iodine, lead, sodium b. Lead, iron, potassium c. Calcium, sodium, potassium d. Iron, iodine, calcium

d. iron, iodine, calcium

What is true about a healthy diet? a. limits food selections to a few food groups. b. requires the purchase of special foods and supplements c. promotes rapid weight loss of much more than 2 pounds per week d. it is based on sounds scientific principles.

d. is based on sound scientific principles

What is true about dehydration? a. a loss of 11% body weights water can cause nausea b. it is recommended for reducing body weight c. it stimulates the removal of waste products d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance.

d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance

all of the following are TRUE with regard to the hormone leptin, except: a. it is primarily produced by adipose tissue b. its circulating concentration is closely associated with total body fat c. increased levels of leptin in the blood act in the brain to suppress hunger d. it function primarily in short-term energy balance.

d. it functions primarily in short-term energy balance

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE? a. It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures. b. It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen. c. It is sensitive to light. d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

d. it is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process

maintaining bone health involves: a. forming bone that is 100% compact. b. reaching peak bone mass by age 40. c. remodeling using osteoblasts and osteoclasts. d. keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations.

d. keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations

When a diet is very low in kcalories and carbohydrate for a long period of time, what is most likely to develop? a. Diabetes b. Hepatitis c. Hyperglycemia d. Ketosis

d. ketosis

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Salivary glands d. Kidney

d. kidney

The primary organ involved in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and water balance in the body a. brain b. lungs c. heart d. kidneys

d. kidneys

if one did not eat dairy foods, one could get calcium from: a. whole grains b. meat c. citrus fruits d. leafy green vegetables

d. leafy green vegetables

in the short term, which of the following substances doesn't determine hunger or fullness? a. cholecystokinin b. glucose c. ghrelin d. leptin

d. leptin

from this figure, what is true about the dietary sources of sodium and potassium? a. more processed foods are generally low in sodium b. more processed foods are generally high in potassium c. less processed foods tend to be high in sodium d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

The hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to the: a. brain. b. kidneys. c. stomach. d. liver.

d. liver

which physiological process requires B12? a. division of red blood cells b. synthesis of proteins c. activation of niacin d. maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission

d. maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission

The correct sequence of events in the scientific method is a. conduct an experiment, develop a hypothesis, form a theory, and make an observation b. develop a hypothesis, conduct an experiment, make an observation, and form a theory. c. form a theory, conduct the experiment, develop a hypothesis, and make an observation. d. make an observation, develop a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and form a theory.

d. make an observation, develop a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and form a theory

all of the following are TRUE with regard to body mass index [BMI] except: a. that is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to his or her height. b. that is provides an indirect measure of body fat c. that there is an increased risk of obesity-related disease and conditions with increasing BMI d. measurement requires the use of skin fold calipers or other body composition assessment tools e. no exceptions - all answers above are true with regard to body mass index.

d. measurement requires the use of skin fold calipers or other body composition assessment tools

How do high intakes of zinc affect copper absorption? a. high zinc intake inhibits the synthesis of the protein metallothionein in the mucosal cells. b. metallothionein binds zinc more tightly than it binds copper. c. excess zinc int eh diet stimulates the production of a protein that binds copper d. metallothionein binds copper, preventing it form being released into the blood.

d. metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in: a. REs. b. µgs. c. alpha-tocopherol equivalents. d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol.

d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol

Which of the following nutrient are NOT organic molecules? a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. minerals

d. minerals

Enzymes called lipases break down _____. a. amino acids b. cholesterol c. proteins d. triglycerides

d. triglycerides

Which of the following statements is true about protein digestion? a. denaturation of protein takes place in the small intestine. b. hydrochloric acid is used to convert peptides into amino acids. c. much dietary protein is lost in the feces. d. most protein digestion takes place in the small intestine.

d. most protein digestion takes place in the small intestines

excess fluoride consumption may cause: a. arthritis b. diarrhea c. hives and dermatitis d. mottled teeth

d. mottled teeth

The digestive tract begins at the _________ and ends at the _________. a. esophagus; small intestine b. mouth; transverse colon c. esophageal sphincter; pylorus d. mouth; anus

d. mouth; anus

The internal lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the: a. submucosa. b. serosa. c. muscularis. d. mucosa.

d. mucosa

proteins are unique in terms of their chemical structure when compared to carbohydrate and lipids because they contain: a. carbon b. hydrogen c. oxygen d. nitrogen

d. nitrogen

which of the following is not true regarding iodine? a. More than half the iodine in the body is located in the thyroid gland. b. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones. c. Iodine levels in the body are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone. d. None of these.

d. none of these

A measure of the nutrient content of a food compared to its energy content is referred to as a. healthy Food Index. b. nutrient score. c. dietary reference intake. d. nutrient density.

d. nutrient density

Which statement about obesity is true? a. Obesity rates have remained constant over the last 50 years. b. Obesity is defined as having a BMI >25. c. Obesity rates tend to be constant across racial and ethnic groups. d. Obesity is defined as having a BMI >30.

d. obesity is defined was having a BMI > 30.

The correct names of the sequence of steps in the scientific method are: a. hypothesis, observation, experiments, theory b. theory, observation, experiments, hypothesis c. experiments, theory, hypothesis, and observation d. observation, hypothesis, experiments, theory

d. observation, hypothesis, experiments, theory

Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from the: a. gallbladder. b. kidneys. c. liver. d. pancreas.

d. pancreas

Dietary sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT: a. meat. b. eggs. c. fish. d. peanut butter.

d. peanut butter

what is the name given to the cracked, inflamed skin condition appearing on areas of the body exposed to sunlight, heart, or injury? a. ariboflavinosis b. beriberi c. pernicious anemia d. pellegra

d. pellegra

A(n) ____________ bond links one amino acid to the next. a. disulfide b. ionic c. glycosidic d. peptide

d. peptide

Coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract are called: a. segmentation. b. muscular syncopation. c. gastroesophageal sphincterization. d. peristalsis.

d. peristalsis

which of the following are included in the endocrine system? a. brain, spinal cord b. lymph, white blood cells c. kidneys, testes, ovaries d. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas

d. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas

A condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. a. Type 1 b. Gestational c. Type 2 d. Prediabetes

d. pre diabetes

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are) ingested. a. carrot juice b. egg yolks c. polar bear liver d. preformed vitamin A supplements

d. preformed vitamin A supplements

Retin A and Acutane, derived from vitamin A, can do all of the following EXCEPT: a. reduce skin wrinkles. b. treat acne. c. increase epithelial cell turnover. d. prevent one from getting the flu.

d. prevent one from getting the flu

All of the following potentially adverse health conditions result when the body lacks sufficient dietary carbohydrates, EXCEPT? a. Ketosis b. Increased breakdown of body proteins c. Decreased access to energy fatty acids d. Protein-sparing action

d. protein sparing action

The sphincter that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine is the __________ sphincter. a. gastroesophageal b. celiac c. anal d. pyloric

d. pyloric

a chemical name for vitamin B6 is: a. cobalamin b. linoleic acid c. pantothenic acid d. pyridoxine e. tocopherol f. all of the above g. none of the above

d. pyridoxine

another name for vitamin B6 is: a. pantothenic acid b. biotin c. pyruvate d. pyridoxine

d. pyridoxine

Which of the followings NOT a general function of nutrients? a. provide energy b. form structures c. regulate body processes d. reduce digestive disorders

d. reduce digestive disorders

what is a component of an ideal weight management plan? a. promotion of rapid weight loss to quickly achieve weight goal. b. the caloric intakes should be less than 1200 calories per day c. the opportunity to maintain favorite foods and usual eating pattern. d. regular physical activity to increase energy expenditure.

d. regular physical activity to increase energy expenditure

water plays an important role in: a. preventing obesity in the U.S. population b. providing a source of energy c. providing a good source of potassium in the diet d. regulating body temperatures e. making up 50% of the body in men f. all of the above

d. regulating body temperatures

water in the body comes from all of these sources except: a. beverages b. solid food c. metabolic reactions d. respiration

d. respiration

Which is NOT a true statement about nutritional studies using animals a. animal studies can be more easilycontrolled than human studies b. the digestive system of some animals is quite different from humans, making these animals inappropriate choices for some studies c. the choice of the animal studied may influence the outcome of the study d. results from animal studies can always be readily extrapolated to humans

d. results from animal studies can always be readily extrapolated to humans

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues? a. Carotenoid circulating factor b. Chylomicrons c. Opsin d. Retinol binding protein

d. retinol binding protein

Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world? a. the body's ability to store the fat-soluble vitamins has declined. b. the intake of fats has increased in developed countries c. composition of foods may influence how much fat soluble vitamin is absorbed d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

of the following list of foods, which contains the highest ration of insoluble to soluble fiber? a. oatmeal b. apple c. beans d. rye bran

d. rye bran

When subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving in a clinical trial, but the researchers do, the study is called: a. anecdotal. b. collaboration. c. double blind. d. single blind

d. single blind

The technique whereby calipers are used to measure the amount of subcutaneous fat is known as: a. underwater weighing. b. bioelectric impedance. c. basal measurement. d. skinfold measurement.

d. skinfold measurement

the best way to lose weight is to: a. lose it as quickly as possible b. only decreases the mount of calories consumed. c. only increase the amount of energy expended. d. slowly lose about 10% of body weight

d. slowly lose about 10% of body weight

The primary site of nutrient absorption is the: a. liver. b. large intestine. c. stomach. d. small intestine.

d. small intestine

In the United States, the typical diet is high in _____ and low in ____. a. sodium potassium and chloride b. sodium; phosphorus c. iron; potassium d. sodium and chloride; potassium

d. sodium and chloride; potassium

nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend on which minerals? a. chloride and potassium b. phosphorous and calcium c. sodium and fluoride d. sodium and potassium

d. sodium and potassium

which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body? a. sodium is primarily intracellular; potassium is primarily extracellular. b. sodium and potassium are primarily extracellular c. sodium nd potassium are primarily intracellular d. sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

d. sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

Which of the following are principal electrolytes in body fluids? a. Sodium, calcium, phosphorus b. Phosphorus, sodium, magnesium c. Calcium, magnesium, sodium d. Sodium, potassium, chloride

d. sodium, potassium, and chloride

in the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of: a. adipose tissue b. bones and teeth c. enzymes d. some amino acids and vitamins

d. some amino acids and vitamins

Heme iron is found in all of these foods except a. beef b. chicken c. fish d. spinach

d. spinach

which of the following is not a good source of heme iron? a. beef b. chicken c. salmon d. spinach

d. spinach

The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract? a. Small intestine b. Large intestine c. Gallbladder d. Stomach

d. stomach

Which statement about weight-loss surgeries is true? a. they may be appropriate for a person with a BMI greater than or equal to 26 kg/m2. b. they are recommended for people who are able to perform daily activities. c. they alter the GI tract to increase nutrient absorption. d. success requires a permanent change in eating habits.

d. success requires a permanent change in eating habits

Which of the following food types is typically consumed by Americans today in excessive amounts? a. whole grains b. low fat dairy c. legumes d. salty and sugary

d. sugar and salty

Which of the following is a common source of anecdotal evidence? a. peer-reviewed scientific literature b. federal government websites c. registered dietitians d. testimony of individuals

d. testimony of individuals

which statement about tetany is false? a. it occurs when the extracellular calcium concentration is too low b. tetany causes muscles to contract c. it can cause death d. tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency

d. tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency

What is TRUE about leptin levels in in an obese individual? a. Leptin is secreted when blood glucose levels drop. b. circulating insulin is inversely related to the amount of body fat c. leptin levels are controlled by calorie intake and energy expenditure. d. the amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat.

d. the amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat

What is true about our food choices? a. We select foods mainly for their nutritive value. b. Our food choices are often limited to foods produced locally. c. Foods available in the store mean that they will be available to all individuals. d. The foods we are exposed to as children influence what foods we eat as adults.

d. the foods that we are exposed to as children influence what foods we eat as adults.

which of the following is not a typical reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis? a. women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men b.bnone breakdown accelerate after menopause c. calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause d. the hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods

d. the hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods

Polysaccharides in plant foods may function as a stored form of energy (starch) or indigestible material (fiber) depending on: a. the presence of water b. how many monosaccharides are present c. whether the food is raw or cooked. d. the type of bonds between the monosaccharides e. all correct f. none of the above

d. the types of bonds between the monosaccharides

The energy expended to digest and store nutrients is called: a. basal metabolic rate. b. digestive capacity thermogenesis. c. consumptive heat capacity. d. thermic effect of food.

d. thermic effect of food

which of the following statements is true about enzymes? a. they cause muscles to contract and propel the food through the digestive tract. b. they lubricate, moisten, and protect cells from harsh environments. c. they are changed during the chemical reactions. d. they accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

d. they accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

Trace minerals differ from major minerals in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: a. their daily requirement is less than 100 milligrams. b. their safe range of intake is more narrow. c. they are found in smaller amounts in the body. d. they are less essential in human health. e. they include iodine and iron. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

d. they are less essential in human health

identify the statement which is false about omega-3 fatty acids: a. they are used to make anti-inflammatory eicosanoids in the body b. fish, walnuts, and flax seeds are good sources c. they are polyunsaturated d. they are non-essential, as the liver can cover omega-9 fatty acids into omega-3 fatty acids

d. they are non-essential, as the liver can convert omega-9 fatty acids into omega-3 fatty acids

What is true about essential fatty acids? a. The body can synthesize essential fattya acids from glucose and other sources of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. b. they are necessary for normal bone development in infants and young children c. essential fatty acid deficiency is common in the united states d. they have anti-inflammatory properties that protect against heart disease

d. they have anti-inflammatory properties that protect against heart disease

How are thiamin and riboflavin similar? a. they are a source of energy for the body b. they appear in animal protein foods c. they can be readily synthesized by the body. d. they help metabolize the macronutrients

d. they help metabolize the macronutrients

What characteristic is found among indigestible carbohydrates? a. They increase the absorption rate of glucose. b. They are broken down in the small intestine. c. They can decrease intestinal gas. d. They stimulate peristalsis.

d. they stimulate peristalsis

what substance in corn is poorly absorbed and could lead to a niacin deficiency? a. nicotinamide b. dinucleotide c. valine d. tryptophan

d. tryptophan

which condition represents a state of negative nitrogen balance? a. pregnancy b. meeting body needs for protein c. wound healing d. turning excess body protein to fat.

d. turning excess body protein to fat

Which statement about the changing american food supply is not true? a. One hundred years ago, time spent on meal preparation was measured in hours. b. Our modern food supply includes countless options. c. Today, after-school activities often impinge on family meal times. d. Twenty years ago, people ate most of their meals at home.

d. twenty years ago, people at most of their meals at home.

how are waste products eliminated from the body? a. oxygen is transported to the lungs by red blood cells b. glucose is lost through the skin in perspiration or sweat c. the liver excretes water, minerals, and metabolic waste products d. unabsorbed substances are excreted from the GI tract in feces.

d. unabsorbed substances are excreted from the GI tract in feces

Deamination is the removal of the amino group NH2 and converted to the less toxic ______ molecule. This occurs in the liver. a. nitrogen b. hydroxyl c. ammonia d. urea

d. urea

The end-products of carbohydrate catabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. water. b. carbon dioxide. c. energy (ATP). d. urea.

d. urea

which of the following is a good source of Vitamin E? a. Calf's liver b. skim milk c. raw tomatoes d. vegetable oil

d. vegetable oil

The absorption of dietary iron is enhanced by the presence of: a. choline b. fiber c. pyridine d. vitamin C e. water f. all of the above g. none of the above

d. vitamin C

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K

d. vitamin K

which of the following has the least involvement in bone health and maintenance? a. vitamin A b. vitamin D c. vitamin E d. Vitamin K

d. vitamin K

Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient? a. carbohydrate b. fat. c. protein d. vitamins

d. vitamins

which of the following is true about zinc absorption? a. when zinc intake is low, zinc absorption decreases. b. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption increases c. when zinc intake is low, zinc absorption halts d. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption decreases

d. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption decreases.

The food that contains the most vitamin D is: a. whole-wheat bread. b. cranberry juice. c. peanut oil. d. whole milk.

d. whole milk

what is true about peak bone mass? a. men start to lose bone mass after about age 25 b. during childhood, sex differences in bone mass first appear c. women have a higher bone mineral density than men d. women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause

d. women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause

when the intake of _____ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited. a. iodine b. fluoride c. chromium d. zinc

d. zinc

how nutrient deficiencies progress: 1. intake that is inadequate to meet needs

deficient diet, poor absorption, increased need, increased losses from body - dietary evaluation: assess nutrient intake - medical history, physical exa,. and lab tests: assess problems due to poor nutrient absorption.

evaluating nutrition information

describes how nutrition research studies are used to better understand the relationships among people and their intake - we are bombarded with nutrition information - some accurate and based on science. some is incorrect or exaggerated.

experimental group control group

e - the group of participants who undergo the treatment being tested. c - the group of participants used as a basis of comparison. don't receive the treatment.

the process of bioavailability related to vitamin requirements is affected by: a. solubility b. transport systems c. precursors d. carrier proteins e. all of these

e. all of these

Excess fluoride consumption may cause: a. arthritis. b. diarrhea. c. hives and wheezing. d. dermatitis. e mottled teeth. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

e. mottled teeth

the B vitamins include all of the following except: a. biotin b. folate c. niacin d. pantothenic acid e. tocopherol f. all of the above g. none of the above

e. tocopherol

processed/convenience foods

easily attainable but do not provide the necessary nutrients contain elevated levels or calories, sodium, and fat half of US population doesn't consume necessary nutrients. We don't eat enough whole grains, vegetables, fruits, seafood, or dairy

understanding MyPlate:

emphasizes the importance of - proportionality: eating more of some types of foods than others - variety: no one food group provides all nutrients and food components. - moderation: limiting portion size and choosing nutrient-dense foods to balance calories consumed with calories expended.

how do exchange lists differ from MyPlate groups?

exchange lists are designed to meet energy and macronutrient criteria, where as the MyPlate groups are designed to be good sources of certain nutrients regardless of their energy content

analyzing nutrient intake: anthropometric measurements

external measurements of the body such as height, weight, limb circumference, and skin fold thickness

absorption of vitamin B12 requires: a. the presence of vitamin C in the same meal b. the presence of bile in the small intestine c. binding to a protein in the stomach called intrinsic factor d. incorporation into chylomicrons in the blood e. all of the above f. none of the above

f. none of the above

Generally speaking, the American diet follows the variety principle for fruit consumption

false

Which two nutrients each make up 16% of human body weight?

fats, carbohydrates

"good source"

food contains 10-19% of the Daily value for a particular nutrient per serving

supplements are classified as ____ - not ____.

foods, drugs

nutrients are involved in

growth, maintenance, and repair of tissue reproduction

nutrients are involved in

growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues reproduction

hypothesis theory

h - an educated guess made to explain an observation or to answer a question. t - an explanation based on scientific study and reasoning

what nutrients do: regulate body processes

homeostasis and metabolism proteins, vitamins, minerals help regulate blood pressure and body temperature. enzymes = rate limiting in chemical reactions (proteins, vitamins, minerals) hormones = proteins, lipids

nutritional assessment: diet history

information about dietary habits and patterns

compare how food is prepared today and how it was once prepared in the "caveman" days.

it takes significantly less time to prepare meals compared to the cave men days where it took hours to prepare

energy yielding nutrients

kilocalories

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? a. Chylomicrons b. Low-density lipoproteins c. High-density lipoproteins d. Very-low density lipoproteins

low-density lipoproteins

alcohol is not considered a

macronutrient because it is not essential

Has it stood the test of time?

many studies duplicated over time show the same results.

analyzing nutrient intake: lab measurements

measuring cholesterol, lipid, glucose levels

nutritional assessment: 24 hour recall

method of assessing dietary dietary intake in which a trained interviewer helps an individual remember what he or she ate the previous day. - most common - its a more accurate estimate of typical intake - repeated recalls build trust so it gives you a more accurate estimate of typical intake

organic molecule

molecule that contains carbon bonded hydrogen. protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins

inorganic molecule

molecule that doesn't contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (minerals and water)

Which of the following is true about digestion? a. sugars eaten are eliminated in the feces. b. proteins are broken down into sugars c. most carbohydrates are broken down into sugars d. fiber found in fruits is broken down into sugars

most carbohydrates are broken down into sugars

food provides:

nutrients and energy

"reduced"

nutritionally altered product contains 25% less of a nutrient or of energy than the regular or reference product

what are some consequences of poor food choices?

obesity, chronic disease, etc.

why have our food recommendations changed?

our food intake patterns have changed and our knowledge of what constitutes as a healthy diet has evolved.

What was our primary concern 50-100 years ago? What are some nutrition concerns today?

people weren't eating enough food. overeating and excessive food intake

nutritional assessment: food diary/food intake record

person keeps a record of all food/drink for set amount of time, usually 2-7 days , including a weekend.

Which of the following foods will cause the fastest glycemic response? a. plain white bread b. white bread with butter c. white bread with peanut butter d. whole grain bread

plain white bread

over nutrition

poor nutritional status resulting from an energy or nutrient intake in excess which is optimal for health

What nutrients do: provide energy

proteins and fats involved energy is used to do work in everyday tasks energy maintains body functions and fuel physical work if more energy is consumed than is needed over time, body weight will increase

most of a human's body weight is comprised of what nutrients?

proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins

daily reference values (DRVs)

reference values established for protein and seven nutrient for which no original RDAs were established. The values are based on dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of chronic disease. Shows the limits of what we need.

reference daily intakes (RDIs)

reference values established for vitamins and minerals are based on the highest amount of each nutrient recommended for any adult age group by the 1968 RDAs

"Current good manufacturing practice"

regulations from FDA which requires the manufacturer to test their product.

nutrient content claims

see words commonly used on food labels

How has the pyramid changed?

shape, the arrangement, and added activity. They realized people's consumption must equal their activity to maintain a healthy diet.

nutrients

substances in foods that provide energy, provide structure, and help regulate body processes.

a healthy diet provides:

the correct amount of energy and nutrients without deficiencies or excesses.

the scientific method

the general approach of science that is used to explain observations about the world around us. - how advances in nutrition are made - unbiased approach to examine the interactions of food, nutrients, and health - steps: observation, hypothesis, experiment, theory

what does the ingredient list tells you.

the ingredient section of the label lists the content of the product in order of their prominence by weight.

What is true about the ingredient list in a food label? a. The ingredients are listed by volume. b. The ingredients are listed by weight. c. The ingredients are standardized by the FDA. d. The FDA proved that the ingredients safe for consumption.

the ingredients are listed by weight

nutritional genomics (nutrigenomics)

the study of how diet affects our genes and how individual genetic variation can affect th impact of nutrients or other food components of health

epidemiology

the study of intereallationships between health and disease and other factors in the environment or lifestyle of different populations

metabolism

the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism

analyzing nutrient intake

to get a general nutritional "snapshot" incidivudal nutrient intake can be compared to recommended intakes.

what are food guideline?

tools developed to help the public make healthy food choices for overall health.

function of water

transportation of nutrients lubricant role of metabolic processes temperature regulation fills cells

genes

units of larger molecules called DNA that are responsible for inherited traits

"high"

used for foods that contain 20%or more of the Daily Valie for a particular nutrient

"high potency"

used on foods or supplements to describe individual vitamins or minerals that are present at 100% or more of the Daily value or multi-ingredient foods

"fresh"

used on foods that are raw and have never been frozen or heated and contain no preservatives

"antioxidant"

used to describe food or supplements that are a "good source of" or "high in" a nutrient for which there is an established Daily Value and for which there is scientific evidence of its function as an antioxidant

"healthy"

used to describe foods that are low in fat and saturated fat and contains no more than 360 mg of sodium and no more than 60 mg of cholesterol per serving and provide at least 10% of the daily value for vitamins A or c, or iron, calcium, protein, or fiber

assessing nutritional health: nutritional assessment

used to determine if an individual's intake is healthy or at risk for chronic disease.

is it based on good science? is the study well controlled?

variable - factor or condition that is changed in an experimental setting placebo - fake medicine single blind study - experiment where either the study participant or researchers are unaware of which participants are in a control or an experimental group double blind study - an experiment in which neither study participant for researcher know which participants are in a control or experimental group,

Which nutrient is most abundant in the body?

water