Nutrition Chapter 14
13) During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day? A) 350 to 450 B) 500 to 650 C) 700 to 800 D) more than 900
A) 350 to 450
40) Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant? A) Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods. B) Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies. C) Avoid seasoning foods with either salt or spices. D) Begin with pureed foods before advancing to soft foods and then to textured foods.
A) Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods.
10) In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth
A) first
23) Most of a pregnant woman's nutrient needs can be met by consuming a healthful, balanced diet, EXCEPT for which specific nutrient? A) iron B) folate C) calcium D) protein
A) iron
16) During pregnancy, women should avoid consuming large, predatory types of fish and consume no more than 12 oz per week of other types of fish to avoid what kind of contamination? A) mercury B) lead C) arsenic D) nitrogen
A) mercury
31) During pregnancy, what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe? A) none B) one drink a month C) one drink a week D) one drink a day
A) none
55) How much weight should a woman of normal pre-pregnancy BMI gain during the first trimester? A) 0.5 to 1 pound B) 3 to 5 pounds C) 6 to 8 pounds D) about 10 pounds
B) 3 to 5 pounds
33) During the first six months of lactation, the daily energy needs of the mother increase by how many kilocalories as compared to pre-pregnancy levels? A) 120 B) 330 C) 540 D) 650
B) 330
9) A low-birth-weight infant is one who weighs less than about how many pounds? A) 4.5 B) 5.5 C) 6.5 D) 7.5
B) 5.5
20) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding vitamin B12 during pregnancy? A) Vitamin B12 is easily obtained by consuming animal food sources. B) The RDA for vitamin B12 doubles during pregnancy. C) Vegan women are at risk for developing a vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy. D) Vitamin B12 absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.
B) The RDA for vitamin B12 doubles during pregnancy.
The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine linning is called the A) conceptus. B) blastocyst. C) embryo. D) placenta.
B) blastocyst.
18) At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important? A) during the first four days after conception B) during the first four weeks after conception C) during the second trimester D) during the third trimester
B) during the first four weeks after conception
34) The hormone that stimulates maternal breast milk production is A) estrogen. B) prolactin. C) leptin. D) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
49) The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) progesterone. D) lactic acid.
B) prolactin.
10) An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of A) vitamin A. B) trans fats. C) red meat. D) alcohol.
B) trans fats.
48) Colostrum, which is rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is replaced by mature milk in about A) 1 to 2 days. B) 2 to 4 days. C) 4 to 6 days. D) 6 to 9 days.
C) 4 to 6 days.
8) What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)? A) 5-1/2 lbs B) 6-1/2 lbs C) 7-1/2 lbs D) 8-1/2 lbs
C) 7-1/2 lbs
32) Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes? A) bologna B) smoked salmon C) a hard-boiled egg D) raw sprouts
C) a hard-boiled egg
3) Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring? A) osteoporosis B) colon cancer C) hypertension D) obesity
C) hypertension
35) The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is A) high fluid intake by the mother. B) high protein intake by the mother. C) infant suckling. D) adequate maternal rest.
C) infant suckling.
38) Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding? A) assists the uterus in returning to prepregnancy size B) potential decreased risk of breast cancer C) shortens the intervals between pregnancies D) may help the woman lose the weight she gained during pregnancy
C) shortens the intervals between pregnancies
29) Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of preeclampsia? A) protein in the urine B) increased blood pressure C) unexplained and rapid weight loss D) edema
C) unexplained and rapid weight loss
19) Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of either folate or A) vitamin D. B) vitamin B6. C) vitamin B12. D) vitamin C.
C) vitamin B12.
52) Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of A) milk allergy. B) dehydration. C) milk anemia. D) colic.
D) colic.
6) As compared to the general population, the children of diabetic women are A) twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes. B) four times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes. C) six times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes. D) eight times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
D) eight times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
47) Colostrum has a laxative effect on the newborn, helping the newborn to expel A) intestinal pathogens. B) amniotic fluid. C) hind milk. D) meconium.
D) meconium.
36) Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone? A) estrogen B) prolactin C) leptin D) oxytocin
D) oxytocin
1) Some of the earliest evidence for the fetal origins theory came from A) France. B) South Africa. C) Japan. D) the Netherlands.
D) the Netherlands.
25) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants up to six months old be given what kind of supplement? A) zinc B) iron C) vitamin C D) vitamin D
D) vitamin D
The Zika Virus is an example of a genopathogen neonatal pathogen teratogen toxicogen
teratogen
50) Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is TRUE? A) Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants. B) In the United States and Canada, HIV-positive women are encouraged to breastfeed. C) Environmental contaminants such as pesticide residues do not pass from a lactating mother into her breast milk. D) For reasons that are not entirely clear, women who are overweight or obese appear to initiate and maintain breastfeeding at higher rates than women of normal weight.
A) Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants.
58) Which of the following statements about food allergies is TRUE? A) Breastfeeding helps to reduce the risk of food allergies. B) In breastfed infants, only 4 to 6 foods have the potential to stimulate an allergic reaction. C) Food allergies are considered the most likely culprit in infant colic. D) In infants, the most common health effects of food allergies are high fevers and seizures.
A) Breastfeeding helps to reduce the risk of food allergies.
45) Anchovies, mackerel, salmon, and sardines are good sources of A) DHA. B) vitamin C. C) folate. D) fiber.
A) DHA.
54) Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy? A) She should restrict her energy intake and attempt to lose weight before her due date. B) Her baby has an increased risk for being large for gestational age. C) Her baby has an increased risk of childhood obesity and insulin resistance. D) She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.
A) She should restrict her energy intake and attempt to lose weight before her due date.
4) Which of the following changes are typical of the fetal physiological response to maternal starvation or malnutrition? A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage. B) The activity of certain enzymes important in metabolism ceases. C) Body cells no longer use DNA to assemble proteins. D) Nearly all body organs diminish in size.
A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
7) The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called fetal A) adaptation. B) accommodation. C) compromise. D) modification.
A) adaptation.
46) The substance that cushions and protects the developing fetus is the A) amniotic fluid. B) placenta. C) blastocyst. D) umbilical cord.
A) amniotic fluid.
30) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy typically resolve with A) birth of the infant. B) hypertensive medication. C) a low-sodium diet. D) hospitalization with total bed rest.
A) birth of the infant
28) Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes? A) increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant B) increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes C) increased risk to offspring of developing metabolic disorders later in life D) increased risk to offspring of developing overweight later in life
A) increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant
51) Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by older infants can limit iron intake and lead to A) milk anemia. B) sickle cell anemia. C) macrocytic anemia. D) iron-deficiency anemia.
A) milk anemia.
Which of the following factors helps to explain why infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults? A) Neither breast milk nor formula can adequately meet an infant's fluid needs. B) Infants lose proportionally more fluid via evaporation than adults. C) Infants have no way of signaling to adults either hunger or thirst. D) Infant kidneys produce more highly concentrated urine than adult kidneys.
B) Infants lose proportionally more fluid via evaporation than adults.
57) Which of the following about infant lead exposure is FALSE? A) You should allow tap water to run for at least a minute before using it to make infant formula. B) Lead is an endotoxin that causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and wasting in children. C) Although lead in paints and plumbing has been outlawed, it can still be found in older buildings. D) It is safe to hire a professional to paint over lead-based paint with latex paint.
B) Lead is an endotoxin that causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and wasting in children.
15) During pregnancy, protein needs A) remain 0.8 g/kg of body weight, resulting in a slow increase as the woman gains weight. B) increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight. C) increase by an additional 40 grams or so of protein per day. D) remain 0.8 g/kg of body weight throughout the first and second trimesters, then increase to 1.8 g/kg of body weight in the third trimester.
B) increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight.
44) Which pregnancy-specific structure is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products? A) amniotic fluid B) placenta C) uterus D) blastocyst
B) placenta
39) At birth, baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday? A) 16 pounds B) 20 pounds C) 24 pounds D) 32 pounds
C) 24 pounds
26) A normal-weight woman should gain approximately how many pounds during pregnancy? A) 5 to 10 B) 15 to 20 C) 25 to 35 D) 40 to 50
C) 25 to 35
60) Baby Joe is a 5-month-old exclusively formula-fed infant who needs 600 kcal per day. About how many ounces of formula does Joe need each day? A) 20 ounces B) 25 ounces C) 30 ounces D) 35 ounces
C) 30 ounces
12) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding calcium needs during pregnancy? A) The AI for calcium is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women. B) Calcium absorption is very efficient during pregnancy. C) The extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures. D) Kale, collard greens, and broccoli are good plant sources of calcium.
C) The extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures.
42) Why are newborns given an injection of vitamin K? A) Breast milk and infant formulas are low in vitamin K. B) The trauma of birth destroys the newborn's vitamin K stores. C) The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K. D) Infants cannot absorb vitamin K from breast milk or formula until approximately 3 months of age.
C) The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K.
14) Which of the following fatty acids is thought to support fetal brain and eye development? A) stearic acid B) oleic acid C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) D) palmitic acid
C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
56) Which of the following aspects of a pregnant woman's nutritional status increases the risk of a neural tube defect in the fetus? A) megadoses of beta-carotene B) iodine deficiency C) folate deficiency D) excess alcohol consumption
C) folate deficiency
2) According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood? A) osteoporosis B) celiac disease C) metabolic syndrome D) colon cancer
C) metabolic syndrome
11) Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the A) mother's weight at the end of the first trimester. B) size of the fetus at 3 months' gestation. C) mother's weight before becoming pregnant. D) mother's height.
C) mother's weight before becoming pregnant.
53) Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent A) colic. B) milk anemia. C) nursing bottle syndrome. D) dehydration.
C) nursing bottle syndrome.
9) Research into the fetal origins of adult disease suggests that A) maternal nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy have no effect on the fetus. B) the harmful effects of prenatal exposure to famine can be reversed if followed by high nutrient intakes shortly after birth. C) prenatal exposure to famine affects the health of the offspring as well as the health of their children. D) low birth weight among babies exposed to famine in utero reduces cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood.
C) prenatal exposure to famine affects the health of the offspring as well as the health of their children.
The natural termination of pregnancy and expulsion of pregnancy tissue is called A) preterm birth. B) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). C) spontaneous abortion. D) stillbirth.
C) spontaneous abortion.
21) During pregnancy, excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects? A) folate B) vitamin C C) vitamin A D) calcium
C) vitamin A
24) Which of the following enhances the absorption of iron? A) milk B) bran C) vitamin C D) oxalates
C) vitamin C
17) It has been suggested that what percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid? A) 20 percent B) 30 percent C) 50 percent D) 70 percent
D) 70 percent
59) Which of the following statements about infant growth is FALSE? A) An infant who is in the 60th percentile for length should be in about the 50th to 70th percentile for weight. B) An infant's head is normally quite large in comparison to his or her body. C) It is thought that the microbiome of breastfed infants reduces their future risk for obesity. D) Breastfed infants grow in length and weight at a greater rate than formula-fed infants.
D) Breastfed infants grow in length and weight at a greater rate than formula-fed infants.
43) Why is it strongly recommended that infants NOT consume honey? A) Because honey is a viscous fluid, it is likely to adhere to the infant's gums and promote the development of dental caries. B) Honey can lead to chronic diarrhea in infants. C) Honey is sweeter than table sugar and consumption may cause the infant to develop a preference for sweet tastes. D) Honey may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which the infant's GI tract is not mature enough to destroy.
D) Honey may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which the infant's GI tract is not mature enough to destroy.
8) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the consequences of maternal micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy? A) Poor maternal intake of calcium is associated with an increased risk for hypertension in adult offspring. B) Poor maternal intake of folate is linked to the development of neural tube defects. C) Poor maternal intake of folate is associated with an increased risk for insulin resistance in children. D) Poor maternal intake of sodium is associated with an increased risk for hypertension in adult offspring.
D) Poor maternal intake of sodium is associated with an increased risk for hypertension in adult offspring.
41) Which of the following is NOT a factor that indicates an infant is ready to accept solid foods? A) The infant can sit up with or without support. B) The infant's tongue extrusion reflex has begun to abate. C) The infant is at least six months old. D) The infant has high stores of iron.
D) The infant has high stores of iron.
37) Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a breastfeeding session is known as A) hindmilk. B) colostrum. C) final milk. D) foremilk.
D) foremilk.
5) Which of the following outcomes for offspring has NOT been linked to maternal obesity? A) increased risk of neural tube defects B) increased risk of breast cancer C) increased risk of adult obesity D) increased risk of cretinism
D) increased risk of cretinism
27) The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is A) inadequate fluid intake by the mother. B) overeating by the mother. C) intolerance to prenatal vitamins. D) relaxation of the smooth muscles.
D) relaxation of the smooth muscles.
22) Embryonic/fetal demand for iron is highest during the A) first eight weeks of gestation. B) first trimester. C) second trimester. D) third trimester.
D) third trimester.
15) About 80% of American women follow the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant's life.
FALE
1) During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.
FALSE
10) Women who are of normal weight before pregnancy and are pregnant with twins should try to gain between 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy.
FALSE
11) Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.
FALSE
14) The "let down" hormone, oxytocin, is activated by the stress response.
FALSE
17) Breast milk is very low in cholesterol.
FALSE
19) Infants over 6 months of age may safely be given cow's milk.
FALSE
2) All cases of neural tube defects are directly related to inadequate folate consumption during pregnancy.
FALSE
20) Because breastfeeding suppresses ovulation, it can be a reliable form of contraception.
FALSE
23) The neural tube is an embryonic structure that develops into the fetal skeleton.
FALSE
26) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that the Nutrition Facts panel on baby formula lists % Daily Values (%DV).
FALSE
27) Before 4 to 5 months of age, attempts to feed an infant solid foods are unlikely to succeed because the extrusion reflex will cause the infant to vomit.
FALSE
28) Small fruits such as grapes and raisins are appropriate "sweets" for older infants.
FALSE
5) Once the placenta has formed, the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will mix.
FALSE
8) Increased fluid volume, the fetus, amniotic fluid, and the placenta together account for about 30% of the weight gained during pregnancy.
FALSE
9) Gestation is the event in which the ovum and sperm unite to create a fertilized egg.
FALSE
22) Pica is an abnormal craving for high-fat foods.
FASLE
Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus? protein iron calcium folate
Folate
12) Caffeine consumed during pregnancy crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus.
TRUE
13) As many as one out of every five pregnant women in the United States abuses illicit or prescription drugs.
TRUE
16) Women who breastfeed typically lose approximately 1 to 4 pounds per month.
TRUE
18) Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for pregnant women.
TRUE
21) Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months reduces the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
TRUE
24) A fatal neural tube defect in which brain tissue is partially or fully absent is called anencephaly.
TRUE
25) An infant born before 38 weeks' gestation is said to be preterm.
TRUE
3) Malnutrition contributes to abnormalities in sperm.
TRUE
4) Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.
TRUE
6) During pregnancy it is difficult for many women to obtain adequate iron from diet alone.
TRUE
7) Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day.
TRUE
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant? A) The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest. B) The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection. C) The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina. D) The iron found in breast milk is sufficient to meet the infant's needs throughout the first year of life.
The iron found in breast milk is sufficient to meet the infant's needs throughout the first year of life.
The point which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is implantation parturition conception gestation
conception
