Nutrition Chapter 4 (1/6/2022)

The stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.

1-4

How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?

29 cups.

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

ATP

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

Active

HCl destroys most harmful ____ and viruses in foods.

Bacteria

In healthy individuals, what lives throughout the GI tract?

Bacteria

Which of the following yield energy?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats.

The ______ system is an example of an organ system.

Cardiovascular

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a ____

Cell

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

Cholecystokinin

Cartilage is made of ______ tissue.

Connective

Pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

Which of the following are examples of organ systems (system of the body)?

Digestive & Endocrine systems.

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.

Dudo, Jej, Lleum,

Which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion?

Fats

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.

Fats & Water.

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

Fructose

Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach?

High fat meal

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Lipase, Mucus, Amylase.

Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ___________ for digestion.

Lipids

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

Liver, Pancres, Gallbladder

The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut

Microbiota

Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food.

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomache, Small intesty, big intesty <3

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

Mucosa

Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ____. (Check all that apply.)

Mucus, Acid, Horomones, Water.

What is Pepsin.

Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach.

Anal sphincter

Prevents defecation until person desires to do so

Ileocecal valve

Prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.

Small intestine

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?

Sodium bicarbonate

The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the ____ into the small intestine

Stomach

The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.

Stomach

The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?

Stomach and small intestine

This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

Submucosa

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.

Teaspoon.

What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

Tissue

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures.

accessory

Nutritional status has _____ effect on organ function.

an

The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic

In the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

be completely mixed with digestive juices. come into close contact with the villi.

Identify the structures made up of connective tissue. (Check all that apply.)

blood, bones, tendons.

The ______ system is an example of an organ system.

cardiovascular

Digestive enzymes

catalyze chemical reactions & are made of protein.

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ____.

chyme

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles. (Check all that apply.)

circular longitudinal

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include

destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. dissolves dietary minerals. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

In developing countries, each year more children die from

diarrhea.

Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ____.

digestive enzymes

The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.

duodenum

One function of bile in digestion is to ________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.

emulsify

What is needed to facilitate active absorption? (Check all that apply.)

energy and a carrier protein.

The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ____________ circulation.

enterohepatic

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.

esophagus.

Chief cells of the stomach secrete

gastric lipase

Which GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen?

gastrin

The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called ____.

ghrelin

The stomach is responsible for the production of ____. (Check all that apply.)

ghrelin, intrinsic factor

The amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is _______________.

glutamate

How well a person's individual organs work is determined by

his/her overall nutritional state.

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ____.

hydrochloric acid

In a __________ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.

hydrolysis

Ghrelin's role is to

increase appetite & food intake.

The villi facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by ____.

increasing the surface area

The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is

intrinsic factor.

Hydrolysis reactions

involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules. yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall. are catalyzed by digestive enzymes.

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.

larger in diameter than the small intestine

In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf ___________.

liquids or compounds

The sense of taste is enhanced by 6 million _____ cells in the nose.

olfactory

Each enzyme acts on ______ type(s) of chemical process.

only one

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the

pancreatic duct. bile duct.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

Lower esophageal sphincter

prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to

prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.

Three functions of epithelial tissues are to

secrete substances,

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion.

starch

Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the

stomach.

Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine

surround and engulf a solid compound.

When one has nasal congestion, foods often ____.

taste less

Digestion is ______.

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.

Absorption is ______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. pH of the environment in which they function.

The functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete _____, protect underlying tissue.

waste.